33 [lif 1 c- cr >, c\c ,, r},lnhy<1ra. F Cryptomphalus, Agassi/, 160 Ctenochromis, Pfeff. 477, 513 Ctenopoma, Peters 543 t'urvella, diaper 207 ('vhium, Cuv 41 Ct/c/tis, BI-UL;-. -'so r;/c/oji/((//-ii/)s/s, Daut/enb 250 Cyclophorus, Montfort , 250 Cy dost or>i a, Lam 251, 253 CyclotuK, Guilding 251-2 Cyprinus, Forsk 348 < 'ijrena, Lain 277 D. Dangila, Peters 42(5 Dentex, Cuv 32 Diagramma, Cuv 31 Dinotopterus, Bouleng .Vii; IMstirhodus, Mull. & Troseh 344 Dorcasia, Gray 14!) E. Eburnea, .Mouss. .. 164 Elaea, Hutton 98 EUoliimn, H. & A. Ad 286 Ena, Leach 163 Endodonta, Albers 127 EngrauHcypris, Blgr 436 Ennea, H. & A. Ad 64 Enteromius, Cope . 367 Epiplatys, Gill 473 Erpetrometra, Ijowe 2ti(J Vtthyalinia, Albers 113-14 Eulota, Hartmann 156 Euonyma, Melv. & Pons 213 Euparypha Hartmann 162 I'.npera, Hgt 281 Eutropins, Miill. & Frosch. ... 449 F. Fa ida, H. & A. Ad 185 Fauxulus , Schauf 185 Ferrissia, Walker 242 Fluminma,Cless. 281 Gallandia, Bgt 104 Galaxias, Cuv 470 CreomaZctcus, Allman 127 PAGE Gephyroglanis, Hl^r 452 Gerres, Cuv 33 ra,p 17S {'iijiiHn, Leach ITS Pupisoina, Stol 15S Pupoides,Ph- 176 R. Hni'liiselliis, Bgt IMiachidina, Thiele 1 Hmcli is, Al 1 >ers Rhachisellus, Hgt 1 .' hagada , A lb< >rs Rhinobatus, Mull. & Heiil Rhinocryptis, Peters i:)i*ttii, Swailison HJiijIii/n. Albers 89, 1(14 KM. KM, 164 157 55 lluhitirhthijs, Blcek Risso S. Salino, Block X" a ilelia, Cast-In Sarcodaces, Giinth Sii rutlievodon, Riipp. Schilbe, Cuv Sculptaria, Pf r Scylliorliinus, Gill .... Segmentina, Fleming. Serpaea, Bgt. Anoey ..................... 1, ({ray ........................... s, Burcli ................ 439, Spat ha, Lea ........................... Sphaerium, Scopoli .................. Sphalerostomn , < )iranl ............ Spirobranclius, Cuv. & Val ....... Stenogyra, Shutt ................ 211, Streptaxis, Gray ..................... Streptostele, Dohrn ................ Stromlms, Lin ......................... Subulina, Heck ...................... Succinea, Drap ..................... Synoclontis, Cuv ...................... ,S';/s/.M/nis, Heck ...................... T. Tellina,Liii 27S Testacella, Cuv 64 Tetrodon, Cuv 49 231 etc. 253 "46 l'S5 3S6 543 336 477 -L5I 131 55 U3S 190 '.'. 231 451 275 280 21!) 542 etc. 64 89 263 21u 219 \~>7 367 PAGE Touthis, Lin :',"! Thapsirlla, Glide KH Theba, Leach 2S4 Theodoxis, Montfort .. . .... 27<> Tiara, Bolten 263 Tilapia, Smith 477 Tomichia, Bens 266 Trachycystis, Pilsb 1:::: Tritranchus, Peters 466 Tri^nuephrus, Pilsb 153 Trochomprpha, Albers 103 Trochonanina, Mouss ] 02 Trochozonites, Pfeffer 103 Tropidophora, Troschel 252 Truncatella, Risso 266 TrniirS Veronictala, Blaiiiv 223 Vertigo, Miill JS4 Vitrea, Fitzinger Ill Vitrina, Drap 104. Vivipara, M ontfort L'l i( > X. Xerocerastus, Kob. & Mlldff. 164 Z. /ingis, Mart 99 Zonites, Montf 112 Zonitoides, Lehm 116 Zootecus, Westerl 21S ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFEICAN MUSEUM. (VoL. XL) 1. The Arenicolidf? of SoutJi Africa, including an Account of Arenicola loveni Kinberg. By J. H. ASHWORTH, D.Sc., Lecturer in Invertebrate Zoology in the University of Edinburgh (with Plate I. and Five Text-Figures). INTEODUCTION. DURING the course of investigations on the genus Arenicola it became necessary to determine the characters and systematic position of A. loveni Kinberg, and to ascertain if this is a valid species or if, as suggested by several writers, it should be merged with A. marina. As a decision regarding the validity and position of the species could be reached only after examination of the type, I applied to Professor Theel for the loan of this specimen, preserved in the Eiksmuseum, Stockholm. I beg to express to him my sincere thanks for so readily entrusting to me this interesting and valuable specimen and also for permitting me to make an inspection of its internal organs, without which a definite conclusion regarding the position of the species could not have been attained. My examina- tion of the type specimen showed that the species A. loceni Kinberg is a valid one. On ascertaining this I wrote to Professor J. D. F. Gilchrist, inquiring if, during his marine investigations, he had found specimens of Arenicola on the shores of South Africa. In reply he sent to me, in July, 1909, four specimens taken in Saldanha Bav, which prove to belong to Kinberg's species. He has since (October, 1910) sent to me examples of Arenicola dug from the sand in Table Bay and in Luderitzbucht (Angra Pequeila), and two specimens found cast up dead, after a storm, on the shore of False Bay. I beg to thank Professor Gilchrist for so generously placing these specimens at my disposal. From the type specimen and the four examples from Saldanha Bay I have prepared a description, and a new and full diagnosis, of A. loveni. The examples from False Bay belong to this species. 1 Annals of the South African Museum. The well-preserved material from Liideritzbucht enables rne to revise and correct a previous record from the same locality, and forms the basis of remarks on the distribution of A. assimilis. AEENIGOLA LOVENI KINBEEG. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT. The species Arenicola lovcni Kinberg was founded on a specimen collected at Port Natal, near Durban ; it was defined by J. G. H. Kinberg in his " Annulata Nova " in the following terms : " Seg- nientum buccale triannulum, segmenta setigera 20 quorum sex anteriora singulumque postremum ebranchiata ; longitudino 395- 400 mm. ; latitude 20 mm." Following this diagnosis is the refer- ence "Bug. Eesa, Ann. T. xxviii. 1." This Plate XXVIII. forms one of a series,! containing figures of the Annulata collected on the voyage round the world of the frigate Eugenie, prepared for issue in 1857, that is, ten years prior to the publication of the diagnosis of the species. Although copies of the plate were printed, they were never actually published. The figures on this plate relating to Arenicola lovcni were, until recently, known to me only through a short description of them published by Professor Fauvel. { My thanks are due to Professor Theel for his kindness in sending to me a copy of this interesting plate. The species A. loveni is not mentioned in the literature, so far as I am aware, from 1867 until 1888, when, in discussing the ecaudate species of Arenicola, Professor von Marenzeller stated that these species may have a chastigerous segment behind the last branchi- ferous one, and that similar cases have been previously met with for instance, A. lovcni Kbg. Judging from the short diagnosis, the only description then available, jj von Marenzeller remarked that A. loveni seems to resemble A. marina, and that the validity of the former species is doubtful. In 1899 Fauvel (loc. cit.) gave a descrip- tion of the figures of .-1. lovcni on the unpublished plate above mentioned. He pointed out that, as far as one is able to judge by * Ofversigt Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akad. Furhandl., 1866, p. 355, Stockholm, 1867. f Kongl. Svenska Fregatten Eugenies Eesa omkring Jorden. Zoologi. Annulata. Stockholm, 1857. I Fauvel, P., "Observations sur les Arenicoliens," in: Mem. Soc. Nation. Sc. Natur. Math., Cherbourg, t. xxxi., p. 179, 1899. Marenzeller, E. ron, " Polychaten der Angra Pequena-Bucht," in : Zool. Jahrb , Abth. Syst., bd. iii., pp. 14. 15. Jena, 1888. II Von Marenzeller had not access to a copy of the unpublished plate. The Arenicolidce. of South Africa. 3 the figure of the worm, this species differs from a large example of J. n/iirina only in the presence of a chaetigerous ring between the last branchial segment and the caudal region. This chaetigerous ring is shown bearing, on each side, a tuft of setae but no notopodial elevation. Fauvel remarked that such a character in an Areuicola is so extraordinary that one might ask if there had not been an error of observation. In view of the insufficient information regard- ing this species he concluded that it was impossible to decide whether A. loveni is a distinct species or should be merged with A. marina* Gamble and Ashworth t placed this among the species of Arenicola, which, being so shortly and insufficiently described, must for all practical purposes be ignored. The above account, which embodies the whole of the information hitherto available regarding A. loveni, I shows that the validity of this species and its position with reference to other species of the genus have been regarded as very uncertain. OCCURRENCE. Up to the present Kinberg's specimen, obtained at Port Natal, near Durban, is the only recorded example of A. loveni, and no details are given of the conditions under which it was found. The only information available on the habitat of this species is contained in a letter (dated July 7, 1909), which Professor Gilchrist sent to me with the specimens, and from which I quote the following : " I had been looking for several years for Arenicola here" (i.e., on the shores of Cape Colony), " but found no trace of it until on a visit to Saldanha Bay, on the west coast, I found the castings of the worm in a little sandy cove just inside the bay. Most of the sand here is very shifty, but in this sheltered place it seemed to be more permanent * J. E. Ives (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc., Philadelphia, for 1890, p. 74, Philadelphia, 1891) apparently considers A. loccni Kbg. to be a synonym of A. marina, for in stating the range of distribution of A. marina he includes South Africa. The only records of Arenicola from South Africa are those of Kinberg (A. loveni) and von Marenzeller (A. marina, from Angra Pequena), so that Ives' statement implies that he considers Kinberg's specimen to be an example of A. marina. It may be men- tioned here that the specimens collected by Professor Gilchrist at Angra Pequena (for an account of which see pp. 18-21) have enabled me to show that the species found there is not A. marina but A. assimilis var. ajfinis. f Gamble, F. W., and Ashicorth, J. H., " The Anatomy and Classification of the Arenicolidee . . ." in Quart. Journ. Micr. Sc., vol. 43, p. 429, 1900. I Since this was written the author has published an account of the type specimen and of the examples from Saldanha Bay, similar to that on pp. 2-15 of this communication, in Arkiv for Zoologi (K. Svenska Vetensk-Akad. Stockholm), Bd. 7, No. 5, 19pp., 1 PL, 1910. 4 Annals of the South African Museum. and was of rather darker colour. The worms were procured by digging rather quickly with a spade ; they seemed to be about a foot or so beneath the surface." SIZE. The length of the type specimen was given by Kinberg as 395 to 400 mm. On measuring the specimen, I found it to be about 405 mm. in length, of which the tail represents about 155 mm. The symbol " \- " by the side of the figure of this worm on the unpublished plate indicates that the figure is natural size, but, on measurement, it is found to be 475 mm. long, of which the tail is about 200 mm. The figure is therefore larger than natural size, and does not accurately represent the relative proportions of the body and tail of the specimen. The measurements of the specimens from Saldanha Bay are as follows : No. 1. Total length 335 mm., of which the tail is 90 mm. No. 2. 335 ,, 195 No. 3. ,, 175 ,, ,, ,, 55 ,, No. 4. ,, 385 ,, ,, 155 ,, The largest of these most closely approaches the type specimen in size and in the proportion of its body and tail. It is, however, rather shorter and somewhat stouter in the body region than the type ; its tail is the same length as, but thicker than, that of the type specimen. The diameter of the type is given by Kinberg as 20 mm. : the specimen was probably measured near the third or fourth chsetigerous annulus, where it is widest ; its girth at the fourth chastigerous annulus is now about 60 mm. Specimen No. 4, from Saldanha Bay, measured at the level of the fourth chsetigerous segment, where it is thickest, has a diameter of 23 mm. and a girth of 68 mm. ; the diameter and girth of the middle of the tail are 16 mm. and 50 mm. respectively. Although of such massive proportions, A. lovcni is not the largest species of the genus; it is surpassed in size by A. cristata Stimpson, and is equalled, at any rate in length, by A. marina (L.). The largest specimen of Arenicola known to me is an example, in my possession, of A. cristata from Woods Hole, Massachusetts, U.S.A., which is 515 mm. in length (the tail being 190 mm. long) and 75 mm. in girth at its widest point. Examples of A. marina 350 to 400 mm. long are occasionally found, the anterior region of which The ArenicolidcB oj South Africa. 5 may attain a girth of about 70 mm., but their tail region is usually less massive than that of A. loveni. The other species of Arenicola are much smaller than these ; the largest known examples of A. claparcdii Levinsen, A. assimilis Ehlers, and its variety affinis Ashworth, are about 220 mm., and of A. ccaudata Johnston and A. grubii Claparede about 250 mm. long. COLOUR. All the specimens are brown in colour ; the shade varies a little in different regions, being usually slightly darker in the anterior portion. PROSTOMIUM. (Plate I., Fig. 1.) The prostomium of the type specimen is beautifully preserved. It consists of a large median lobe and two small lateral lobes of almost uniform width (that is, not dilated anteriorly), and united posteriorly in a narrow median portion the central part of which is depressed slightly below the level of the lateral portions. The transverse diameter of this prostomium, at its widest part, is about 2'2 mm. In three of the Saldanha examples the prostomium is well pre- served. In each case it agrees in the form and proportion of its parts with that of the type specimen. In the Saldanha specimen, in which it is best seen, the prostomium has a transverse diameter of 3 mm. of which the median lobe forms 1-8 mm. The nuchal organ is present and has the usual relation to the prostomium. SEGMENTATION AND PARAPODIA. This species has nineteen chaetigerous segments, on each of which notopodia and neuropodia are clearly seen. Each of the segments from the fourth to the nineteenth inclusive is subdivided into five annuli, the fourth of which the chaetigerous annulus is the largest. Behind the third chsetigerous annulus there are, there- fore, four smaller rings between any two successive chaetigerous ones. Between the third and second chaatigerous annuli there are three rings, between the second and first there are two, and in front of the first chaetigerous annulus there are three rings, as stated in Kinberg's diagnosis (" segmentum buccale triannulum ") and the prostomium. The annulation of the anterior end is as represented in Kinberg's figure and in the accompanying diagram (Text-Fig. I.). The difference in the sculpturing of the skin of the pre-branchial 6 Annals of the South African Museum. and branchial regions is not so marked and abrupt as it is shown in Kinberg's figure. The tail is strong and muscular, its numerous segments (usually about 100 to 150) :;: are very narrow from before backwards, espe- cially in the anterior half of the tail. The epidermis is raised into small rounded papillae ; there are no elongate papillae or other outgrowths of the body wall in this region. The notopodia have the usual bluntly conical form ; a tuft of capillary setae projects from the oval aperture of the setal sac, TEXT-FIGURE I. Arenicola loveni. Anterior end, dorsal aspect, x l - 5. Mo. Mouth. N 1 . First notopodium. N.Gn. Nuchal groove. PR. Prostomiura. which is situated on or near the rounded apex of the notopodium. The type specimen possesses a twentieth segment bearing noto- podial setge (Fig. 2). Following the nineteenth chaetigerous annulus are four rings and then a larger one. On the right dorso-lateral region of this larger annulus there is a slight elevation, from an aperture in which a tuft of twelve to fifteen capillary setae projects ; * There are 175 septa in the tail of one of the Saldanha specimens. The Arenicolidce of South Africa. 1 on the left side there is a corresponding setal sac, but setae are no longer present in it. The setae remaining in this specimen are now very loosely held in position, several bundles of notopodial setae are seen to be on the point of falling out of their setal sacs and others have already dropped out, including the small tuft which was in the twentieth left notopodium. There is no trace of neuropodia or neuropodial setae or of gills on either side of this twentieth segment. The type specimen is, therefore, abnormal in that it possesses an additional chaetigerous segment, but this extra segment is not pro- vided with fully developed parapodia ; its notopodia are smaller than those of the preceding segments, and it possesses no neuropodia. Kinberg's figure is correct in its representation of this extra seg- ment. There is such a remarkable constancy in the number of chaetigerous segments in the caudate species of Arenicola that the presence of an extra pair of notopodial setal tufts in Kinberg's figure called forth Professor Fauvel's remark that this might be due to an error of observation. Cases in which extra notopodia, neuropodia, and gills are present in caudate Arenicolidae are rare. Among some thousands of specimens of A. marina which have passed through my hands during the last few years, I have seen only three * with a complete chsetigerous and branchiferous twentieth segment. Out of over one hundred specimens of A. cla'paredii examined, I have seen only one which exhibits an abnormality of this nature ; this specimen has an extra (twentieth) notopodium and neuropodium, but on one side only. Neuropodia are clearly visible on all the chaetigerous segments of A. loveni. On specimen No. 4 the groove of the first neuropodium is about 1 mm. in length, that of the second 2 mm., of the third 4 mm., of the fourth 7 mm., and of the fifth, sixth, and seventh 12 rum. The groove thus exhibits a rapid elongation in successive segments until in the fifth, sixth, and seventh segments it attains its maximum length of about 12 mm., and almost reaches the mid- ventral line. The right and left neuropodial grooves in this region of the body are separated ventrally by a distance of only a little over 1 mm. In the following segments the neuropodial grooves are slightly shorter, they gradually diminish from 11-5 mm. in length in the eighth segment to 9'5 mm. in the nineteenth segment. The neuropodia of the first few segments are scarcely raised above the general surface of the chaetigerous annulus, but those of the tenth and succeeding segments are clearly seen as elongate ridges, extending * Not seven, as erroneously stated in Arkiv for Zoologi, Bd. 7, No. 5, p. 7. Annals of the South African Museum. from just below the notopodium practically to the mid-ventral line (Fig. 2), where the neuropodia of the right and left sides are sepa- rated from each other only by the narrow and shallow mid-ventral groove.* The neuropodia are of the elongate type, like those of A. marina, and differ from the short neuropodia present in A. claparedii and A. assimilis. Nephridiopores are present in all the specimens on segments 5 to 9 inclusive ; the pore is immediately dorsal to the upper end of the neuropodium. Another external feature associated with the parapodia is worthy of note, namely, the presence of a small, round, or oval depression, about '25 to - 5 mm. in diameter, immediately ventral to certain of the notopodia. These depressions are best seen in the type speci- men in which they are present, on both right and left sides, in segments 13 to 20 inclusive (Fig. 2;. It is interesting to note that the segment bearing the additional notopodium exhibits a depression similar to, but slightly smaller than, that of the preceding normal segments. These pits are also present in two of the Saldanha speci- mens, but on the last two or three chaetigerous segments only. Depres- sions identical in form and position are occasionally seen in A. cris- tata, but their significance is as yet unknown. Sections were made of a piece of the body wall between the eighteenth notopodium and neuropodium of one of the Saldanha specimens, but the preservation of the tissue is not sufficiently good to permit critical observations on the histology of the cells. The epidermis of the depressed area is composed, almost entirely, of deeply staining, narrow, columnar cells. Although the position of the pit reminds one of that of the lateral sense organs (" Seitenorgane ") of Capitellidoe and Scalibreg- midae, it is, at present, impossible to say if the structure in question is a sense organ. The setcB in some of the notopodia seem to be in two more or less distinct series, an anterior and a posterior ; the setae of the anterior row are rather shorter than those of the posterior row, but they have the same form and structural detail. The setae of the ninth noto- podia of one of the Saldanha examples were examined in detail. The longer ones are about 6'6 to 6'8 mm. in length, the shorter ones 5-3 to 5-6 mm. For a distance of TO to 1-3 mm. behind the tip each setae bears, along one edge, a well-marked lamina which attains a breadth of 15 yu, and, as seen under medium magnification, is marked * The ventral and metastomial grooves are feebly marked in all the specimens. The Arenicolidts of South Africa. 9 by closely set oblique lines and has a finely dentate margin (Fig. 3). The other margin of the seta, for a distance of 1'5 to T7 mm. from the tip, bears numerous regularly arranged structures which, seen under low or medium magnification, look like long fine teeth ; similar structures are also present along the laminate side of the seta for a short distance proximal to the lamina. In most species of Arenicola the "teeth," corresponding to those just described, are more closely pressed to the shaft of the seta, whereas in A. loveni they project at an angle of 30 to 40 from the shaft, and are con- sequently much more obvious, especially as in A. loveni they are also of larger size. The exact nature of these outgrowths on the shaft of the seta is difficult to determine, but, under an immersion objective, it is seen that they are regularly arranged crests passing round the shaft (Fig. 4). The apparently undivided base of the crest is fixed to the shaft and its distal margin, that is its free edge, is subdivided into a large number of fine teeth. Each crest appears to be a comb-like structure, bent so as to envelop the greater portion of the shaft of the seta, the curved portion being seen in profile where it projects beyond the edge of the shaft. The regularly arranged structures, seen under low power, as fine teeth along one margin of the seta are, then, the profile view of these crests, which remind one of the similar crests or " Sagebliitter " present on the setae of some Aphroditidae and certain other Polychaeta. The laminate portion of the seta bears on its surface numerous fine processes the pointed tips of which are directed at slightly different angles ; those seen in profile at the margin of the lamina form a regular series of very fine teet'h, In each interval between the " Sagebliitter " there is a denser transverse band, the presence of which, at regular intervals of about 10 to 12^, gives to the distal portion of the shaft of the seta a transversely striated appearance, which is well seen even under low magnification (about 50) and forms a very striking feature of the notopodial setas of A. loveni (Fig. 3). Kinberg has clearly indicated the transverse striation in his figure (lo, s.) of a seta. The well-marked striation and the high degree of development of the crests are two 'characteristic features by which the notopodial setae of this species may be readily distinguished from those of any other species of Arenicola. Crotchets from the nineteenth neuropodium of the type specimen are about '75 mm. long (Text-Fig. II., A). The distal end of the crotchet does not bear teeth behind the rostrum, and there is a wide angle about 130 between the rostrum and the shaft. Both these 10 Annals of the South African Museum. features are characteristic of the late growth phases of the crotchets of Arenicola. The crotchets (Text-Fig. II., B) of one of the Saldanha specimens were also examined and compared directly with those of the type specimen with which they closely agree, the only difference being that, in the former, the angle between the rostrum and shaft is a little wider. It is so constantly the case in all species of Arenicola, that the crotchets present in the same neuropodiurn are practically uniform 5. x HO TEXT-FIGUEE II. Arenicola loveni. Two neuropodial crotchets, A from the type specimen, B from a Saldanha specimen, x 110. in build, that the occurrence of an instance to the contrary is worthy of note. In the fifteenth neuropodiurn of one of the Saldanha speci- mens there are 115 crotchets, among which is one differing from the rest in its more slender form ; it is of the same length and curvature as its fellows, but is only about 28 yu in diameter in the middle of its shaft, whereas the corresponding portion of the neigh- The Arenicolid(B of South Africa. 11 bouring crotchets is 43 p in diameter. This slender crotchet and the next one to it are drawn in Text-Fig. III. They are from near the middle of the neuropodium, and the rostrum of the stouter one is rather worn away at its tip. The crotchets of A. loicni are intermediate in their characters between those of large examples of A. marina and A. cristata, but more nearly approach the latter. 6 xllO TEXT-FIGURE III. Arenicola lovtni. Two adjacent crotchets from a Saldanha specimen. The left one is abnormally slender, x 110. GILLS. There are in each specimen thirteen pairs of gills, the first pair being situated on the seventh segment. In all the specimens the first gill is small, in one of the Saldanha examples the first left gill is represented by a minute tri-lobed tubercle. The successive gills increase gradually in size up to about the tenth, which is usually the largest ; the last gill is distinctly smaller than the preceding one. 12 Annals oj the South African Museum. In those specimens in which the gills are well expanded they are seen to be of the pinnate type, as is clearly indicated in Kinberg's figures IA, IP. The larger gills of the type specimen consist of sixteen to twenty axes on each of which lateral branches are borne. The longest axes of the middle gills are 7 mm. in length and bear about sixteen branches on each side. The gills of the Saldanha specimens are of exactly the same type. The ninth right gill of one of them was examined in detail ; it consists of nineteen axes connected by a short common basal piece less than 2 mm. in length ; there is not a well-marked web -like membrane between the bases of the gill axes of this species, such as is often present in large Laminarian specimens of A. marina. The longest axis of this gill is about 7 mm. in length, and bears on each side fifteen branches ; the shortest axis is rather less than 3 mm. in length, and has six pairs of lateral branches.'" The lateral branches, though often opposite or paired, are not always so arranged ; on some axes or on some portion of certain axes they are alternate. The sub- sequent branching of the lateral twigs is either dichotomous, or, especially in the larger ones, approximately pinnate. INTERNAL ORGANS. (Fig- 5.) The internal organs of the type specimen and of two of the Saldanha examples have been examined. Septa and Muscles. The three septa, present in all known species of Arcnicola, are found in A. loveni in the usual positions, namely, at the anterior end of the first, third, and fourth chaetigerous segments. The strong first septum (S') bears two enormous, backwardly directed pouches (S.P.), much larger than those of any other species. In the three specimens examined these pouches are 25 to 26 mm. long ; they are about 3'5 mm. in diameter in front, but taper gradually towards their blunt posterior ends. The wall of the pouch consists of four layers ; externally and internally there is a very thin film of coelomic epithelium, between which are two series of muscles. The outer layer of muscles is about '5 mm. thick and its fibres are chiefly circular in direction ; the inner one consists of series of stout longitudinal bands, similar to those seen in sections of the body wall, which project into the lumen of the pouch, and, * A gill axis, intermediate between these in length and number of branches, is seen in Fig. 2. The Arenicolidce of Soutli Africa. 13 indeed, almost obliterate it. The arrangement of the muscles of the wall suggests that the pouch is capable of considerable dilatation. In the intervals between the longitudinal muscle bands there are three large blood-vessels which give off branches, the coelomic epithelial covering of which is composed of cubical or oblong cells containing granules, some of which appear to be yellow and suggestive of chlorogogen granules. The lumen of the pouch opens into the most anterior division of the ccelom in front of the first septum ; the aperture is not a simple pore, but is crossed by a number of muscle fibres. The pouches pass back- wards through the second septum and extend as far as the third one, immediately in front of which their blind ends lie and are generally directed laterally. The enormous size of these septal pouches is the most striking feature of the internal anatomy of this species, and may be given as the principal internal diagnostic character. Comparison with the 'conditions seen in the other species of Arenicola will render this obvious. Septal pouches are not present in A. daparedii and assimilis, those of A. marina and glacialis are small, conical or thumb-shaped structures only 2 to 3 mm. long; in A. ccandata and grubii the pouches are finger-like and about 5 to 8 mm. in length, those of the .4. cristata are usually of similar shape and length, but in large American ex- amples they attain a length of 13 mm. The septal pouches of A. loceni are thus twice as large as the largest hitherto found in any other species of Arenicola, and, as already stated, they pass through the second septum and extend backwards to the third, whereas, in all other species, even in large examples of A. cristata, the pouches never perforate the second septum, but lie entirely in front of it. The function of the septal pouches is unknown, but it has been suggested that they aid in the eversion of the " proboscis." The powerful retractor muscles of the pharynx (Pn.E.) pierce the first septum ; they arise from the body wall a short distance anterior to the level of the second chaetigerous annulus. The second septum (S 2 ) is thin, and, in each of the specimens examined, is pierced by two apertures of considerable size, one to the right and the other to the left of the oasophagus. These two apertures permit the passage backwards of the two septal pouches. The third septum (S 3 ) is w T ell developed. In one of the Saldanha specimens, in which it has been examined in detail, this septum is marked on its anterior face with small brown or black spots, each due to the presence of excretory granules in certain groups of cells. 14 Annals of tJie South African Museum. On its posterior face the septum bears numerous slender branching vessels, 30 to 40 /.i in diameter, covered wholly or partly with chloro- gogenous tissue. The ultimate branches of the blood-vessels end blindly. The septum is apparently perforated, like that of A. marina, but the apertures are difficult to see as they are masked by the felt- work of blood-vessels above described. The setal musculature is of the usual type, except that the three anterior notopodia have either no retractor or only a very short one, 2 mm. or so in length, which arises from the body wall just ventral to the notopodium. Some of the other notopodia also have a similar short retractor instead of the usual long retractor strand inserted at the side of the nerve cord. The strap-like oblique muscles (M.OB.), which arise at the sides of the nerve cord and are inserted about the level of the upper end of the neuropodia, commence in the Saldanha specimens immediately behind the third septum ; in the type specimens the most anterior oblique muscles are in the fourth chaetigerous annulus. Alimentary Canal. The alimentary canal presents the usual regions pharynx (PH.), oesophagus, stomach (ST.) and intestine. On the posterior portion of the cesophagus there are two oesophageal glands (CE.GL.) more or less conical in shape ; in the type specimen they are almost heart-shaped, but in the Saldanha examples they are more elongate cones. In the three specimens examined these glandular ceca are 10 to 11'5 mm. long; they open into the posterior portion of the oesophagus by a tubular stalk about 2 mm. in diameter. Vascular System. The pair of hearts (H.) and the vascular system need not be described in detail, they are on the same plan as the hearts and vessels of A. manna. The first vessel from the gills opening into the dorsal vessel is found in the twelfth segment, that is, the first five gills return blood to the sub-intestinal vessel, the other eight to the dorsal vessel ; in A. marina the efferent vessels of the first six gills open into the sub-intestinal vessel and of the last seven gills into the dorsal vessel. Nephridia. ' Five pairs of nephridia are present, opening on the fifth to the ninth segments. The nephridium is built on the same plan as that of A. marina. The dorsal lip of the funnel is fringed with thirty The Arenicolidte of South A fried. 15 to forty triangular processes ; each of these is attached by its narrower end and its broader distal margin is subdivided into six to eight rounded lobes. The ventral lip may be slightly folded but is not frilled or ridged, and is not indented. All the nephridia are about the same size, that is, the first and last do not show any signs of being in process of reduction. Gonads. The gonad is microscopic, as in A. marina, and the stages of growth of the reproductive cells found in the coelomic fluid are similar to those seen in the coelom of A. marina. Central Nervous System and Statocysts. The brain and nerve cord are apparently similar to those of A. marina, but, as material suitably preserved for histological work is not available, they have not been studied in detail. Giant nerve fibres are present in the nerve cord, as in all other species of Arenicola, except A. claparcdii. A statocyst was found on each side of the type specimen, con- nected to the body wall by a strand of tissue, but it could not be definitely ascertained whether this was a solid cord of nerve and connective tissue or whether it contained a narrow tubular structure. The former seemed more probable, as careful search failed to reveal any external aperture at or near the point where the tissue strand meets the body wall. When the Saldanha specimens came into my hands serial sections were made of a statocyst and the adjacent body wall of one of them, which definitely prove that the vesicle has no opening to the exterior (Fig. 6). The three diameters of the lumen of this statocyst are '22, -2, and -15 mm. respectively. The walls of the organ are thick, they average about "07 mm. in thickness. Each statocyst contains a single round or oval statolith, two * diameters of the one in the serial sections are '088 and -075 mm. respectively. REMARKS ON SPECIMENS OF ABENICOLA LOVENI FROM FALSE BAY. The two specimens found cast up dead on the shore of False Bay, after a storm, are in bad condition ; the body wall has a leathery * The third diameter cannot be accurately ascertained. 16 Annals of the SoittJi African Museum. consistency, and is thickly encrusted with sand-grains. The speci- mens are 360 mm. (of which the tail is 135 mm.) and 250 mm. (of which the tail forms 90 mm.) long respectively, and about 12 mm. in diameter at their widest part ; that is, they are more slender than the specimens already described. The tail segments are very numerous, namely, about 205 and 186 respectively. The outlines of the prostomium are not well shown, but the other external features the annulation, the parapodia, the number and position of the nephridiopores, the number and nature of the gills, the characters of the notopodial setas are sufficiently well preserved to permit their agreement with those of the specimens described in the preceding pages to be certainly ascertained. The capillary setaa in particular present the well-marked striation and " Sageblatter " characteristic of A. loi-cni. The larger specimen was examined internally, and found to possess the two enormous septal pouches diagnostic of .4. lovcni. This being sufficient, with the external features already noticed, to fully determine the species, an examination of the remaining organs, which are in defective condition, was not attempted. DIAGNOSIS OF ARENICOLA LOVENI KINBERG. The characters of this species may be given thus : Caudate Areni- cola with nineteen chtetigerous segments ; thirteen pairs of gills, the first gill on the seventh segment, gills large and pinnate ; the median lobe of the prostomium is large, the smaller lateral lobes are of almost uniform width, i.e., they are not dilated or lobate at their anterior ends ; neuropodia are clearly visible on each segment, those of the branchial and of the two pre-branchial segments are long dorso-ventrally and almost reach the mid-ventral line ; each noto- podial seta bears numerous finely toothed crests or " Sageblatter " at regular intervals along the distal third of the shaft, this part of the seta has a transversely striated appearance, as seen under low magnification ; five pairs of nephridia which open on the fifth to the ninth segments ; one pair of cesophageal glands, conical in shape ; two enormous muscular pouches project backwards from the first septum, pass through apertures in the second septum, and terminate immediately in front of the third septum ; a pair of closed, oval statocysts, each containing a single large, oval, secreted statolith. Type Specimen in the Eiksmuseum, Stockholm. The type speci- men was collected at Port Natal, Durban. The species is now The ArenicoliJce of South Africa. 17 recorded from Saldanha Bay and False Bay, collected by Professor J. D. F. Gilchrist. These are the only records of the capture of this species. AFFINITIES OF AEENICOLA LOVENI KINBEEG. The affinities of this species with other caudate species of the genus may now be determined. There are so few features in which A. loveni agrees with A. claparedii Levinsen, A. assimilis Ehlers (and its variety affinis Ashworth), and A. glacialis Murdoch, that we may conclude that Kinberg's species is not nearly related to any of these. A. loveni has certain features in common with A. marina (Linnaeus) and A. cristata Stimpson, for instance, elongate neuro- podia and a single pair of oesophageal glands ; in these three species a pinnate type of gill occurs, though in most examples of A. marina that is, in the littoral variety the gill is bushy, the pinnate type of gill being found only in examples from the lower tidal zone that is, in the Larninarian variety. A. loveni and A. marina also agree in regard to the number of their segments and gills, but they differ in the number of their nephridia and the nature of their septal pouches, statocysts and statoliths. Important points of agreement (besides those named above) between A. loveni and A. cristata are presented by their closed statocyst and single statolith, and by their pro- stomium ; moreover, the septal pouches of A. cristata, while not nearly so large as those of A. loveni, more nearly approach the latter in size than do those of any other species. In the characters of its setae, both notopodial and neuropodial, A. loveni presents a closer approach to A. cristata than to any other species. The chief differences between A. loveni and A. cristata are in regard to the number of segments (nineteen and seventeen respectively), gills (thirteen and eleven pairs respectively), and nephridia (five and six pairs respectively). The systematic position of A. loveni may be stated thus : There is no affinity, beyond a generic one, between A. loveni &nd A. claparedii, assimilis and glacialis. In its general external appearance A. loveni most nearly resembles the large Laminarian examples of A. marina, but in its prostomium and setae and in some of its internal organs, especially its septal pouches and statocysts, it departs markedly from A. marina and much more nearly approaches A. cristata, from which it differs chiefly in the number of its segments and gills. These facts indicate that the affinities of A. loveni lie between A. marina and A. cristata, but more closely to the latter than to the former. 2 18 Annals of the South African Museum. ARENICOLA ASSIMILIS BHLEES ;;: VAE. AFFINIS ASHWORTH.t The specimens collected at Liideritzbucht (Angra Pequena) and Table Bay belong to this species and variety, which has not hitherto been recorded from South Africa. OCCURRENCE. Professor Gilchrist found these worms abundant, but only at one place, at Liideritzbucht, between the town and Shark's Island. They are not common in Table Bay and seem to occur chiefly in the area uncovered only at very low tide. (Extract from Professor Gilchrist's letter, dated October 11, 1910, sent with the specimens.) SIZE. About a score of specimens from Liideritzbucht and three from Table Bay have been examined. Most of them range in length from 60 to 85 mm., of which the tail forms 20 to 35 mm. ; three are smaller and three are longer, the longest is 160 mm. (tail 85 mm.). The larger worms are about 11 mm. in diameter at their widest point, that is, about the fourth segment. COLOUR. All the specimens are now brown, for the most part light brown, in colour. Professor Gilchrist tells me that those obtained in Table Bay were of a striking yellow colour when alive. EXTERNAL FEATURES. The prostomium has the form typical of A. assimilis, that is, the lateral lobes are in the form of a V, the limbs of which are of uniform width, i.e., not dilated or lobate anteriorly, though they may be curved (as in Text-Fig. V.). The extent of the protrusion of the prostomium varies in different specimens ; in most cases the pros- tomium is seen as represented in Text-Fig. IV., in a few it is more fully extended or protruded, approaching the condition shown in Text-Fig. V. The transverse diameter of the prostomium is * " Polychaeten " p. 104, in Hamburger Magalhaensische Sammelreise, Ham- burg, 1897; see also Festschr. K. Ges. Wiss. Gottingen, p. 178, 1901. t Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., vol. 46, pp. 737-785, 1903. The only differences between A. asaiinilis and its var. a (finis are that the former has twenty chsetigerous segments and the first gill on the eighth segment, while in the variety there are only nineteen chsetigerous segments, and the first gill is on the seventh. The Arcnicolidce of Suutli Africa. 19 about 2 mm. Posteriorly and laterally the prostomium is bounded by the nuchal organ. Each of the specimens has nineteen chtetigerous segments. The neuropodia of the branchial region form oval or nearly semicircular pads on the lateral region of the segment, but neither the muscular ridge nor the groove, or sac, which contains the crotchets, ap- proaches the mid-ventral line. Short neuropodia of this type are found only in the species A. assimilis and A. claparedii Levinsen. The setiB of this species do not present any striking features such P TEXT-FIGURE IV. Arcnicola assimili*. Anterior end, dorsal aspect, of a specimen from Uschuaia, Beagle Channel. The pro- stomium is shown in a state of normal extension, x 6. TEXT-FIGURE V. Areiiicola assimilis var. a (I'm it. An- terior end, dorsal aspect, of a specimen from the Falkland Islands. The pro- stomium is shown protruded to its fullest extent, x 6. L. Lateral lobe of prostomium. M. Median lobe. N 1 . First notopodium. P. Median posterior portion of prostomium. PH. Pharynx. S. Aperture of stato- cyst (which is shown too large in the figure). as those met with in A. lorcni. The notopodial and neuropodial setae are similar to those of A. marina. All the specimens from Liideritzbucht have the full complement of gills, namely, thirteen pairs. The first gill is borne on the seventh segment and is invariably of moderate or large size. In the examples from Table Bay, the first gill exhibits very marked re- 20 Annals of the South African Museum. duction ; in fact, in two of the specimens the first pair of gills is wanting, and in the third the first right gill is absent and the first left one minute. The longer axes of the middle gills are about 2-5 mm. in length. The gills are of the pinnate type. A striking feature of all the specimens is the presence of only five pairs of nephridiopores, which are situated on the fifth to the ninth segments inclusive. I have previously examined more than twenty specimens of this species from the Falkland Islands, South America, Tasmania, and New Zealand, in all of which, except two, six pairs of complete nephridia are present ; though in several cases the first pair is smaller than any of the others. In one of the two specimens just mentioned, the first nephridium of one side is complete, but that of the other side has no funnel, and in the other example the first left nephridium is wanting and the first right one is represented only by its terminal vesicle. The specimens from Luderitzbucht and Table Bay illustrate a further step in the reduction, for none of them possesses a nephridiopore on the fourth segment. The apertures of the other nephridia, on the fifth to the ninth segments, are readily seen in these specimens, which have been killed in an expanded condition, so that the absence of pores on the fourth segment is ascertainable with certainty. Dissection of two specimens from Luderitzbucht and one from Table Bay confirms the absence of nephridia from the fourth segment. There are comparatively few segments about ten to sixteen in the tail, and they are only feebly marked off from each other externally. The tail is less muscular than that of A. loveni. INTERNAL ORGANS. These need not be described in detail here,* but reference may be made to a few outstanding features. The three septa are present as in other species of Arcnicola, at the anterior end of the first; third, and fourth chcetigerous segments. Septal pouches are not present in this species. Oblique muscles are present from the first or second chaBtigerous annulus to the end of the tail. There are several glands on each side of the posterior portion of the oesophagus, namely, a long anterior one, and usually seven or eight smaller behind this, but one specimen has a long and fifteen short caeca on each side. * An account of the anatomy of A. nsfsimiUs, by the present writer, will be found in Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., vol. 46, pp. 74Q-759, 1903. The Araiifulidce of South Africa. 21 The vascular system is practically identical with that of A. marina. The margin of the ventral lip of each nephridial funnel is frilled and its internal face marked with ridges which converge towards the bottom of the funnel. This condition of the ventral lip is so con- stantly met with in this species that it may be looked upon as specific. The dorsal lip bears the usual fringe of triangular, vascular, ciliated processes. The gonads are small, as in A. marina. The brain and nerve cord are similar to those of ^-1. manna. Statocysts are present and may be found in dissections of the anterior end. They are situated nearer to the brain than in A. marina. Each statocyst opens to the exterior but the pore is very difficult to find,* it is situated just under the extreme antero-lateral margin of the prostomium. In nearly all preserved specimens the peristornial region is contracted, and the pore, which lies at the bottom of a groove, is not visible. In well-extended specimens the small aperture will be found in the position indicated in Text- Fig. V., S. The statocysts are large ; in a specimen about 70 mm. long their three diameters are about '2 mm., -18 mm., and - 15 mm. respectively. From each vesicle a moderately wide tube passes out laterally and turns forwards to open externally near the lateral margin of the prostomium, as described above. Each statocyst contains about a score of statoliths, which consist, for the most part, of sand-grains together with a few fragments of sponge spicules. The statoliths in this specimen are practically naked. The peristornial wall of another specimen was stained, cleared, and examined as a whole mount ; each of the sand-grains and spicule-fragments in this statocyst has received a thick chitinoid envelope, secreted by the gland cells in the wall of the statocyst, so that the resultant statoliths have rounded outlines. In the former specimen the canal of the statocyst is widely open throughout its length, so that the cavity of the statocyst is in free communication with the exterior ; in the latter specimen the passage is occluded at one or more points, and closure of the statocyst has thus been brought about a condition invariably found to be correlated with the presence of coated statoliths such as those above described. * A binocular dissecting microscope is almost indispensable for making exami- nations for the openings of the statocysts and nephridia and other minute features. 22 Annals of the South African Museum. V v EEMAEKS ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF ARENICOLA ASSIMILIS. Arcnicola assimilis, in the wide sense, that is, including the variety affinis, is evidently the characteristic species of the southern regions. Typical examples have been recorded from Punta Arenas (Strait of Magellan), Uschuaia (Beagle Channel), and South Georgia. Examples referable to the variety affinis are known from Uschuaia (a gill-less post-larval specimen), Lapataia Nueva (Beagle Channel), Susanna Cove (Strait of Magellan), the Falkland Islands, Kerguelen, Macquarie Island, Campbell Island, Stewart Island, and Otago Harbour (New Zealand). The most northerly station from which this species has hitherto been recorded is the last named, which is in about 46 S. latitude. I have recently received, from Professor H. B. Kirk, two specimens from Plimmerton, near Wellington, about 41 S., which shows that A. assimilis var. affinis extends into the North Island of New Zealand. Professor W. A. Haswell has sent me a few specimens from Burnie, on the north coast of Tasmania (also about 41 S.) which belong to the same species and variety. This is the first record of Arcnicola assimilis from the Australian sub-region. The examples from Liideritzbucht and Table Bay not only extend the records to the coast of Africa but to a latitude considerably further north than any previous record, Table Bay being in latitude 34 S., and Liideritzbucht in 26 40' S. (ap- proximately) . In a recent publication" I directed attention to the distribution of A. assimilis as supporting the view that there was formerly a more extensive Antarctic continent. The distribution of this species of Arcnicola presents, in fact, a remarkable parallel to that of certain Oligochaetes. Mr. Beddard I pointed out that the characteristic earthworms of New Zealand are Acanthodrilidse, that the same family is equally characteristic of Patagonia, and that the only earthworms known from the intervening localities the Falklands, South Georgia, Marion and Kerguelen Islands also belong to this family. Mr. Beddard regarded these facts as evidence in favour of a former greater extension northwards of the circurn -polar Antarctic * " The Annelids of the Family Arenicolidfe of North and South America ..." in Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 39, pp. 1-32. Washington, 1910. f- Beddard, F. E., " A Monograph of the Order of Oligochseta," Oxford, 1895, p. 154. See also, by the same author, "A Text-Book of Zoogeography," Cam- bridge, pp. 60 and 170. The Arenicolicltf of South Africa. 23 continent,* and he was inclined to believe that this land mass did not include the Cape of Good Hope. When the above comments were written a year ago, the species Arenicola assimilis was not known from South Africa. This seemed to indicate that the conclusion to which Mr. Beddard had arrived from a study of the earthworms, namely, that the Antarctic continent did not include the Cape of Good Hope, was supported by the distribution of the species of Arenicola. This support must, of course, now be withdrawn in view of the finding of A. assimilis in Table Bay and Liideritzbucht, but the main portion of the thesis stands, namely, that the distribution of this species is consonant with the view that there was formerly a large southern continental mass, with which were connected, possibly at different periods, Patagonia, South Africa, Tasmania, New Zealand, and the intermediate islands, which are probably remains of former larger land areas. PEEVIOUS RECORDS OF ARENICOLA FROM ANGRA PEQUENA. Arenicola was recorded from Angra Pequena by Professor von Marenzeller,f who referred his specimens to the species A. marina. Through his kindness I was enabled, two years ago, to examine one of his specimens, which, unfortunately, was not in good condition at the anterior end. The outlines of the prostomial lobes were so badly preserved that this character was not available in diagnosis. An examination for statocysts was made, as well as could be without unduly damaging the specimen, but these organs could not be found although the oesophageal connectives were carefully inspected by means of a binocular dissecting microscope. It was concluded wrongly, as it now appears, that statocysts were absent. Other characters exhibited by the specimen, namely, the number of segments and gills, the short neuropodia, the multiple cesophageal glands and the absence of septal pouches, showed that the worm was an example of either A. claparedii or A. assimilis var. affinis. * * Professor Benham has more recently urged that the distribution of the earth- worm Notiodrilus affords convincing evidence in favour of the former existence of Antarctica. See Eeport 9th Meeting Australian Assoc. Adv. Sci., pp. 319-343, 1903 ; and " The Sub-antarctic Islands of New Zealand," p. 254, 1909. f "Polychaten der Angra Pequefia-Bucht," in: Zool. Jahrb., Abt. Syst., Bd. III., p. 12, 1888. This record was repeated by Professor Ehlers in : Denkschr, Medic. -naturwiss. Ges. Jena, Bd. xiii., pp. 47-50, 1908. 24 .\nnals of the South African Museum. The absence of statocysts seemed to indicate the former species and the presence of nephridiopores on the fifth to the ninth segments supported this view. The specimen was therefore referred to the species A. claparedii^ but in my note-book it was registered as probably belonging to this species 1 together with the comment that further material, in a better state of preservation, was required in order to permit a satisfactory determination. When Professor Gilchrist's specimens from Liideritzbucht came into my hands it was at once noticed that their prostomium was identical with that of A. assimilis, and an internal examination proved, among other things, the presence of statocysts close to the brain. It immediately occurred to me that my diagnosis of Professor von Marenzeller's specimen might be erroneous. This diagnosis rested almost entirely on two points, namely, that statocysts could not be found and that nephridial openings were present only on the fifth to the ninth segments. The search for statocysts in preserved material is seldom easy, but it was attended with unusual difficulty in that specimen, which had been more than twenty years in alcohol and was not in good condition, so that the possibility of having overlooked these organs was fully realised. The specimens recently examined from Liideritzbucht, undoubtedly examples of A. assimilis var. affinis, are peculiar in that all have their nephridial apertures in the fifth to the ninth segments, that is, on the same segments as in A . claparedii, and not on the fourth to the ninth segments, as is usual in examples of A. assimilis from other parts of the world. Such a local variation was not foreseen or allowed for. The finding of this variation, which renders the number of nephridiopores unreliable as a distinguishing character between A. claparedii and A. assimilis, indicated that my provisional diagnosis, made two years ago, rested on a very insecure basis : it depended entirely on whether the absence of statocysts could be regarded as proved satisfactorily. In order to remove the un- certainty I applied to Herr Begierungsrat Ganglbauer, Director of * Aslncorth, J. H., " Die Arenicoliden-Sammlung im Konigl. Zoologischen Museum in Berlin," in : Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin, Bel. IV., p. 351, 1910. f When the examination was made the difference in the form.of the neuropodial crotchets of A. claparedii and A. assimilis had not been fully recognised and shown to be constant. During the past few months I have examined many series of sette from both these species and have found that, especially in the case of small or medium-sized specimens, the crotchets usually afford considerable help in differentiating these two species. The crotchets of A. claparedii are dilated near the distal end so as to resemble the head of a swan, whereas the crotchets of A. assimilis do not exhibit such a dilatation. The Arenicolidce of South Africa. 25 the Zoological Department of the Naturhistorisches Hofmuseum in Vienna, for the loan of the specimen from Angra Pequeua, and beg to thank him for sending it to me. I have thoroughly re-examined this example in the light of recent extensive experience of the two species above named and do not hesitate to state that it is not an example of A. claparedii but of A. assimilis var. affinis. The dorsal region of the oesophageal connectives was very carefully examined with the binocular microscope with the result that no trace of a statocyst could be seen on one side, and on the other its presence was doubtful. A stained and cleared preparation of the peristomial wall, examined with a higher magnification, shows, however, that a statocyst is present, although it is imperfect and recognisable only with great difficulty. Partial maceration of the anterior end has resulted in the disappearance of a portion of the wall of the vesicle, permitting the statoliths to fall out ; the remaining portions of the wall, the cells of which are in a loosely attached condition, stain unsatisfactorily, and are easily overlooked. The presence of nineteen chaetigerous segments, thirteen pairs of gills, short neuropodia, multiple oesophageal glands, and the absence of septal pouches are characters shared only by A. claparedii and A. assimilis var. affinis. The presence of statocysts shows that the worm must be referred to the latter, for A. claparedii does not possess these organs. An examination of the crotchets :;: confirms this diagnosis. The records from Angra Pequeua of A. marina by Professor von Marenzeller and of A. claparedii by the writer must therefore be transferred to A. assimilis var. affinis. THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH. December 22, 1910. * See footnote p. 24. (26) DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGUEES OF ARENICOLA LOVENI KINBEEG. PLATE I.* FIG. 1. The prostomium of the type specimen. Dorsal aspect. N.GR. Nuchal groove. x 10. For description, see p. 5. 2. The posterior end of the body and the first three tail segments of the type specimen, seen from the right side, showing : A portion of the nineteenth segment, namely, the nineteenth chsetigerous annulus, with its neuro- podium (NR.'9), notopodium (N. 19 ), and gill (En. 13 ), and the following ring; the extra, twentieth, segment and notopodium (N. 20 ) which this specimen possesses; the pit (P.), possibly sensory. The ventral axis of the gill (BE. J 3) is represented, but only the origins of the other axes are shown, x 5. For further description, see pp. 6, 7. 3. Distal third of one of the shorter notopodial setae from a Saldanha specimen, showing the " teeth," the transverse striation, and the lamina, x 90. A portion, from the part marked +, is seen highly magnified in Fig. 4. 4. A portion of a notopodal seta, showing the toothed crests or " Sageblatter." X 1000. For descriptions of Figs. 3 and 4, see pp. 8, 9. 5. The anterior portion of the type specimen, as far back as the sixth chastigerous segment, opened by an incision along the mid-dorsal line. The figure, which is natural size, shows : The pharynx (PH.) protruded, the pro- stomium (PR.) and its retractor muscles, the three septa (S 1 , S 2 , S 3 ). The first septum is pulled backwards, it is pierced by some of the retractors (Pn.R.) of the pharynx, and bears the two enormous, muscular, septal pouches (S.P.). The second septum is perforated by two apertures one right and one left of the oesophagus to permit the passage of the septal pouches. Close behind the third septum are the cesophageal glands (CE.GL.) and the two hearts (H.), which are dilated, the right one fully. The first (Npn 1 .) and second pairs of nephridia are shown. D.V. Dorsal blood vessel. M OB. Oblique muscle band. N 1 . Setae of first notopodium. N 3 . Setal sac of third notopodium, with its protactor muscles. ST. Stomach. For further description, see pp. 12-14. 6. Section of a statocyst of a Saldanha specimen (see p. 15). The epithelium, which forms the wall of the vesicle, is not well preserved, but several sense cells (S.C.) may be recognised in it. Note also the single large statolith and the strand (Nv.) of nerve and connective tissue continuous with the sheath of similar nature which envelops the vesicle, x 110. * The cost of the original drawings for this Plate, and a portion of the other expenses connected with the preparation of the report, have been defrayed by a grant from the Earl of Moray Endowment of the University of Edinburgh. Ann. S.Afp. Mus.Vol.XI. PL I. B R . 13 MT a r -' > \ ^ ^k'n? l.ith Edin (27) CONTENTS. PAGE Introduction 1 Arenicola loveni Kinberg Historical Account 2 Occurrence, Size, Colour 3-5 Prostomium 5 Segmentation and Parapodia ; Setae; Gills 5-12 Internal Organs- Septa and Muscles ; Alimentary Canal ; Vascular System ; Nephridia ; Gonads ; Central Nervous System and Statocysts 12-15 Eemarks on Specimens of Arenicola loveni from False Bay ... 15 Diagnosis of Arenicola loveni Kinberg 16 Affinities of Arenicola loveni Kinberg 17 Arenicola assimihs Ehlers, var. affinis Ash worth 18 Eemarks on the Distribution of Arenicola assimilis 22 Previous Eecords of Arenicola from Angra Pequena 23 Description of Plate 26 (29) 2. Descriptions of Fishes from the Coast of Natal (Part III.).* By J. D. P. GILCHEIST, M.A., D.Sc., PH.D., and W. WARDLAW THOMPSON, P.Z.S. THE following is a further contribution to the description of a collection of fishes from Natal. It will be seen that, as in the previous papers, the older classification and some of the older names are retained for local convenience and easy com- parison with such readily accessible works of reference as Day's "Fishes of India." FAMILY PERCID.E. GEN. LUTIANUS, Bloch. LUTIANUS ERYTHROPTERUS, Bl. Teeth ; a canine on each side of prernaxillary, an outer row of curved canine-like teeth on either jaw, a triangular patch of villiforrn teeth on vomer, a narrow band on palatines, none on tongue. Depth of body 2| times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 3 times. Snout twice diameter of eye, which is 1^ times in inter- orbital width and 4f times in length of head ; maxillary reaches to vertical of posterior nostril ; preoperculum with a shallow emargina- tion on lower part of vertical limb, which is finely serrated, the serrae being slightly coarser at angle and extending a short distance along its horizontal border ; scales on cheeks and opercles. Dorsal xi 14, moderately strong ; the 1st spine very short, 4th spine longest and nearly ^ length of head, from the 4th to the last the spines are slightly lower ; soft portion of fin higher than spinous, * Parts I. and II. have appeared in Vol. VI. 4 30 Annals of the South African Museum. 5th to 10th rays longest and 1 times height of longest spine, their height nearly equalling base of soft portion of fin. Pectorals a little more than i length of head, reaching the vent. Ventrals a little more than -^ length of head, the spine as long as 3rd spine of dorsal fin. Anal iii 9, 2nd spine strongest and not quite as high as 3rd, which is f the height of 4th spine of dorsal. Caudal truncate and about same length as ventral fin. Scales ciliated, in somewhat bent rows going diagonally upwards and forwards ; extending over base of dorsal fin, reaching higher on soft rays than on spines and equally developed over bases of anal and caudal fins. Lat. 1. 55, lat. tr. i}. Colour when fresh, pinkish with wavy darker stripes ; blackish on top of head. In preservative the colour is silvery, with about 8 irregular dark longitudinal lines ; blackish on top of head and with a black patch above and on sides of tail ; ventrals blackish, dorsal and anal with a dark shade. One specimen, 185 mm. in length, from Mr. Eorner Robinson, Natal, who describes it as having been caught in Durban Bay, and kindly furnishes a note of the colour when alive. LUTIANUS LINEATUS, Q. and G. Teeth villiform, strong slightly curved anterior canines on upper jaw, smaller ones laterally on lower ; a curved band on vomer, a band on palatines, an oval patch of minute teeth on tongue. Depth of body equals length of head and is 2 T 9 g times in total length excluding caudal. Snout 1^ times diameter of eye, which is 2^- times in interorbital width and 5J times in length of head ; distance between eye and upper edge of maxilla li times diameter of eye, maxillary reaches vertical of anterior 3rd of orbit ; pre- operculurn serrated, emarginate above angle and with a notch into which a small interopercular knob is received ; operculum with 2 blunt points ; 8 series of scales between preorbital and angle of preoperculum. Dorsal x 13, spines strong, 4th and 5th longest and J length of head, the last spine of the fin a little more than -| height of longest ; soft portion of fin lower than spinous, the anterior rays a little longer than adjacent spine, posterior about f height of longest spine. Pectorals | length of head, falcate. Ventrals i length of head. Anal iii 8, spines strong ; 3rd spine longest, height of soft rays and t 9 o height of longest spine of dorsal. Caudal deeply forked. Scales moderately large on body, covering cheeks and opercles ; an Descriptions of FisJies from the Coast of Natal. 31 irregular oblique patch on each side of nape ; base of soft dorsal and anal covered with smaller scales for about \ their height, base of caudal covered with small scales. Lat. 1. 54, lat. tr. T 7 ^. Colour (when fresh), body below lateral line and side of head salmon-coloured, more gamboge yellow on head and pinkish on body ; above lateral line and on top of head darker and purplish ; dorsal fin dark red, other fins of same colour as body but rather darker. Colour (of preserved specimen), body above lateral line and fins dark, below lateral line whitish. The oblique rows of scales above lateral line are marked by white streaks, the rows of scales below lateral line by a series of horizontal dark streaks. One specimen, 500 mm. in length, from the Fish Market, Durban, Natal. GEN. DIAGEAMMA, Guv. DlAGEAMMA GEISEUM, C. and V. Teeth in jaws villiform, the outer row containing slightly larger ones. Depth of body nearly 2f times in total length excluding caudal, length of head a little more than 3| times. Snout 1| times diameter of eye, which is 4 times in length of head and 1 T 3 ^ times in interorbital width. Upper profile of head descends parabolically from origin of dorsal fin to mouth, with a concave depression above nostrils ; snout obtuse, lips thick and fleshy, cleft of mouth hori- zontal ; maxillary reaches to vertical of posterior nostril ; preoper- culum slightly emarginate, distinctly serrated, with a rounded angle; 4 or 5 small pores below symphysis of lower jaw. Scales extend over the head to between the nostrils and laterally over the posterior portion of the preorbital ; cheeks and preoperculum covered with small scales ; suprascapula serrated. Dorsal xiii 22, commences above suprascapula and ends above the middle of the distance between caudal and anal fins ; the length of the spinous portion is more than that of the soft and the distance of the last soft ray from the caudal equals that between the 1st and 5th spines ; spines strong, the 3rd is the longest and is nearly -| length of head, the remaining spines successively decreasing ; anterior soft rays slightly longer than adjacent spine, remainder gradually rising to height of 3rd spine, the posterior rays decreasing so as to form a rounded edge to the fin. The spinous portion of the fin moves in a scaly sheath, which is deeper and more conspicuous below the last 3rd of the fin ; the soft rays are covered with scales for about ^ their 32 Annals of the South African Museum. height. Pectorals y 7 ^ length of head. Ventrals f length of head, not reaching anus. Anal iii 7, 2nd spine stronger and longer than 3rd and length of head ; soft rays longest anteriorly and about ^ length of head ; the lower half of the fin is covered with small scales as in the soft dorsal. Caudal emarginate, nearly length of head, lower half of the fin with a scaly sheath and the ray membranes with small scales for f their length. Lat. 1. 58, lat. tr. if-. Colour (of preserved specimen), brownish grey ; faint narrow longi- tudinal lines on head from snout and from behind eye to posterior border of opercle. One specimen, 370 mm. in length, from Mr. Eomer Eobinson, Natal. GEN. DENTEX, Guv. DENTEX FILOSUS, Val. Teeth, 4 canines on each jaw. Depth of body nearly 2-f times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 3 times. Snout slightly more than 1^- times diameter of eye, which equals the inter- orbital width and is 3f times in length of head ; nape convex, elevated, the profile from origin of dorsal fin to point of snout making a long curve ; jaws equal ; maxillary reaches to vertical of anterior margin of eye ; height of preorbital about f its length and about -^~ diameter of eye ; 8 series of scales between preorbital and angle of preoperculum ; opercle with a flat spine. Scales on top of head extend forward in a curve to nearly the vertical of front margin of eyes ; opercles and cheeks scaled. Dorsal xii 10 ; 3rd to 5th spines elongate and produced into a filament, especially the 3rd, which is ^ length of head ; soft portion of fin lower than spinous, the anterior rays |- length of head. Pec- torals nearly as long as head, reaching to anal. Ventrals f length of head, the rays slightly elongate. Anal iii 8 ; 2nd spine stronger than 3rd and about the same height, ^ length of head ; soft rays similar to those of soft dorsal and about the same height. Caudal slightly more than ^V length of head, forked ; upper lobe longer than lower. Lat. 1. 62, lat. tr. T s -g. Colour (of preserved specimen), pale reddish tint above, whitish below ; dorsal fin and margin of caudal lobes tinged with black ; faint irregular dark patches on back of head and behind soft dorsal. One specimen, 163 mm. in length, from Mr. Eomer Eobinson, Natal. Descriptions of Fislies from the Coast of Natal. 33 GEN. LOBOTES, Cuv. LOBOTES SURINAMENSIS, C. and V. Teeth villiform, with an outer row of slightly enlarged conical ones. Depth of body 2i- times in total length excluding caudal, length of head nearly 3 times. Snout 2 T V, times diameter of eye, which is 2f times in interorbital width and nearly 9 times in length of head ; preoperculum strongly serrated on vertical limb with 1 or 2 spinate teeth at the angle which is rounded and slightly produced and serrated on lower edge ; horizontal limb of preopercle entire over its anterior portion ; lower jaw projects beyond upper, maxillary reaches vertical of middle of orbit. Dorsal profile concave on occiput ; shoulder-bone and bone above axilla serrated. Dorsal xii 15 ; spines strong, 6th longest and nearly | length of head ; soft portion of fin higher than spinous and about ^ length of head, with the posterior margin acutely rounded. Pectorals a little more than ^ length of head. Ventrals -| length of head, not reach- ing anus. Anal iii 11 ; 3rd spine lanceolate in shape, strongest and longest, nearly ^ length of head ; soft portion of fin similar to soft dorsal. Caudal rounded, nearly f length of head. Lat. 1. 45, lat. tr. T 9 F . Scales on body large, head and cheeks as far as anterior margin of orbits covered with small scales, snout naked ; a sheath of small scales on dorsal anal and base of caudal fins, low beneath the spinous dorsal and broader below the soft dorsal. Colour (of preserved specimen), light brown, the belly a faint yellowish tint ; pectorals and ventrals whitish ; a whitish transverse patch near extremity of caudal. One specimen, 515 mm. in length, from Tugela Eiver mouth, from Mr. Eomer Eobinson, Natal, who states that the fish when fresh caught is silvery like the " Kabeljaauw." GEN. GEEEES, Cuv. GEERES FILAMENTOSUS, C. and V. Teeth fine on both jaws. Depth of body 2| times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 3 T % times. Snout slightly exceeds diameter of eye, which equals interorbital width and is 3J times in length of head ; maxillary extends to vertical of anterior margin of eye ; preopercle entire, its angle rounded ; opercle with a blunt point. 34 Annals of the South African Museum. Dorsal ix 10 ; 1st spine very short, 2nd produced and nearly If times length of head, extending to about posterior extremity of soft dorsal ; the last 4 spines are shorter than the soft rays, which ante- riorly are nearly f length of head and decrease in height posteriorly. Pectorals 1~- times length of head, reaching to anal. Ventrals f length of head. Anal iii 7 ; 2nd spine stronger and about same length as 3rd, which is length of head. Lat. 1. 45, lat. tr. T *V- A well-developed scaly sheath at base of dorsal and anal ; about 5 rows of scales between lateral line and base of dorsal sheath. Colour (of preserved specimen), silvery below, darker above ; extremity of dorsal black edged, tip of caudal lobes dark, minute dark specks on anal and soft dorsal. One specimen, 171 mm. in length, from Mr. Komer Robinson, Natal. FAMILY SQUAHIPINNES. GEN. CH^TODON, Lin. CHJSTODON VAGABUNDUS, L. Teeth fine and brushlike. Depth of body nearly If times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 3^ times. Snout 1J times diameter of eye, which is slightly less than interorbital width and 3f times in length of head. Dorsal profile much elevated and con- cave from above eyes to snout ; lips equal, upper very thick in the centre ; maxillary scarcely reaches vertical of anterior nostril ; snout a little produced and pointed ; preopercle scarcely denticulated. Dorsal xiii 25, commences above base of pectorals, spines strong ; interspinous membranes deeply notched ; soft portion of fin higher than spinous and obtusely angular, the middle rays longest. Pec- torals a little more than | length of head. Ventrals f length of head, scarcely reaching anus, the spine strong. Anal iii 21 ; 2nd spine about same length as 3rd but stronger and slightly curved ; soft portion of fin similar to soft dorsal. Caudal fan-shaped with slightly curved outer edge. Scales ciliated, entirely covering head. Colour (of preserved specimen), silvery, a black band about the diameter of the eye in width passing upwards from angle of inter- opercle through eye to nape at origin of dorsal fin and descending thence to angle of interopercle on the other side ; a black curved band from outer edge of last dorsal spine passing along lower half of soft dorsal across peduncle and on to anal as far as the 12th ray ; Descriptions of Fishes from tJie Coast of Natal. 35 dorsal and anal fins margined with black, the outer edge of anal being slightly tipped with white ; two black bands on caudal, the anterior of which is broader and crescent-shaped ; about 6 dark lines passing upwards and backwards from opercle to base of spinous dorsal, with numerous others passing downwards and backwards from the lowest of these lines to the belly and anal fin. One specimen, 107 mm. in length, from Mr. Eomer Eobinson, Natal, who mentions that when fresh the tail and posterior half of the body are of an orange colour, and that there are orange stripes across the snout and above the eye. FAMILY SPARED^. GEN. PAGEUS, Cuv. PAGBUS SPINIFEE, Forsk. Teeth, 4 conical incisors on each jaw, with rounded teeth behind them ; 2 series of rounded molars along the sides of the jaws. Depth of body 2J times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 3f times. Snout equals 3 times diameter of eye, which is If times in interorbital width and 5 times in length of head. Dorsal profile elevated, with a protuberance in front of the eyes ; maxillary reaches to vertical of posterior nostril ; preorbital deep, nearly twice diameter of eye in height ; 6 or 7 rows of scales between preorbital and angle of preoperculum ; preopercle crenellated at angle and along lower limb ; operculum with 2 blunt inconspicuous points. Dorsal xii 10 ; compressed and flexible, first 2 spines very short, 3rd to 5th spines elongate ; 3rd spine longest and equals length of head, the interspinous membrane cleft to base of 4th and the mem- branes between the rest of the spines deeply emarginate. Pectorals If times length of head, reaching to posterior 3rd of anal. Ventrals over ^ length of head, reaching to anus ; the spine nearly f length of longest ray. Anal iii 8 ; 2nd spine a little stronger and slightly longer than 3rd and f length of head. Caudal emarginate and a little longer than head. Scales cycloid. Lat. 1. 54, lat. tr. T 7 ^. Colour (of preserved specimen), whitish, a black spot on axil. One specimen, 375 mm. in length, from Mr. Eorner Eobinson, Natal. The diameter of the eye is greater in description of P. spinifer than in this specimen, which is, however, probably larger. 36 Annals of the South African Museum. FAMILY COTTID^. GEN. PLATYCEPHALUS, Bl. Schn. PLATYCEPHALUS PUNCTATUS, C. and V. Teeth in villiform bands on jaws, in two parallel bands on vomer and a long narrow band on palatines. Depth of body 5f to 6^ times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 3^- to 3^- times. Snout If times diameter of eye, which is 7-j to 8 times in length of head ; interorbital width slightly concave and about f diameter of eye ; width of head between preopercular spines equals f its length ; maxillary reaches to vertical of anterior 4th of eye. Supraorbital margin with 5 teeth, the ridge from it to the occiput commences with a strong spine and a group of radiating ridges, with another spine near the nape ; a bony ridge armed with spines passes from middle of posterior margin of eye to origin of lateral line, the last spine being long and blade-like ; a strong spine, directed backwards, a little in advance of upper anterior angle of eye ; a short bony ridge internal to either front nostril ; a strong ridge, commencing in a stellate group of 5 ridges on snout, passes across preorbital armed with 2 spines and joins a strong spine at angle of preoperculum beneath the base of which is a smaller flat triangular spine pointing downwards ; operculum with 2 spines, the lower continued in a bony ridge to preopercular border; nostrils tubular, the anterior termi- nating in a flap ; a spine above axilla. Dorsal i, viii 11 ; spines weak, 3rd spine longest and nearly ^ length of head ; soft dorsal lower than spinous. Pectorals a little more than ^ length of head. Ventrals nearly i length of head, reaching to 2nd anal ray. Anal 12, commencing below 2nd ray of soft dorsal and not so high. Caudal truncate, f length of head. Lat. 1. about 80, lat. tr. \ ; 6 rows of scales between lateral line and base of spinous dorsal. Colour (of preserved specimens), light brown above, faint yellow beneath ; 3 faint brown cross-bands below spinous dorsal ; upper part of body and head sprinkled with small blackish spots which form irregular transverse lines on all the fins except the ventrals ; spinous dorsal with a dark upper edge. Two specimens, 235 mm. and 240 mm. in length respectively, from Mr. Eomer Robinson, Natal. Descriptions of Fishes from the Coast of Natal. 37 FAMILY TEUTHDXE!. GEN. TEUTHIS, Lin. TEUTHIS NEBULOSA (Q. and G.). Teeth about 12 on either side of each jaw. Depth of body 2^- to 2^ times in total length excluding caudal, length of head about 4 times. Snout 1^ to nearly 1^- times diameter of eye, which is 1 to 1^ times in interorbital width and 3^- to 3-f times in length of head ; interorbital space flat ; anterior upper edge of orbit prominent and finely serrated ; snout blunt, with broad upper lip ; maxillary reaches vertical of posterior nostril ; preopercular angle slightly produced ; soft portion of cheek about 1 diameter of eye in height and 1J to H times as long as high. Dorsal xiii 10 ; spines weak, increasing in length to 4th or 5th, which is |- length of head, remainder decreasing to J to ^ length of head ; soft rays nearly ^ length of head. Pectorals about f length of head. Ventrals slightly more than ^ length of head. Anal vii 9; spines increase in length to 3rd which is nearly as high as longest spine of soft dorsal, decreasing in length to the last, which is slightly longer than the diameter of the eye ; soft rays similar to soft dorsal. Caudal deeply emarginate, with pointed lobes, the upper slightly longer than the lower and about the length of the head ; middle rays of caudal 4 to length of outer rays of upper lobe. Scales minute. Colour (of preserved specimens), brown, slightly marbled; spinous dorsal and anal with darker blotches, which in soft dorsal and anal form irregular lines ; shoulder dark, narrow oblique lines passing upwards from behind ventrals across sides, of a faint white in one specimen and of an orange tint in the other ; an indistinct light band on base of caudal. Two specimens, 163 mm. and 161 mm. in length respectively, from Mr. Eomer Eobinson, Natal. FAMILY NANDID^. GEN. PLESIOPS, Cuv. PLESIOPS NIGBICANS, Eiipp. Teeth, villiform on jaws, vomer and palatines, the outer row on both jaws slightly enlarged. Depth of body 3 times in total length 38 Annals of the South African Museum. excluding caudal, length of head 2^ times. Snout equals inter- orbital and nearly 1^ times diameter of eye, which is 5| times in length of head. Snout somewhat obtuse, jaws about equal ; maxillary extends to behind posterior margin of orbits ; interorbital space convex. Dorsal xii 7 ; commences above base of pectorals, spines much shorter than soft rays ; anterior spine lowest, the posterior 2? in length of head ; interspinous membrane extends beyond tips of spines and is very deeply emarginate, the spines somewhat tuber- culous. Soft portion of fin lower anteriorly, rising to 5th ray, which is twice the length of the longest spine. Pectorals nearly f length of head. Ventrals i 4, spine hidden, first 2 rays prolonged, reaching to origin of anal and about same length as head. Anal iii 8 ; 3rd spine longest and about same height as longest spine of dorsal ; soft portion of fin similar to and about same height as soft dorsal. Caudal a little more than f length of head, rounded. Scales finely ciliated in last half of body. There are 27 or 28 pierced scales in the upper lateral line and 13 or 14 in the lower. Colour (of preserved specimen), dark greenish brown ; a light patch on preoperculmn, operculum and base of pectorals. One specimen, 190 mm. in length, from Mr. Komer Robinson, Natal. FAMILY SCLENID.E. GEN. UMBRINA, Cuv. UMBKINA ANGUSTILINEATA, n. sp. Teeth villiform in both jaws, a few on anterior portion of pre- maxillaries slightly larger than the rest. Depth of body 3 T L times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 3f times ; depth of head equals its length, width of head nearly ^ its length. Eyes 4j- times in length of head, a little more than 1 diameters from end of snout and 1^ diameters apart ; distance between eye and maxilla equals ^ diameter of orbit ; snout obtuse, slightly swollen, over- hanging the jaws ; maxillary reaches to vertical of middle of eye ; cleft of mouth lateral, upper jaw overhanging lower ; preoperculum with vertical margin serrated, more coarsely so at angle ; two blunt opercular points. Shoulder-flap serrated ; 3 pores in line across base of snout ; a central barbel below symphysis of lower jaw, nearly \ diameter of eye in length and with 2 open pores on each side. Descriptions of Fishes from the Coast of Natal. 39 Dorsal x, i 25 ; spines flexible, 1st minute, 3rd longest and nearly f length of head, remainder decreasing rapidly in length, the last being minute ; soft rays about uniform in height, divided, a little more than 4- length of longest spine and equal to postocular portion of head. Pectorals as long as head behind anterior 3rd of eyes. Ventrals 4 length of head, reaching a little more than f distance to base of caudal. Anal ii 7 ; 2nd spine strong, nearly f length of head and height of anterior soft rays ; length of base of fin nearly ^ that of soft dorsal. Caudal with straight outer edge, a little more than f length of head. Lat. 1. 52, lat. tr. T \. Lateral line becomes straight above posterior margin of anal, tubes branched. Scales ctenoid ; a band at base of soft dorsal and anal fins. Colour (of preserved specimen), brown, covered with minute dark specks ; about 11 sinuous narrow white lines on body passing down- wards and forwards from behind, 2 or 3 extend on to the head ; a dark spot on opercle ; anal with 3 or 4 light blotches on lower half forming an irregular line. One specimen, 208 mm. in length, from Mr. Eomer Eobinson, Natal. FAMILY GEN. CARANX, Lacep. CABANX NATALENSIS, n. sp. Teeth, in a single series on each jaw with a few irregularly placed as a second row laterally and a short inner row at symphysis. Depth of body 2^ to 3 times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 3 to slightly more than 3f times. Snout Ii times to twice diameter of eye, which is If to li times interorbital width and 4^ to slightly more than 5 times in length of head ; eyes without adipose lids but with the skin slightly projecting over them; greatest width of head nearly i its length, depth of head nearly its length ; maxillary does not reach vertical of anterior margin of eye ; depth of preorbital -f- to about 1 diameter of eye; jaws equal, snout obtuse, occipital crest well developed. Body oval and compressed, dorsal and anal profiles equally convex, a slight depression above nostrils. Dorsal viii, i 25 ; spines flexible, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th about equal and | length of head; 2nd dorsal highest anteriorly, lower than longest spines and about ^ length of head. Anal ii, i 21 ; similar 40 Annals of the South African Museum. to soft dorsal. The last ray of soft dorsal and anal slightly elongated. Pectorals a little longer than head, falciform. Ventrals nearly -| length of head. Caudal nearly ^ length of head, deeply forked. Lateral line forms a low curve to below 12th or 13th ray of dorsal, the length of curve 1^ to 1?- times that of the straight portion; scutes on straight portion commence below 16th ray of dorsal and are about 25 in number, becoming most developed on the free portion of the tail. Lat. 1. sc. 105 (circa) ; a narrow band of fine scales along base of soft dorsal and anal ; scales on chest. Scales on body ciliated. Colour (of preserved specimens), uniform yellowish, with a dark shade along back and a dark blotch on opercles ; body and fins covered with minute dark specks. The smaller specimen is silvery on the belly. Two specimens, 194 mm. and 265 mm. in length respectively, the larger one taken off Urnhloti in 6 fms. ; from Mr. Romer Robinson, Natal. GEN. CHORINEMUS, Cuv. and Val. CHORINEMUS LYSAN, Forsk. Teeth, anteriorly in 2 rows, posteriorly in one, on premaxillaries ; in 2 rows on lower jaw, the outer row directed outwards and upwards ; in a pear-shaped patch, slightly prolonged posteriorly, on vomer ; in a pyriform band, widest anteriorly, on palatines ; teeth on tongue. Depth of body 3 times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 4|- times ; greatest width of head 2 T 3 ^ times in its length ; height of head its length. Snout obtuse; f diameter of eye, which equals interorbital width and is 3f times in length of head ; cleft of mouth deep ; maxillary extends to about -| diameter of eye beyond orbits and is narrow, uncovered by preorbital from beneath the first 3rd of the eye and slightly widened and rounded posteriorly ; length of premaxillary ^ that of head. Profile of head in front of nape slightly concave and swollen in front of orbits. Dorsal vii, i 19 ; anal ii, i 18 ; anterior rays of both dorsal and anal elevated, f length of head; last 10 rays on each fin semi- detached, the last ray being a little elongated. Pectorals over f length of head. Ventrals nearly |- length of head. Caudal l- r l 5 times length of head, the lobes deeply forked. Scales distinct and lanceolate. Lateral line has a slight angular elevation soon after its commencement and is slightly wavy. Descriptions of Fishes from the Coast of Natal. 41 Colour (of preserved specimen), dark on back, white below; with 6 irregular dark blotches on the sides, one below lateral line at its commencement, the others above it. One specimen, 290 mm. in length, from Durban; from Mr. Romer Robinson, Natal. FAMILY SCOMBKID^ GEN. CYBIUM. CYBIUM LINEOLATUM, C. and V. Teeth, 16 to 18 on each jaw, triangular and strongly compressed, the central ones on the mandibles being the stronger ; a triangular pointed patch on vomer, a band on palatines. Depth of body equals length of head and is 4 times in total length excluding caudal. Snout 14 times diameter of eye, which is If times in interorbital width and 4i times in length of head ; jaws about equal; maxillary reaches to vertical of posterior 3rd of eye and partly concealed by preorbital ; preoperculum emarginate on its vertical border, with its lower edge about as long as the vertical. Dorsal xvi, 16, ix ; spines of 1st dorsal weak, higher anteriorly where they are about ^ length of head ; soft dorsal higher anteriorly, a little over ^ length of head and with 9 detached finlets. Pectorals as long as the head behind middle of eye. Ventrals a little more than ^ length of pectorals. Anal ii 14, x ; similar to soft dorsal and about the same height, with 10 detached finlets. Caudal deeply forked, nearly 1 times length of head. Lateral line at first in upper 4th of body, descends gradually with undulations towards the end of the soft dorsal fin until it arrives below the oth finlet, after which it is nearly straight ; central keel well developed on free portion of tail. Colour (of preserved specimen), dark neutral tint on back and upper part of body, light-coloured on sides and belly ; rows of elongated dark blotches on body, 3 below lateral line like interrupted lines ; spinous dorsal and posterior margin of upper lobe of caudal black ; pectorals, soft dorsal and anal covered with minute dark specks. One specimen, 374 mm. in length, from Mr. Romer Robinson, Natal ; said to be common at Durban, where it is netted off the beach. 42 Annals of the South African Museum. . .... FAMILY MUGILID^. GEN. MUGIL, Arted. MUGIL DIADEMA, n. sp. (Diamond Mullet.) Depth of body equals length of head and is 4| times in total length excluding caudal. Snout 1| times diameter of eye, which is 2|- times in interorbital width and 5^ times in length of head ; width of head nearly equals f its length. Eye without adipose lid ; upper profile of head almost straight ; interorbital space slightly convex, its width contained nearly 2J times in length of head ; cleft of mouth twice as wide as deep, upper lip broad in the centre, lower jaw with a hollow knob at symphysis which is received into a cor- responding depression on upper jaw ; extremity of maxillary bone visible, preorbital broad, about diameter of eye in width, serrated at its posterior lower border ; uncovered space below chin long and lanceolate ; nostrils close together and about midway between eye and snout ; about 20 scales between snout and origin of spinous dorsal. Dorsal iv, i 8 ; commences nearer to base of caudal than to point of snout ; spines of 1st dorsal moderately strong, 1st spine longest and f length of head ; soft dorsal higher than spinous, anterior rays somewhat produced and nearly length of head, posterior border of fin emarginate, length of base 2| times in longest ray. Pectorals nearly as long as head. Ventrals ^ length of head, inserted midway between base of pectorals and origin of spinous dorsal. Anal iii 9, similar to soft dorsal but a little higher. Caudal deeply emarginate. Scales large, extending over upper surface of head to snout ; fins more or less covered with small oblong scales ; a very small axillary scale. Lat. 1. 30 to root of caudal, lat. tr. 12. Colour (of preserved specimen), grey, dark above light on abdomen ; thin, dark, hair-like streaks on each scale. One specimen, 313 mm. in length, from Durban Bay, from Mr. Eomer Eobinson, Natal. It differs from Af. ceylonensis, Giinth., in length of pectorals and soft dorsal, fewer scales in 1.1. and maxillary not entirely hidden ; differs from M. Smithii in elongate soft dorsal and anal which are characteristic of this species among South African Mullets. Descriptions of Fishes from the Coast of Natal. 43 MUGIL NATALENSIS, Cast. (Flathead Mullet.) Depth of body 3 T % times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 4^- times. Snout equals diameter of eye, which is a little more than 2|- times in interorbital width and 4f times in length of head. Eye with a very narrow posterior adipose lid ; interorbital space slightly convex and nearly -J- length of head ; cleft of mouth twice as broad as deep, maxillary almost entirely concealed ; pre- orbital strongly serrated ; upper lip thickened in the centre ; nostrils close together ; uncovered space on chin long and lanceolate ; width of head equals its length behind the middle of the eye, its height about the same. Dorsal iv, i 8 ; commencing midway between base of caudal and middle of eye, spines moderately strong, 1st spine longest, about length of head ; soft dorsal emarginate, covered with scales, length of base about 4 height of anterior rays, w T hich are not quite as high as longest spine of 1st dorsal. Pectorals f length of head and situated about the middle of the depth of the body. Ventrals about ^g- length of head, and arise on the vertical of midway between base of pectorals and 1st spine of dorsal. Anal iii 9 ; slightly higher anteriorly than 2nd dorsal, its base equals about i its height ; 3rd spine about T 3 length of head and nearly 1J times the length of the 2nd. Caudal deeply emarginate, slightly more than length of head. Scales 25 rows between snout and spinous dorsal ; 14th and 27th scales of lateral line correspond to origin of spinous and soft dorsals ; preorbital scaled ; scales on all fins except 1st dorsal ; no elongated axillary scale. Lat. 1. 42, lat. tr. 14^-. One specimen, 270 mm. in length, from Mr. Eomer Eobinson, Natal ; taken in tidal waters, common. MUGIL CEYLONENSIS, Gthr. (Blue-tail Mullet.) No teeth. Depth of body slightly more than 3 times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 4i times. Snout nearly J diameter of eye, which is 4^ times in length of head ; inter- orbital width \ length of head ; greatest width of head nearly f its length, greatest height -| its length. Snout short, broad, obtuse ; upper jaw overhangs lower; lower lip thin with a tubercle at symphysis which fits into a corresponding notch on upper lip which is moderately thick ; maxillary hidden by preorbital, which has its lower margin finely serrated and bent and its angle serrated ; cleft 44 Annals of the South African Museum. of mouth small, its depth the breadth ; free space on chin very narrow and short ; eyes without adipose membrane. Dorsal iv, i 8 ; commences midway between point of snout and base of caudal ; spines of 1st dorsal flexible and moderately strong 1st spine longest and If- times in length of head ; 5 rows of scales between 1st and 2nd dorsals. Anterior rays of 2nd dorsal nearly !- times height of longest spine of 1st dorsal ; upper margin of fin concave, the posterior rays being slightly produced ; base of fin nearly ^ its height. Pectorals I T \J times length of head, inserted above the middle of the depth of the body and extending to vertical of 3rd spine of 1st dorsal; a moderately enlarged axillary scale at the base. Ventrals nearly f length of head, inserted about midway between base of pectorals and origin of 1st dorsal. Anal iii 8 ; situated opposite to soft dorsal, which it closely resembles in length, height, and shape. Caudal deeply forked, more than 1^ times in length of head ; least depth of free portion of tail equals i length of head. Scales striated, extending over head to point of snout and on cheeks ; 20 rows between point of snout and origin of 1st dorsal fin ; soft dorsal, anal and base of caudal entirely covered with scales. Lat. 1. 33, lat tr. 12. Colour (of preserved specimen), silvery, darker above than below ; a dark spot superiorly at base of pectorals. One specimen, 268 mm. in length, from Mr. Romer Robinson, Natal. MUGIL CAPITO, Cuv. (Grey Mullet.) Depth of body 41 to 4^- times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 3f to 4 times. Snout slightly greater than diameter of eye, which is ^ interorbital width and nearly 5 to 5f times in length of head ; width of head equals f its length ; eyes without adipose lids ; snout broad and depressed ; interorbital space slightly convex, its width contained 2| times in length of head ; preorbital with extremity truncated and well serrated ; maxillary reaches to vertical of anterior nostril ; nostrils less distant from each other than the posterior is from the eye ; angle made by mandibulary bones obtuse ; space at chin elongate, pointed, cuneiform. About 30 scales between snout and spinous dorsal. Dorsal iv, i 8 ; 1st dorsal commences midway between middle of eye and base of caudal ; spines moderately strong and flexible, 1st spine longest and about -?- length of head ; anterior rays of soft dorsal about as high as 2nd spine of 1st dorsal, upper surface of the Descriptions of Fishes from the Coast of Natal. 45 fin concave and its base f length of longest ray. Pectorals f to T 7 ^ length of head, situated slightly above centre of body. Ventrals f- length of head, inserted midway between origin of pectorals and of spinous dorsal. Anal iii 9 ; commences slightly in advance of soft dorsal, 3rd spine moderately strong and 1 height of soft rays, which are slightly longer than the rays of the soft dorsal ; base of fin ^ length of longest ray, upper margin of fin strongly emarginate, the posterior rays being produced. Caudal forked. Lat. 1. 42-45, lat. tr. 14 ; the 12th, 16th, and 30th scales correspond respectively to extremity of pectorals and origin of dorsal fins ; no elongated axillary scale ; small scales on all fins except spinous dorsal ; a dark stripe along the middle of each series of scales on the body. Colour (of preserved specimens), uniform greyish. Two specimens, 236 mm. and 320 mm. in length respectively ; the smaller from Mr. Komer Eobinson, Natal, the larger from Durban market. FAMILY LABKID^. GEN. JULIS, Cuv. and Val. JULIS HEBBAICA, Lacep. Depth of body 3^ to 3^ times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 31 to 3^ times. Snout about twice diameter of eye, which is 1^ to 2 times in interorbital width and 5y to 6^ times in length of head ; jaws about equal, the anterior teeth of upper jaw projecting outwards and overlapping lower ; maxillary reaches to vertical of anterior nostril, cleft of mouth lateral ; infraorbital ring striated. Upper profile of snout very obtuse in the larger specimen. Dorsal viii 13 ; spines weak and lower than soft rays, which are of uniform height and about % length of head. Pectorals f length of head. Ventrals ^ length of head. Anal ii 11 ; similar to soft dorsal but slightly higher anteriorly. Caudal lunate, the lobes produced and equal to or 1^ times length of head. Scales comparatively large, cycloid. Lat. 1. 27, lat. tr. |. Colour (when fresh), blue, with irregular violet bands on head and body in front of pectorals, a light vertical band from back to belly behind pectorals ; head and anterior half of body darker than posterior half ; caudal dark base and lobes, light in centre. Colour (of preserved specimen), purplish brown, with dark lines from eye to opercular margin and to base of pectorals, a dark 5 46 Annals of the South African Museum. interrupted line on isthmus ; a light cross-band passing from an- terior spines obliquely behind pectorals almost to belly behind ventrals. Two specimens, 137 mm. and 178 mm. in length respectively, taken off breakwater, Durban; from Mr. Romer Robinson, Natal, who has supplied the note of the colouring when fresh. GEN. COSSYPHUS, Cuv. and Val. COSSYPHUS MACEURUS, Lac6p. A strong posterior canine tooth, strong canines on upper jaw pro- jecting forwards. Depth of body slightly greater than length of head and about 3 times in total length excluding caudal. Snout twice diameter of eye, which is If times in interorbital width and a little more than 5 times in length of head ; cleft of mouth oblique ; jaws about equal, the upper slightly overlapping lower ; upper lip broad in centre, with folds ; maxillary reaches to vertical of anterior 3rd of eye and is entirely hidden by the preorbital ; preoperculum indistinctly serrated, emarginate above the angle, which is rounded. Head longer than high, its greatest height equals its length behind posterior nostril, flat on top. Dorsal xii 10 ; spines weak and produced in a short filament, the 1st spine slightly lower than the remainder, which are subequal and nearly ^ length of head ; soft portion of fin higher posteriorly. Pectorals f length of head. Ventrals with outer rays produced but not reaching anus, about same length as pectorals. Anal iii 12 ; similar to soft dorsal. Caudal f length of head, truncate, outer rays produced. Lat. 1. 33, lat. tr. ^. Colour (when fresh), " reddish on sides shading to dark on back. Dark patch on side near base of tail. Belly yellowish shading to smoky colour below pectorals. Under side of lower jaw light yellow. Dorsals dark. Tail reddish with dark edges. Anal dark. Pec- torals transparent with red at base. Eye red with black pupil." Colour (of preserved specimen), grey, a large black blotch along the whole of the spinous dorsal fin extending on to the spines ; a dark blotch between lateral line and base of soft dorsal ; whitish longitudinal lines on cheeks and behind eyes, soft dorsal and anal with brown dots in rows, ventrals blackish, pectorals diaphanous. One specimen, 256 mm. in length, from Mr. Romer Robinson, Natal ; who has kindly furnished a note of the colouring when fresh. Descriptions of Fishes from the Coast of Natal. 47 COSSYPHUS NIGROMACULATUS, Gilchr. and Thomp. Chceropsodes pictus, Gilchr. and Thomp. Teeth, 4 strong canines in front on either jaw, the inner pair on lower jaw being small ; lateral teeth in a continuous cutting edge; the larger specimen has 2 canines at the angle of upper jaw on left side, the smaller specimen has only 1. Depth of body 2f to 2f times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 3 times. Snout 3 times diameter of eye, which is ^ to interorbital width and 5 T V to 7 times in length of head ; interorbital space convex ; preorbital emarginate, its least depth about twice diameter of eye ; preoper- culum minutely serrated ; upper lip thick, cleft of mouth oblique, maxillary reaches vertical of anterior margin of eye and nearly hidden by preorbital. Dorsal xi-xii 10-12 ; commences above base of pectorals ; spines short, strong and embedded in thick skin, which is produced as a short lobe covering end of each spine ; interspinous membranes deeply cleft ; 1st spine shortest, the remainder about subequal and i to fV length of head ; soft portion of fin anteriorly about as high as adjacent spines rising posteriorly to about ^ length of head. Pectorals T 7 (7 to f length of head, superior rays longest. Ventrals with first 2 rays produced, about length of head and reaching to origin of anal. Anal iii 12 ; resembles soft dorsal but not so high. Caudal emarginate, outer rays produced and nearly as long as head. Scales on body large, smaller ones covering throat, opercles, cheeks, and top of head as far as eyes. Lat. 1. 33, lat. tr. ^^. Colour (of larger specimen when fresh), very brilliant, pinkish red with a tinge of lemon-yellow markings as follows : Dots and short irregular lines on head and anterior dorsal part of body, on inter- spinous membranes of all fins except spinous dorsal where they are black and on margin of caudal fin ; a black blotch at distal end of pectorals and one on the body between the spinous and soft portions of the dorsal fin. Colour (of preserved specimens), yellow or grey with a reddish tinge in places ; a large black patch above lateral line extending on to base of dorsal fin, a black patch on distal extremity of pectorals ; spinous dorsal black. Two specimens, one 425 mm. in length, from Durban market ; the other, 240 mm. in length, procured from line fishermen at Durban, caught outside the harbour. On reconsideration of specimens we have found that these two fish, which we have formerly described as different, apparently may 48 Annals of the South African Museum. be varieties of the same species, and that it seems preferable to extend the definition of the genus Cossyphus to include Chewopsodes. FAMILY SCLEBODEBML GEN. BALISTES, Arted. BALISTES NIGER, Mungo Park. Teeth compressed, notched. Depth of body about twice in total length excluding caudal, length of head 2^ times. Snout 4 times diameter of eye, which is about 1-J times in interorbital width and 5J times in length of head. A groove in front of the eyes. Cheeks entirely scaled. Some enlarged scutes behind gill-openings. Dorsal iii 27 ; commences above first 3rd of pectorals, 1st spine strong and more than f- length of head ; soft rays of 2nd dorsal higher anteriorly, 3rd ray longest and about same height as 1st spine of anterior dorsal, remaining rays shortening to the last which is height of the longest ; margin of tin curving from 3rd to last ray. Pectoral % length of head. Ventral spine movable, a series of sharp spines from its base to the vent. Anal 24, similar to soft dorsal, but margin of fin a little rounder. Caudal i length of head, truncate. Lat. 1. sc. 45 (circa); about 25 series of scales in a transverse line from origin of soft dorsal to vent ; 6 rows of small recurved spines on tail. Colour (when fresh) "yellow brown; violet blue from mouth to ventrals ; 2 white bands under mouth. Tail brown with longi- tudinal yellow stripes and broad white outer edging, and narrow white edging above and below. Dorsal and anal chocolate base shading to lighter brown, pectorals ditto." Colour (of preserved specimen), bluish brown, a light ring round lower jaw; soft dorsal, anal and pectorals light-coloured; caudal with a light upper and lower edge and a wiiite posterior extremity. One specimen, 130 mm. in length, taken off the breakwater at Durban ; from Mr. Komer Eobinson, who kindly supplied a note of the colouring when fresh. GEN. MONACANTHUS, Guv. MONACANTHUS NATALENSIS, n. Sp. Depth of body 1J times in total length excluding caudal, length of head nearly 3i times. Snout 4|- times diameter of eye, which Descriptions of Fishes from the Coast of Natal. 49 is If times in interorbital width and about 5 times in length of head ; eyes placed high up at posterior angle of head, over the gill- openings and just behind dorsal spine ; profile of head from dorsal spine to point of snout slightly concave. Dorsal i 34 ; spine length of head, strong and slightly curved, situated nearer to point of snout than to origin of soft dorsal and just in front of the vertical of anterior margin of eye, armed pos- teriorly for about f its length with a series of barbs on each side pointing outward and upward. Soft dorsal highest anteriorly, the rays lengthening to the 5th which is f height of spinous dorsal, the succeeding rays decreasing in height to the last, which is about 1 the height of the 5th ray. Pectorals a little more than -f length of head and situated in the vertical of posterior margin of orbits. Ventral small, immovable. Anal 31, rays of uniform height and about length of longest rays of soft dorsal, except posteriorly, \vhere they are shortened and give the fin a rounded edge. Caudal f length of head, subtruncate and with the corners rounded ; caudal peduncle swollen at the sides. Scales small, skin velvet-looking with a rough surface, scales setiform and turned forward on side of tail ; minute black hair-like processes occurring in clumps in the form of a few black spots. Colour (of preserved specimen), dark brown ; soft dorsal, anal and pectoral fins whitish ; a few dark black spots occurring irregularly on the body. One specimen, 170 mm. in length, from Mr. Komer Robinson, Natal. FAMILY GYMNODONTES. GEN. TETEODON, Guv. TETRODON IMMACULATUS, var. VIRGATA, Bl. Schn. Teeth of about equal size in both jaws. Length of head scarcely equals its distance from base of dorsal fin and is nearly 2 times in total length excluding caudal. Eyes prominent, situated slightly nearer to gill-opening than to point of snout, longitudinal diameter 2^- times in distance from point of snout and twice in interorbital width, which is broad and flat, the osseous part only extending f the distance between the eyes; snout short, obtusely pointed, nearly length of head and scarcely longer than interorbital width ; 2 well-developed nasal tentacles on each side on a single base. Profile of head from orbits to snout slightly concave. 50 Annals of the South African Museum. Dorsal 9 ; situated in last 3rd of distance from middle of eye to base of caudal, its height twice the length of its base and f length of the head. Pectorals f length of head. Anal 9 ; commencing behind posterior margin of dorsal and of similar shape, but slightly higher. Caudal nearly f length of head, truncate. Minute spines on body as far as snout, becoming larger on abdomen. No fold on lower part of tail or body. Colour (when fresh), dark brown above ; belly yellowish, striped longitudinally with brown lines ; fins yellowish ; back dark with lighter patches. Colour (of preserved specimen), dark brownish black on upper part of body including cheeks and snout ; light drab colour below, with many dark curving lines running from throat and round base of pectorals along the sides and abdomen to base of tail. One specimen, 83 mm. in length, taken off breakwater, Durban ; from Mr. Romer Robinson, Natal, who kindly supplies a note of the colouring when fresh. TETRODON HISPIDUS, Lacep. Teeth equal on both jaws. Length of head equals the distance from base of dorsal fin and is 2f times in total length excluding caudal. Eyes of moderate size situated slightly nearer to gill- opening than to point of snout and 2f times in length of snout, which is slightly more than ^ length of head ; interorbital width slightly less than length of snout, flat, the osseous part twice the diameter of the eye in width ; orbits prominent ; profile of snout slightly concave ; two prominent nasal papillae on a single base on each side. Dorsal 10 ; situated in last 3rd of distance from anterior margin of eye to base of caudal fin, height 2-| times the length of the base and nearly i length of head. Pectorals f length of head. Anal 10; commencing behind posterior margin of base of dorsal, which it resembles, but is not so high. Caudal nearly f length of head, truncate, with a slightly rounded posterior margin and equal to its distance from anterior margin of dorsal. Spines on body extend superiorly from interorbital space to near base of caudal, more or less widely separated and in patches and hidden in the skin ; inferiorly they extend from throat and cheeks below line of pec- torals to vent, being prominent and denser on abdomen, and with a patch on the side below the dorsal fin. Colour (when fresh), yellowish on back, shading to dirty white on belly. Many small white spots on back, thicker near tail ; pec- Descriptions of Fishes from the Coast of Natal. 51 torals yellow, white circular line round base of pectorals with smaller yellow circle inside, yellow vertical line at base of pectorals and another below it ; other fins yellowish. Several black vertical bands below line of pectoral extending to belly on each side of body. Colour (of preserved specimen), blackish brown above, white on abdomen, with a few scattered small white spots on back, which become more numerous and well defined on the sides from below dorsal fin and especially on free portion of tail ; 4 or 5 subvertical black blotches on each side of abdomen ; pectorals dark near the base, white on outer f , a whitish ring round base including gill- openings. Caudal dark brown. One specimen, 135 mm. in length, taken off breakwater, Durban ; from Mr. Eomer Robinson, Natal, who has kindly supplied the note of the colouring when fresh. TETRODON HYPSELOGENION, Blkr. Teeth about the same size on each jaw. Length of head equals its distance from dorsal fin and is nearly 3 times in total length excluding caudal. Osseous interorbital space narrow and about f diameter of eye, which is prominent, situated on upper margin of head, a little nearer to point of snout than to gill-opening, and is 3f times in length of head ; snout If times diameter of eye ; chin prominent and vertical, its depth nearly equals length of snout and is jf length of head ; lower jaw projects beyond upper, mouth small ; posterior nostrils have a prominent papilla on each with two openings ; gill-openings fringed with coarse papillae. Dorsal commences in last 3rd of distance from snout to base of caudal ; anterior rays highest ; length of base equals f the height of the fin, which is -f length of head. Anal commences below middle of dorsal, similar to but not as high as dorsal. Caudal truncate. Body covered with small spines from interorbital space nearly to dorsal fin, abdomen covered with numerous similar spines; a cross band of small spines across the side to abdomen, behind pectorals ; remainder of sides naked. Colour (of preserved specimen), upper half of body dark brown with irregular larger and smaller whitish spots ; lower half of body white ; sides with a silvery longitudinal band ; irregular sub-vertical bars on cheeks ; caudal fin dark brown, with a whitish inferior edge. 52 Annals of the South African Museum. FAMILY GEN. MUE^ENESOX, MoCall. MUR^INESOX CINEKEUS, Forsk. (Silver Eel.) Vomerine teeth compressed, with a basal lobe in front and behind, teeth of middle row fang-like and powerful ; teeth of inner series of mandible similar in form to but much smaller than those of the vomer and but rarely with basal lobes, those of the outer series rudi- mentary and not bent outwards ; fang-like canines at symphysis. Length of head contained nearly 2|- times in distance between point of snout and vent ; snout slender, produced into a point beyond lower jaw ; cleft of mouth wide, 2-^- times in length of head ; eyes situated nearly in middle of length of head, 1J times interorbital width and 2f times in length of snout. Dorsal commences in advance of gill-openings. Pectorals well developed, length of head. Tail about 1| times length of trunk. Colour (of preserved specimen), uniform dark brown on back, lighter below. One specimen, 735 mm. in length, from Mr. Eomer Eobinson, Natal. GEN. MUEJENA, Arted. NEBULOSA, AM. Teeth obtuse, molar-like. Length of head 5f times in distance from point of snout to vent ; tail slightly longer than the trunk. Eyes about 2 diameters from point of snout and situated midway between it and cleft of mouth, which is 2f times in length of head ; gill-opening about equals diameter of eye. Dorsal fin fairly well developed and commencing a little in front of gill-opening. Colour (of preserved specimen), whitish ground, covered with numerous dark specks ; a row of about 30 large irregular black spots on back, some of them with white spots in them, running through dorsal fin and a similar row of black blotches below them extending through abdomen. One specimen, 260 mm. in length, caught at the Bluff, Durban ; from Mr. Eorner Eobinson, Natal. Descriptions of Fishes from the Coast of Natal. 53 MELEAGRIS, ShaW. (Spotted Eel.) Canines fairly well developed ; teeth on mandibles uniserial, on maxillary and premaxillary biserial, in a single row longitudinally on vomer. Length of head about 4 times in distance between point of snout and vent ; length of tail If to ly 7 ^ times in length of trunk. Eyes small, 21 to 2J diameters from end of snout and situated nearer to it than to angle of mouth ; cleft of mouth about ^ length of head ; mouth cannot be entirely closed ; anterior nasal tube 4- to f vertical diameter of eye ; gill-opening 1 diameters of eye. A row of widely separated open pores on mandibles and maxillary and 3 or 4 pores about the nostrils. Dorsal low and anteriorly enveloped in skin, commencing a little in advance of gill-opening. Colour (of preserved specimens), dark brown above, lighten belly; covered with small white spots smaller than the eye. Two specimens, 437 mm. and 435 mm. in length respectively, from Mr. Eomer Eobinson, Natal. NUDIVOMER, Gtinth. Teeth uniserial on both jaws, anterior ones serrated; a large curved tooth behind the row at symphysis of upper jaw ; no vornerine teeth. Length of head nearly 4 times in distance from point of snout to vent ; tail nearly If- times length of trunk. Eyes small, 2f diameters from point of snout and situated nearer to it than to angle of mouth ; snout of moderate length, about 5| times in length of head ; cleft of mouth 2| times in length of head ; gill- openings equal twice diameter of eye ; nasal tube small, f diameter of eye. Dorsal and anal fins well developed, covered with thick skin ; dorsal commences in the vertical of nearly midway between cleft of mouth and gill-opening. Body slender and tapering to tail. Colour (of preserved specimen), head white with small brown spots on lower half and vermiculated brown lines on upper, gradu- ally merging a short distance behind the head into brown with numerous white oval spots, sometimes confluent, over the rest of the body and extending through the fins. One specimen, 908 mm. in length, from Mr. Eomer Eobinson, Natal. 54 Annals of the South African Museum. TESSELDATA, Eich. Teeth in a single row, triangular and slanting backwards, large ones interspersed with smaller; 2 strong pointed teeth pointing backwards at symphysis of upper jaw. Length of head 41 times in distance from snout to vent ; tail 1^ times length of trunk. Snout compressed and rounded ; eyes situated midway between angle of mouth and end of snout, diameter equals length of snout ; cleft of mouth 25 times in length of head. Profile of head boldly convex to eyes ; gill-opening equals diameter of eye ; anterior nasal tubes equal | diameter of eye ; mouth can be shut completely. Colour (of preserved specimen), body, fins, and head covered with irregular black blotches, with many round spots in a more or less irregular row on body ; interspaces light. One specimen, about 380 mm. in length, from Mr. Eomer Robinson, Natal. POLYZONA, Rich. (Banded Eel.) Teeth, biserial on lower jaw, molar-like and slightly pointed at anterior end of mandible, a row of rather pointed teeth on maxillary with a few smaller teeth on the outside ; a band of 4 longitudinal rows of molar-like rounded teeth on vomer. Length of head 3 to 3 times in distance from point of snout to vent ; tail 1 i- times length of trunk ; eyes situated in upper half of head, 1?- to 2 diameters from end of snout and situated nearer to point of snout than to angle of mouth ; cleft of mouth 2^ to 2i times in length of head. Profile of head boldly convex to the eyes, slightly convex thence to point of snout, which is slightly longer than the lower jaw ; gill-opening equals diameter of eye ; anterior nasal tube f diameter of eye. Dorsal well developed, commences in advance of gill-opening. Colour (of preserved specimens), yellowish brown, darker above than below, crossed by about 28 irregular narrow white or yellow transverse bands, which extend through dorsal and anal fins and across caudal. Two specimens, 374 mm. and 518 mm. in length respectively, from Mr. Romer Robinson, Natal. Desertions of Fishes from the Coast- of Natal. 55 FAMILY SCYLLIID^E. GEN. SCYLLIORHINUS, Gill. SCYLLIORHINUS NATALENSIS, Eegan. (Striped Dog-fish.) Teeth long, with a central setose cusp and 2 cusps at the base on each side. Head broad, depressed ; snout obtusely pointed ; length of snout -5% width of mouth and 2| times the space between the nasal valves ; diameter of eye If times in length of snout ; no labial folds ; gill-openings 14- times diameter of eye. Scales of body trispinate. The 1st dorsal originates slightly in front of posterior base of ventrals, the 2nd dorsal over posterior end of base of anal. Dorsal fins equal ; the length of their respective bases is 2| times in the distance between them, which is nearly 1^ times the distance between the posterior margin of base of 2nd dorsal and base of caudal ; posterior margin of pectorals situated less than ^ the dis- tance between posterior end of its base and anterior end of ventrals ; posterior end of ventrals pointed. Colour (of preserved specimen), grey, white underneath; with transverse irregular bars across back which are dark-edged and enclose a bar of the same shade as the ground colour ; 1 bar crosses the head from eye to eye ; the 3 bars across the back anterior to the origin of the ventrals extend to abdomen, the remainder only reach to median line, 1 being at the base of each dorsal fin, 1 midway between these fins, 1 midway between 2nd dorsal and base of caudal ; there are fainter bars between each dark bar. Pectorals with transverse blotches. Ventrals with a large blotch at base. Caudal with 2 partial bars only visible on edge of fin, tip of fin dark ; tip of dorsals with a dark blotch. One specimen, 438 mm. in length, from Durban Museum. FAMILY RHINOBATHXE. GEN. EHINOBATUS, Mull, and Henl. RHINOBATUS BLOCHII, M. and H. Teeth on both jaws about equal in size. Snout elongate, its length 7jL times in total length ; interorbital width 3^- times in length of snout ; distance between outer angles of nostrils equals 5G Annals of the South African Museum. % distance of mouth from end of snout ; anterior nasal valve con- tinued towards median line by a fold that nearly meets that of the other side ; cleft of mouth straight, longer than nostril ; rostral ridges more distant from each other behind than in front and separated by a shallow groove. Dorsal fins about the same height and pointed ; their distance apart equals 1 times interspace between 2nd dorsal and root of caudal. Back finely granular, with a row of compressed spines along the middle of the back, 1 on each shoulder, and a row round upper margin of eyes. Colour (of preserved specimen), pale, slightly mottled brown above, nearly white on lower side ; scattered small round whitish spots on back. One specimen, 640 mm. in length, from Mr. Eomer Eobinson, Natal. FAMILY TBYGONID2E. GEN. PTEEOPLATEA, Mull, and Henl. PTEROPLATEA NATALENSIS, n. sp. Disk nearly twice as broad as long. Tail a little more than i as ong as disk, with a minute rudimentary fin at extremity and a slight upper and lower ridge semi-annulated with black. A short tentacle behind spiracle. Lower dental laminae concave in the centre, the points of the curve being received into corresponding depressions in the convex curve of the upper laminae. Teeth small, unicuspid. Spine not serrated. Interorbital space convex with a V-shaped depression and 2 or 3 small knobs or blunt spines. Two large tuberculous lumps behind spiracles. Colour (of preserved specimen), light brown mottled with darker; upper surface of tail with brown patches. One specimen, 157 mm. in length excluding caudal, from Mr. Eomer Eobinson, Natal. GEN. ^ETOBATIS, Mull, and Henl. AETOBATIS NABINARI, Euphrasen. Teeth, lower dental laminae projecting. Disk about twice as broad as long, distance from mouth to anus nearly f width of disk. Head Descriptions of Fishes from the Coast of Natal. 57 distinct from pectoral fins, elevated. Snout projecting and acutely pointed ; eyes small ; interorbital width broad and convex, about 8J times diameter of eye ; nasal valves forming a quadrangular flap, the lower edge fringed and divided in the centre. Dorsal fin very small, arises opposite centre of ventrals, which are f as broad as long ; tail whiplike and produced, 3i times length of body, with a spine situated just behind termination- of dorsal fin (broken off in specimen). Back smooth ; colour brown, spotted with small oval spots (which in the preserved specimen are whitish), margins of pectorals of a lighter shade of yellowish brown and the edges crenellated. One specimen, 290 mm. in length excluding caudal, from Mr. Romer Robinson, Natal. LIST OP SPECIES DESCRIBED. FAMILY PEECID^. PAGE Lutianus erythropterus, Bl 29 ,, lineatus, Q. and G. ... ... ... ... ... 30 Diagramma griseum, C. and V. ... ... ... ... ... 31 Dentex filosus, Val 32 Lobotes surinamensis, C. and V. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 33 Gerres filamentosus, C. and V 33 FAMILY SQUAMIPINNES. Chsetodon vagabundus, L. ... ... ... ... ... ... 34 FAMILY SPAEIDvE. Pagrus spinifer, Forsk. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 3-5 FAMILY COTTID.E. Platycephalus punctatus, C. and V. 36 FAMILY TEUTHID^E. Teuthis nebulosa (Q. and G.) 37 FAMILY NANDIDJE. Plesiops nigricans, Eiipp ... ... ... ... ... ... 37 FAMILY SCI^ENID^E. Umbrina angustilineata, n. sp. ... ... ... ... ... 38 58 Annals of the South African Museum. FAMILY CARANGID^E. Caranx natalensis, n. sp Chorinemus lysan, Forsk 40 FAMILY SCOMBEID^E. Cybium lineolatum, C. and V 4! FAMILY MUGILID^. Mugil diadema, n. sp. ... ... 42 ,, natalensis, Cast. ... ... ... 43 ,, ceylonensis, Giinth 43 ,, capito, Cuv 44 FAMILY LABBIDJE. Julis hebraica, Lacep. ... ... ... 45 Cossyphus macrurus, Lace"p. 4g ,, nigromaculatus, Gilchr. and Thomp 47 FAMILY SCLEEODEEMI. Balistes niger, Mungo Park ... ... ... 43 Monacanthus natalensis, n. sp. ... ... ... ... ... 43 FAMILY GYMNODONTES. Tetrodon immaculatus, var. virgata, Bl. Schn. ... ... ... 49 ,, hispidus, Lacep. ... ... 50 ,, hypselogenion, Blkr 51 FAMILY MUE^ENID/E. Mursenesox cinereus, Forsk. ... ... ... 52 Mursena nebulosa, Ahl. ... ... 52 ,, meleagris, Shaw ... ... ... ... ... 53 ,, nudivomer, Giinth. ... ... 53 , , tessellata, Eich ... ... ... 54 ,, polyzona, Eich 54 FAMILY SCYLLIID^E. Scylliorhinus natalensis, Began ... ... 55 FAMILY EHINOBATID^E. Ehinobatus blochii, M. and H. ... ... 55 FAMILY TEYGONID^B. Pteroplatea natalensis, n. sp. ... 55 Aetobatis narinari, Euphrasen ... ... ... ... 55 ERRATUM. On page 181 of Vol. VI., Part II., read Umbrina striata Blgr. (59) 3. A Revised Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca ; with Descriptions of New Species in the South African Museum. By M. CONNOLLY. INTRODUCTION. LITTLE more than thirteen years have elapsed since the publication of Messrs. Melvill and Ponsonby's " Contribution towards a Check- List of the Non-marine Molluscan Fauna of South Africa " (Proc. Mai. Soc., 1898, iii., p. 166-184), which included all species then known south of the Tropic of Capricorn ; and of Dr. Sturany's " Catalog der . . . siidafrikanischen Land-und Siisswasser-Mol- lusken " (Wien, 1898), in which he described several new forms, and listed, with few exceptions, all older ones which had been up to that date reported from south of the line roughly formed by the Zambesi and Kunene Eivers. In this short time, however, the number of non-marine shells known in South Africa has increased by nearly one-half, the 408 species listed by Sturany having grown to 586, despite the fact that many forms then considered distinct have since been altogether expunged or placed in synonymy. No apology, therefore, is needed for the appearance of a revised reference list, and it only remains to add a few words of explanation as to special features introduced in the new work. At Dr. Peringuey's desire, I have adopted Sturany's more extended geographical boundaries. Although Messrs. Melvill and Ponsonby's invaluable series of articles in the Ann. and Mag. Nat. History has left comparatively little to be cleared up regarding the non-marine mollusca to the south of the Tropic of Capricorn, very little is known, conchologically, of much of the region just north of that limit, and the present list must necessarily leave much room for amplification in this direction. Very few South African non-marine fossils are yet known, and most of them were described in papers dealing also with recent shells. I have therefore included both recent and fossil species in 6 60 Annals of tlie South African Museum. the body of my work, but, to facilitate distinction, the reference number is printed in ordinary type before recent species, and in italics before those which have only been found, so far, in a fossil condition in South Africa. A list of authors and works consulted, with the abbreviations used, is given on p. 288. Owing to the great increase of recent literature on the subject, the list of references under each species has been lightened by the omission of all those of a purely "check-list" character, or of no actual value to the student. Many comparatively unimportant references to classification or locality only are also omitted, the authority quoted after each locality being, in the latter case, considered sufficient. I have also omitted many of the older references to European and American species, as the descriptions contained in them are of little value. The letters A. (anatomy), D. (description, external), F. (figure, external), L. (locality), N. (note), E. (radula), are appended respectively to each reference to denote the class of information it contains. With regard to Ferussac's Tabl. Syst. des Moll., part iii., of which there were two editions in the same year, with different pagination, the alternative pages are given. The species described and figured by Sturany in Sudafr. L.- und S.-W.-Moll., November, 1898, were first published by him in a "Preliminary Note " in the Anz. kais. Akad. Wiss. Wien, in June of the same year. I have not, in this instance, quoted the earlier reference, except in the case of Chondrocyclus isipingoensis, where priority of nomenclature is involved. The present work is intended, primarily, to be of as much use as possible to students in South Africa. This accounts for my having appended full references to Genera and the higher divisions, many of which I have found it quite impossible to trace in any library in that country ; and also for the addition of as many localities for each species as I have been able to gather; but it has been, naturally, quite impossible to verify the correctness of all of the latter. Many of the older specific names have been misapplied, at Various times, to other species, while many recently described shells Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 61 have wrongly figured, prior to their description, under one of the older names. In giving all these localities, however, it is my hope that future collectors, on finding a certain shell in a certain neigh- bourhood, will at least have some guide as to the known species with which their specimens may be compared. No single map is yet published which includes all the localities mentioned, but to simplify matters as far as possible I have given the province in which each is situated, and subdivided the larger or more intricate districts. Thus, German South-West Africa is divided into Ovampoland (north), Damaraland (or Hereroland) (central), and Great Namaland (south). Little Namaland is in the Cape of Good Hope Province, just south of the mouth of the Orange, and Griqua- land West is that portion of the colony north of the same river. Cape Peninsula, where specially mentioned, refers to the small, but conchologically rich, district between Cape Town and Cape Point. British Bechuanaland, on the north, is divided from Bechuana- land by a line nearly following the direction of the Molopo Eiver. Lorenzo Marques represents the whole Portuguese territory in East Africa south of the Zambesi, as distinct from Mozambique to its north ; while the Northern Transvaal comprises the district north of Pretoria. An effort has been made to state where the type of each species is preserved, and through the kindness of the custodians of the collec- tions mentioned, I have been able to locate about nine-tenths of the total number. In cases where the type cannot be traced or was never specified, the whereabouts of original specimens has, when possible, been given. For the information of local students, the letters S.A.M. are affixed to the names of species contained in the collection of the South African Museum. I may add that the magnificent Burnup Collec- tion is exhibited in the Natal Government Museum, Pietermaritz- burg, while there are good collections of non-marine rnollusca at Grahamstown and Port Elizabeth, and a smaller one at Kimberley. It only remains for me to express my most grateful thanks to the many kind friends who have been ever ready to assist me in the many difficulties which have cropped up in the course of even the present unassuming work. It is almost impossible to mention all by name, and I must therefore confine myself on this page to acknowledging my extreme indebtedness to Messrs. J. H. Ponsonby and H. C. Burnup for an enormous amount of invaluable help and advice, to which are due, in great measure, any merits which may eventually be found in the ensuing pages. 62 Annals of the South African Museum. The arrangement of Families and Genera is in accordance with the latest views of leading authorities on the subject. That of the higher orders is a slightly modified adaptation of Paul Pelseneer's classification of the Mollusca in Part V. of Sir E. Eay Lankester's " Treatise on Zoology." (London, 1906.) In the use of Family names, I have followed those writers who employ a few only, in a wide sense, rather than a larger and possibly unnecessary number of smaller families. April, 1912. REFERENCE LIST. SUB-KINGDOM MOLLUSCA, Cuvier, 1795. (La Decade Philos. Litt. et Politique, Paris, v. p. 391, as Mollusques.) GRADE PRORHIPIDOGLOSSOMORPHA, Grobben, 1894. (Sitz.-Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, p. 86.) CLASS GASTROPODA, Cnvier, 1795. (Magasin Encycl. ii. p. 448, as Gasteropodes. ) SUB-CLASS EUTHYNEURA, Spengel, 1881. (Zeitschr. f. wissens. Zool. Leipzic, p. 372.) ORDER PULMONATA, Cuvier, 1817. (Regne Anim. ii. pp. 387, 401, as Pulmones.) SUB-ORDER STYLO MMATOPHORA, Schmidt, 1855. (Abhandl. Naturwiss. vereins. Sachs. Halle, p. 7.) TRIBE AGNATHA, Morch, 1859. (Mai. Blatt. vi. p. 109.) FAMILY APEKID^E, Mollendorff, 1903. (Conch. Cab. p. 5.) GENUS APEBA, Heynemann, 1885. (Jahrb. d. Deutsch. Mai. Ges. xii. p. 20.) ( = Ghlamydcplicrus, Binney, 1879, not Chlamydopliorus, Harlan, in Mammalia 1825.) Type of Genus A. gibbonsi (Binn.) 1. APERA BUENUPI, Smith. 1892 Apera burnupi, Smith, A.M.N.H. x. p. 466. D. 1897 Cllge., A.M.N.H. xx. p. 221. pi. 5, I 1-6. A, Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 63 1898 Apcra burnupi, Smith, Pilsb., Nautilus, xii. p. 12. N. 1900 Cllge., Ann. S.A. Mus. ii. p. 4. pi. 1, f. 5, 6. N.F. 1901 Cllge., Journ. of Mai. viii. p. 71, f. 1. A. 1910 Cllge., Ann. Natal Mus. ii. p. 166. D. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Pietermaritzburg (Burnup). 2. APERA GIBBONSI (Binney). 1879 Ghlamydephorus gibbonsi, Binn., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard, v. p. 331. pi. 2, f. a, b. D.F. 1884 Ghlamydephorus gibbonsi, Binn., Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. iii. p. 81. pi. 17, f. A. B. 1884 Ghlamydophorus gibbonsi, Binn., Tryon, Struct, and Syst. Conch, iii. p. 13. pi. 101, f. 47. D.F. 1885 Ghlamydephorus gibbonsi, Binn., Tryon, Man. of Conch, i. pp. 17, 251. pi. 2, f. 95. D.F. 1885 Apera gibbonsi, Binn., Heynem., Jahrb. d. Deutsch. Mai. Ges. xii. p. 17. pi. 2, f. 5-7. D.F. 1890 ChlamydepJiorus gibbonsi, Binn., Ckll., A.M.N.H. vi. p. 390. D. 1900 Apera gibbonsi, Binn., Cllge., Ann. S.A. Mus. ii. p. 4. N. 1910 ,, ,, Cllge., Ann. Natal Mus. ii. p. 165. D. Type in Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. Hab. NATAL. Umgeni Valley (Gibbons). Equeefa ; Port Shep- stone ; Thornybush, near Pietermaritzburg (Burnup). CAPE OF GOOD HOPE (Weale). 3. APERA NATALENSIS, Collinge. [S.A.M.] 1900 Apera natalensis, Cllge., Ann. S.A. Mus. ii. p. 3. pi. 1, f. 3, 4. pi. 2, f. 14, 15. D.F.A. 1910 ,, Ann. Natal Mus. ii. p. 167. D. Type in South African Museum. Hab. NATAL. Eichmond (Ward). 4. APERA PURCELLI, Collinge. [S.A.M.] 1901 Apera purcelli, Cllge., Ann. S.A. Mus. ii. p. 230. pi. 14, f. 1, 2. D.F. Type in South African Museum. Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. Table Mountain (Lightfoot). 64 Annals of the South African Museum. FAMILY TESTACELLIM1, Gray, 1853. (A.M.N.H. xii. p. 330.) GENUS TESTACELLA, Cuvier, 1800. (Lee?. d'Anat. comp. Paris, i. Table 5.) Type of Genus T. haliotidea, Drap. 5. TESTACELLA AUKIGASTER, Layard. [S.A.M.] 1893 Testacella aurig aster, Lay., Ckll., Conchologist, ii. p. 205. N. 1902 (as Syn. of T. maugei, Fer.) Tayl., Mon. Brit. Moll. pp. 25, 27. L. Hob. CAPE PENINSULA. Cape Town (Layard ; Lightfoot). I believe I am correct in stating that Layard actually published the description of this species, but in what periodical cannot be traced. It is nearly related to T. maugei, Fe'r., with which it may probably prove to be synonymous. FAMILY STKEPTAXLDZE, Gray, I860. (A.M.N.H. vi. p. 268.) SUB-FAMILY STBEPTAXIN^E, Godwin-Austen, 1908. (Fauna Brit. India, Moll. p. 1.) GENUS STEEPTAXIS, Gray, 1837. (A.M.N.H. i. p. 484.) Type of Genus, S. nobilis, Gray. 6. STREPTAXIS GWANDAENSIS, Preston. 1912 Streptaxis gwandaensis, Prest., A.M.N.H. ix. p. 69, f. 1. D.F. Type in coll. Preston. Hab. EHODESIA. Near Geelong Mine, Gwanda District (S. B. Cox). SUB-FAMILY ENNEIN^, Kobelt, 1904. (Conch. Cab. p. 92.) GENUS ENNEA, H. and A. Adams, 1855. (Gen. Kec. Moll. ii. p. 171.) Type of Genus, E. elegantula (Pfr.). The South African portion of this Genus is undoubtedly in need of severe critical revision. Many species have been differentiated on Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 65 very slight peculiarities of form, sculpture, or dentition. However, in the recently described E. Johannesburg ensis, M. and P., it will be found that, while the form and sculpture change but little, the presence or complete absence of the basal tooth, even among shells from under the same stone, is a matter of indifference ; while in E. xysila, M. and P., though the dentition remains practically unchanged, the length of full-grown specimens varies from 5 to 8 mm., and the sculpture is sometimes almost lirate, sometimes almost invisible, quite irrespective of the size of the shell. It can be easily understood, therefore, that, in more widely distri- buted species, the range of variation increases with the extended geographical distribution ; but in many such cases intermediate varieties are found in intermediate localities, which link up a complete chain of connection between comparative extremes of form. Taking these facts into consideration, it is highly probable that many species at present reckoned distinct will, on fuller comparison, have to be referred to merely varietal rank. As no satisfactory method of subdividing the South African Enneinae has yet been contrived, the subjoined list of species is given in alphabetical order, omitting all reference to any sub- genera or sections hitherto proposed. 7. ENNEA ADAMSIANA, Pfeiffer. [S.A.M.] 1859 Ennea adamsiana, Pfr., Novit. Conch, i. p. 114. pi. 32, f. 9-11. D.F. 1859 Mon. Hel. iv. p. 339. I). 1885 Tryon, Man. of Conch, i. p. 98. pi. 19, f. 85. D.F. 1904 ,, Kob., Couch. Cab. p. 192.pl.24,f.8. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Port Natal (in coll. Pfeiffer). Widely distributed. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. " Said to be found at Korsten, Tort Eliza- beth " (Crawford). var. IMPEBVIA, Melv. & Pons. [S.A.M.] 1896 Ennea impervia, M. &P., A.M.N.H. xviii. p. 315. pi. 16, f. 1. D.F. 1904 Kob.,Conch.Cab.p.233.pl.32,f.21. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL (fide M. & P.). Lower Urnkomaas; Equeefa ; Port Shepstone (Burnup). APE OF GOOD HOPE. Port St. John's (Shortridge). G6 Annals of the South African Museum. It appears inadvisable to regard impervia as other than a well- marked variety of adamsiana, being a stouter form with magnified dentition. Impervia is found generally along the coast-belt of Natal, with a very small sprinkling of the narrower form. At Pine Town it is difficult to differentiate the two ; at Botha's Hill they are enigmatical ; while on reaching Pietermaritzburg and the surround- ing district only the narrower form is found. 8. ENNEA ALBEBSI (Pfeiffer). [S.A.M.] 1854 Pupa albersi, Pfr., P.Z.S. p. 295. D. 1855 Ennea albersi, Pfr., Mai. Bliitt. ii. p. 61. D. Novit. Conch, i. p. 38. pi. 10, f. 15-17. D.F. 1859 Mon. Hel. iv. p. 338. D. 1885 Tryon, Man. of Conch, i. p. 97. pi. 19, f. 83, 84. D.F. 1903 ,, M. & P., A.M.N.H. vii. p. 596. N.F. 1904 Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 182.pl. 23, f. 7-9. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hal. NATAL. Port Natal (Strangier, fide Pfeiffer 1859). Port Shepstone, both sides of the Eiver Urnzimkulu (Burnup). 9. ENNEA ALICIA, Melv. & Pons. 1907 Ennca alicia, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xix. p. 95. pi. 6, f. 1. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hob. ZULULAND. Makowe (Burnup). Dukuduku Forest (Toppin). This may possibly be conspecific with E. dcedalea, M. and P. Size is the chief distinguishing characteristic, and intermediate grades exist. 10. ENNEA APEROSTOMA, Melv. & Pons. 1892 EnneaaperostomaM- &P-, A.M.N.H. ix. p. 93. pi. 6, f. 10. D.F. 1904 Kob.,Conch.Cab.p.219.pl.27,f.lO.>.^. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL (Layard). var. LISSOPHANES, Melv. & Pons. 1892 Ennea aperostoma var. lissophanes, M. & P., A.M.N.H. ix. p. 93. N. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL (Layard). Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 67 11. ENNEA AENOLDI, Sturany. [S.A.M.] 1898 Ennea arnoldi, Stur., S. A. Moll. p. 28. pi. 2, f. 26-30. D.F. 1904 Kob.,Conch.Cab.p.203.pl.25,f.lO-13. D.F. Type in Naturh. Hofmus. Vienna. Hab. NATAL. Isipingo ; Durban (Penther). Tongaat ; Lower Umkoniaas (Burnup). var. ELONGATA, Sturany. 1898 Ennea arnoldi var. elongata, Stur., S. A. Moll. p. 29. pi. 2, f. 31. D.F. Type in Natuvh. Hofmus. Vienna. Hab. NATAL. Isipingo (Penther). 12. ENNEA AURIS-LEPORIS, Melv. & Pons. 1898 Ennea auris-leporis, M. & P., A.M.N.H. i. p. 25. pi. 8, f. 3. D.F. 1904 Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 182. pi. 23, f. 10. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL (fide M. and P.). 13. ENNEA BERTHS, Melv. & Pons. 1901 Ennea bertha, M. & P., A.M.N.H. i. p. 315. pi. 2, f. 1. D.F. 1904 Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 235. pi. 32, f. 20. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Karkloof Bush (McBean). Ntimbankulu (Burnup). 14. ENNEA BOWKER.E, Melv. & Pons. 1892 Ennea bowkera, M. & P., A.M.N.H. ix. p. 92. pi. 6, f. 9. D.F. 1904 Kob.,Conch.Cab.p.219.pl.27,f.9.Z>.^. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. East London (Miss Bowker). 15. ENNEA BURNUPI, Melv. & Pons. [S.A.M.] 1897. Ennea burnupi, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xix. p. 634. pi. 17, f. 2. D.F. 1904 Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 217. pi. 27, f. 5. ZLF 7 . Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Town Bush .Pietermaritzburg; Gordon Falls (Burnup). 68 Annals of the South African Museum. 16. ENNEA CAIKNSI, Melv. & Pons. 1897 Ennca cairnsi, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xix. p. 634. pi. 17, f. 1. D.F. 1904 Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 216. pi. 27, f. 4. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Mouth of Buffalo River (in coll. Cairns; Burnup). 17. ENNEA CALLISTA, Melv. & Pons. 1909 Ennea callista, M. & P., A.M.N.H. iv. p. 485. pi. 8, f. 1. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Dassie Krantz, Grahamstown (Farquhar). 18. ENNEA CALOPASA, Melv. & Pons. 1903 Ennea calopasa, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xii. p. 596. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Port Shepstone, both sides of the River Umziin- kulu (Burnup). 19. ENNEA CANDIDULA, Morelet. 1889 Ennea candidula, Morel., J. cle C. xxxvii. p. 12. pi. 2, f. 2. D.F. 1890 ,, layardi, Ancey, Bull. Soc. Mai. Fr. vii. p. 159. D. 1904 Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 242. D. candidula, Morel., Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 240. pi. 29, f. 6-8. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Port Elizabeth, South End, and Kragga Kama, 17 miles south of Port Elizabeth (Crawford). Port Elizabeth and Grahamstown (layardi, fide Layard). NATAL. Upper Tugela (Quekett). 20. ENNEA CAEYATIS, Melv. & Pons. [S.A.M.] 1898 Ennea caryatis, M. & P., A.M.N.H. i. p. 24. pi. 8, f. 2. D.F. 1904 Kob.,Conch.Cab.p.l34.pl.l9,f.l3.D.^ T . Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Cradock (Farquhar). Prieska (Gibbons ; Gould). 21. ENNEA CIMOLIA, Melv. & Pons. [S.A.M.] 1895 Ennea cimolia, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xvi. p. 478. pi. 18, f. 2. D.F. 1904 Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 185. pi. 23, f. 15. D.F. Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 69 Type in British Museum. Hob. CAPE OP GOOD HOPE. Grahamstown (Farquhar). Pirie Forest (var., Godfrey). NATAD. Dargle ; Nottingham Eoad ; Karkloof ; Edendale ; Back- worth and Ntimbankulu, Mid-Illovo (Burnup). E. pentheri, Sturany, though much smaller, seems otherwise identical. 22. ENNEA CIONIS, Melv. and Pons. 1898 Ennea cionis, M. & P., A.M.N.H. i. p. 25. pi. 8, f. 4. D.F. 1904 Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 135. pi. 19,f. 15. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Van Staadens Eiver, Port Elizabeth (Crawford). ZULULAND. Melmoth (Miss Hickey). 23. ENNEA CLAUSTRARIA, Melv. & Pons. [S.A.M.] 1903 Ennea claustraria, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xii.p.597.pl. 31, .16. D.F. 1907 ,, stauroma, xix. p. 96. pi. 6, f . 4. D.F. Both types in British Museum. Hab. ZULULAND. Lower Umfolosi Drift (Burnup). Melmoth (stauroma, Miss Hickey). Almost identical with infrendens, von Mts., except that the latter has a small plait on the columellar lip, just above the basal tooth, where claustraria has only a slight swelling. 24. ENNEA COLUMNELLA, Melv. & Pons. [S.A.M.] 1901 Ennea columnella, M. &P., A.M.N.H. viii. p. 316. pi. 2, f. 2. D.F. 1904 Kob.,Conch.Cab.p.235.pl.32,f.22.D..F. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Karkloof Bush (McBean). Dargle ; Edendale ; Ntimbankulu (Burnup). 25. ENNEA CONNOLLYI, Melv. & Pons. [S.A.M.] 1909 Ennea connollyi, M. & P., A.M.N.H. iv. p. 486. pi. 8, f. 2. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Majuba (Connolly). TRANSVAAL. Hennop's Eiver ; Buis Kop (Connolly). Generally a much narrower shell than the figure would suggest. 70 Annals of the South African Museum. 26. ENNEA CONSOBRINA, Ancey. 1892 Ennea consobrina, Ancey, Brit. Nat. p. 125. D. 1898 ' M.&P.,A.M.N.H.i.p.24.pl.8,f.9. N.F. 1904 Kob., Conch. Cab. pp. 232,289. pi. 28, f. 19. D.F. Type in coll. Tomlin. Hob. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Albany (Miss Glanville). 27. ENNEA CRASSIDENS, Pfeiffer. 1859 Ennea crassidem, Pfr., Novit. Conch, i. p. 114. pi. 32, f. 6-8. D.F. Mon. Hel. iv. p. 340. D. 1885 Tryon, Man. of Conch, i. p. 97. pi. 19, f. 100. D.F. 1898 Ennea durbanensis, Stur., S. A. Moll. p. 25. pi. 1, f. 17. D.F. 1904 Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 203. pi. 25, f. 14. D.F. ,, Ennea crassidcns, Pfr., Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 192. pi. 24, f. 7. D.F. Type of crassidens in British Museum; durbanensis in Naturh. Hofmus. Vienna. Hab. NATAL. Port Natal (Plant). Durban Bluff; Isipingo (durbanensis, Penther). Pinetown ; Equeefa (Burnup). 28. ENNEA CRASSILABEIS, Craven. [S.A.M.] 1880 Ennea crassilabris, Crvn., P.Z.S. p. 616. pi. 57, f. 5. D.F. 1885 Tryon, Man. of Conch, i. p. 102. pi. 20, f. 50, 51. D.F. 1904 Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 136. pi. 19, f. 16. D.F. 1909 Ennea euschemon, M. & P., A.M.N.H. iv. p. 487. pi. 8, f. 5. D.F. Both types in British Museum. Hab. TRANSVAAL. Lydenburg (crassilabris, Craven). Pietpot- gietersrust ; Pruizen (euschemon, Connolly). The type of euschemon is rather smaller than that of crassilabris, but is not specifically distinct. 29. ENNEA CEATERODON, Melv. & Pons. 1903 Ennea craterodon, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xii. p. 597. pi. 31, f. 9. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Maestrom Forest, Bedford (Farquhar). Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 71 30. ENNEA CRAWFORDI, Melv. & Pons. 1898 Ennca crawfordi, M. & P., A.M.N.H. i. p. 26. pi. 8, f. 5. D.F. 1904 Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 135. pi. 19, f. 17. D.F. Type in British Museum. Ilab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Mouth of Van Staadens Eiver, Port Elizabeth (Crawford). 31. ENNEA CRISPULA, Melv. & Pons. 1909 Ennca crispula, M. & P., A.M.N.H. iv. p. 486. pi. 8, f. 3. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Grahamstown (per Fulton). 32. ENNEA CROSSLEYANA, Melv. & Pons. [S.A.M.] 1893 Ennca crossleyana, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xii. p. 106. pi. 3, f. 8. D.F. 1904 Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 196. pi. 24, f. 16. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Pietermaritzburg (Mrs. Crossley ; Burnup). A small inland form of the coastal E. gouldi, Pfr. Size is almost the only distinction, and as intermediate degrees are known from intermediate localities Pinetown ; Botha's Hill ; Table Mountain (Burnup) it is probable that the two species may eventually prove to be identical. 33. ENNEA D.EDALEA, Melv. & Pons. [S.A.M.] 1903 Ennea dcedaka, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xii. p. 598. pi. 31, f. 12. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. ZULULAND. Lower Urnfolosi Drift (Burnup). Ennea alicia, M. & P., is very nearly allied to this species. 34. ENNEA DARGLENSIS, Melv. & Pons. [S.A.M.] 1908 Ennta darglensis, M. & P., A.M.N.H. i. p. 130. pi. 7, f. 1. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Dargle ; Eichmond ; Inhluzani Mountain (Burnup). Karkloof ; Nottingham Eoad (Taynton). CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Gowies Kloof, Grahamstown (Parquhar). 35. ENNEA DELICATULA, Pfeiffer. 1856 Ennca delicatula, Pfr., Mai. Bliitt. iii. p. 259. D. 1859 ,, Novit. Conch, i. p. 117. pi. 32, f. 21-23. D.F. 72 Annals of the South African Museum. 1859 Ennea delicatula, Pfr., Mon. Hel. iv. p. 340. D. 1885 Tryon, Man. of Conch, i. p. 96. pi. 19, f. 2. D.F. 1904 Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 190. pi. 24, f. 5. D.F. Original, probably type, in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Port Natal (Plant). 36. ENNEA DISTINCTA, Melv. & Pons. 1893 Ennea distincta, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xi. p. 22. pi. 3, f. 10. D.F. 1904 ,, Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 187. pi. 23, f. 19. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. TKANSVAAL. Middelburg (Crawford). 37. ENNEA DOCIMASTA, Melv. & Pons. [S.A.M.] 1898 Ennea dokimasta, M. & P., A.M.N.H. i. p. 27. pi. 8, f. 7. D.F. 1898 ,, docimasta, ,, Proc. Mai. Soc. iii. p. 167. (Emend. Now.) 1904 ,, dokimasta, ,, Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 183. pi. 23, f. 11. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL (McKen, per Layard). 38. ENNEA DOLICHOSKIA, Melv. & Pons. 1892 Ennea dolichoskia, M. & P., A.M.N.H. ix. p. 86. pi. 6, f. 6. D.F. 1904 ,, Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 218. pi. 27, f. 7. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OP GOOD HOPE. Near Port Elizabeth (Langley). Mouth of Van Staadens Eiver (Crawford). 39. ENNEA DKAKENSBEBGENSIS, Melv. & Pons. 1893 Ennea drakcnsbergcnsis, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xii. p. 107. pi. 3, f. 9. D.F. 1904 Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 196. pi. 24, f. 17. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Pietermaritzburg (fide M. & P.), Founded on a single specimen. Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 73 40. ENNEA DUNKEEI, Pfeiffer. 1855 Ennea dimkeri, Pfr., Mai. Bliitt. ii. p. 173. D. 1856 ,, Novit. Conch, i. p. 73.pl. 20, f. 11-13. D.F. 1859 Mon. Hel. iv. p. 339. D. 1885 Tryon, Man. of Conch, i. p. 98. pi. 19, f. 89. D.F. 1898 Ennea differens, Stur., S.A. Moll. p. 20. pi. 1, f. 5, 6. D.F. 1904 ,, Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 202. pi. 25, f. 6, 7. D.F. Ennea dimkeri, Pfr., Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 193. pi. 24, f. 9, 10. D.F. Type of dunkeri in Stettin Museum ; differens in Naturh. Hofmus. Vienna. Hab. NATAL. Port Natal (Plant). Durban (differens, Penther). Tyeloti, near Botha's Hill ; Pinetown ; Table Mountain ; Lower Umkomaas (Burnup). 41. ENNEA ELLIPTICA, Melv. & Pons. [S.A.M.] 1898 Ennea elUptica, M. & P., A.M.N.H. ii. p. 126. pi. 7, f. 2. D.F. 1904 ,, Kob., Couch. Cab. p.l80.pl.23,f.4. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Pietermaritzburg ; Nottingham Road ; Dargle ; Karkloof; Hilton Road; Tyeloti, near Botha's Hill; Zwaartkop ; Richmond ; Edendale (Burnup). 42. ENNEA ESHOWENSIS, Melv. & Pons. 1909 Ennea cslwiccnsis, M. & P., A.M.N.H. iv. p. 487. pi. 8, f. 4. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. ZULULAND. Eshowe (Lady Saunders). 43. ENNEA EUTHYMIA, Melv. & Pons. [S.A.M.] 1893 Ennea cuthumia, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xii. p. 107. pi. 3, f. 10. D.F. 1898 Stur., S.A. Moll. p. 21. N. 1904 ,, Kob.,Conch.Cab.p.l97.pl.24,f.l9.D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Thornybush, near Pietermaritzburg (Burnup). A larger variety is found at Lower Umkornaas (Burnup). 74 Annals of the South African Museum. 44. ENNEA EXIMIA, Melv. & Pons. 1898 Ennea cximia, M. & P., A.M.N.H. i. p. 28. pi. 8, f. 8. D.F. 1904 Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 184^1.23,1.13.1).^. 1909 ,, A.M.N.H. iv. p. 487. pi. 8, f. 6. N.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. TRANSVAAL. Between Barberton and Delagoa Bay (fide M. and P.). 45. ENNEA FAEQUHAKI, Melv. & Pons. 1895 Ennea farquhari, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xvi. p. 478. pi. 18, f. 3-5. D.F. 1904 Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 186. pi. 23, f. 17. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Grabamstown (Farquhar). E. microthauma, M. & P., is very nearly allied to this species. 46. ENNEA FORICLUSA, Melv. & Pons. 1901 Enncaforiclusa, M. & P., A.M.N.H. viii. p. 316. pi. 2, f. 3. D.F. 1904 Kob., Conch. Cab. p.236.pl.32,f.23. D..F. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Table Mountain, about 12 miles from Pieter- maritzburg (Burnup). 47. ENNEA FORMOSA, Melv. & Pons. [S.A.M.] 1898 Ennea formosa, M. & P., A.M.N.H. ii. p. 126. pi. 7, f. 3. D.F. 1904 Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 183. pi. 23, f. 12. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Durban (Quekett). Pietermaritzburg (Burnup; Connolly). Karkloof (Taynton). Some doubt exists as to whether the locality originally given- Durban is correct. 48. ENNEA GENIALIS, Melv. & Pons. [S.A.M.] 1903 Eniiea gcniaUs, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xii. p. 598. pi. 31, f. 14. D.F. 1907 vallaris, ,, xix. p. 96. pi. 6, f. 5. D.F. Types in British Museum. Hab. ZULULAND. Patana ; Lower Umfolosi Drift (Burnup). Melrnoth (vallaris, Miss Hickey). Eeference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 75 Though the type of vallaris is a little smaller and more coarsely ribbed than that of genialis, the two species appear to be inseparable. 49. ENNEA -GOULDI, Pfeiffer. [S.A.M.] 1855 Ennea gouldi, Pfr., Mai. Blatt. ii. p. 174. D. 1856 Novit. Conch, i. p. 72. pi. 20, f. 7-10. D.F. 1859 Mon. Hel. iv. p. 339. D. 1885 Tryon, Man. of Conch, i. p. 98. pi. 19, f. 13. D.F. 1904 Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 193. pi. 24,111,12. D.F. Type in Stettin Museum. Hob. NATAL. Durban (Plant). Isipingo (Penther). Lower Umkomaas ; Equeefa ; Alexandra Junction ; Urnbogintwini ; Ton- gaat ; Pinetown ; Ntimbankulu (Burnup). var. EXCEDENS, Sturany. 1898 Ennea gouldi, Pfr., var. excedens, Stur., S.A. Moll. p. 18. pi. 1, f. 3. D.F. Type in Naturh. Hofmus. Vienna. Hab. NATAL. Durban (Penther). Lower Umkomaas (Burnup). 50. ENNEA HICKEYANA, Melv. & Pons. 1901 Ennea hickeyana, M. & P., A.M.N.H. viii. p. 317. pi. 2, f. 4. D.F. 1904 ,, Kob.,Conch.Cab.p.243.pl.33,f.5.Z>.^. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Biggarsberg (Miss Hickey). 51. ENNEA HIMEROTHALES, Melv. & Pons. 1903 Ennea himerothales , M. & P., A.M.N.H. xii. p. 599. pi. 31, f. 13. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Port Shepstone (Burnup). Durban (in coll. Ponsonby). 52. ENNEA HYPSOMA, Melv. & Pons. 1909 Ennea hypsoma, M. & P., A.M.N.H. iv. p. 488. pi. 8, f. 7. D.F Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Traps Valley, Bathurst (Farquhar). 7 76 Annals of the South African Museum. 53. ENNEA INPANS, Craven. [S.A.M.] 1880 Ennea infans, Crvn., P.Z.S. p. 616. pi. 57, f. 6. D.F. 1885 Tryon, Man. of Conch, i. p. 102.pl. 20, f. 55, 56. D.F. 1893 Ennea collieri, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xi. p. 23. pi. 3, f. 13. D.F. 1904 ,, Kob.,Conch.Cab.p.l88.pl.23,f.21.LF. Ennea infans, Crvn., Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 136. pi. 19, f. 18. D.F. Types in British Museum. Hob. TRANSVAAL. Lydenburg (Craven). Pretoria District (infans and collieri) (plentiful). Johannesburg (Gould). 1 Although the type of collieri is longer than that of infans, the two species merge into one another ; E. wottdni, M. & P., is also nearly allied to Craven's shell. 54. ENNEA INFRENDENS, von Martens. [S.A.M.] 1866 Pupa (Ennea} infrendens, von Mts., Mai. Blatt. xiii. p. 110. pi. 3, f. 10-12. D.F. 1868 Ennea infrendens, von Mts., Pfr. Mon. Hel. v. p. 454. D. 1885 Tryon, Man. of Conch, i. p. 98 'pi- 19. f- 86. D.F. 1898 Stur., S.A. Moll. p. 23. N. 1904 Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 215. pi. 27, f. 1. D.F. Type ubi ? Hab. NATAL (Queinzius). Durban (Penther). Greenwood Park (Miss Hickey). Equeefa; Tongaat Beach (Burnup). Ennea clamtraria, M. & P., is very closely allied to this species if not merely a variety of it. 55. ENNEA INGENS,, Sturany. 1898 Ennea ingens, Stur., S.A. Moll. p. 23. pi. 1, f. 9. D.F. 1904 Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 137.pl. 19, f. 23. D.F. Type in Naturh. Hofmus. Vienna. Hab. NATAL. Durban (Penther). 56. ENNEA INSTABILIS, Sturany. [S.A.M.] 1898 Ennea instabilis, Stur., S.A. Moll. p. 24. pi. 1, f. 13. D.F. 1904 Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 184.pl.23,f.l4. D.J 7 . Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 77 Type in Naturh. Hofmus. Vienna. Hab. NATAL. Isipingo ; Durban (Penther). Equeefa ; Lower Umkomaas ; Coast Bush generally, from Port Shepstone to Tongaat ; Pinetown ; Table Mountain (Burnup). 57. ENNEA ISIPINGOENSIS, Sturany. [S.A.M.] 1898 Ennea isipingoensis, Stur., S.A. Moll. p. 27. pi. 1, f. 19. D.F. 1904 ,, Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 201. pi. 25, f. 2-5. D.F. Type in Naturh. Hofmus. Vienna. Hab. NATAL. Isipingo (Penther). Dargle; Equeefa; Karkloof ; Inhluzani ; Howick; Mid-Illovo ; Ntimbankulu; Pietermaritzburg ; Edendale ; Table Mountain ; Tyeloti, near Botha's Hill (Burnup). varr. DISCBEPANS, SIMILLIMA, and CYLINDRICA, Sturany. 1898 Ennea isipingoensis, var. discrepans, simillima, and cylindrica, Stur., S.A. Moll. p. 27. pi. 1, ff. 20, 21, and 22 respectively. D.F. Types in Naturh. Hofmus. Vienna. Hab. NATAL. Isipingo (Penther). 58. ENNEA JOHANNESBURGENSIS, Melv. & Pons. [S.A.M.] 1907 Ennea johannesbiirgensis, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xix. p. 95. pi. 6, f. 2. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. TRANSVAAL. Johannesburg (Johnson ; McBean). Potchef- stroom (Miss Cachet). Standerton (Connolly). ORANGE FREE STATE. Bloemfontein (Connolly). 59. ENNEA JUXTIDENS, Melv. & Pons. 1899 Ennea juxtidens, M. & P., A.M.N.H. iv. p. 195. pi. 3, f. 2. D.F. 1904 Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 234. pi. 32, f. 14. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. ORANGE FREE STATE. Van Eeenen (Mrs. Quekett). 60. ENNEA KOSIENSIS, Melv. & Pons. 1908 Ennea kosiensis, M. & P., A.M.N.H. i. p. 130. pi. 7, f. 2. D.F, Type in British Museum. Hab. ZULULAND. Kosi Bay (Burnup). 78 Annals of the South African Museum. 61. ENNEA KRAUSSI, Pfeiffer. [S.A.M.] 1855 Ennea kraussi, Pfr., Mai. Blatt. ii. p. 174. D. 1856 Novit. Conch, i. p. 73. pi. 20, f. 14-16. D.F. 1859 Mon. Hel. iv. p. 341. D. 1885 Tryon, Man. of Conch, i. p. 100. pi. 19, f. 91. D.F. 1898 Ennea sejuncta, Stur., S.A. Moll. p. 24. pi. 1. f. 10-12. D.F. 1904 Kob.,Conch.Cab.p.204.pl.25,f.l5-17.>.jP. ,, Ennea kraussi, Pfr., Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 134. pi. 19, f. 19, 20. D.F. Type of kraussi in Stettin Museum ; sejuncta in Naturh. Hofmus. Vienna. Hob. NATAL. Port Natal (Plant). Durban (sejuncta, Penther). Lower Urnkornaas ; Tongaat Beach ; Umbogintwini ; Pinetown (Burnup) . 62. ENNEA LABYBINTHEA, Melv. & Pons. 1895 Ennea labyrinthea, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xvi. p. 479. pi. 18, f. 7, 8. D.F. 1898 labyrinthica, M. & P., Stur., S.A. Moll. p. 29 (Err. typ.}. 1904 labyrinthea, M. & P., Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 224. pi. 28, f. 2, 3. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Grahamstown (Farquhar). 63. ENNEA LEPPANI, Sturany. 1898 Ennea leppani, Stur., S.A. Moll. p. 28. pi. 2, f. 23-25. D.F. 1904 Kob.,Conch.Cab.p.l37.pl.l9,f.21,22.Z>.F. Type in Naturh. Hofmus. Vienna. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Albany District (Penther). * - * 64. ENNEA MAGNOLIA, sp. nov., pi. 2, f. 1. [S.A.M.] Shell small, elongate, cylindriform, subrimate, smooth, glossy, vitreous, transparent. Spire narrow, produced, sides parallel, apex rounded. Whorls 6, flattish, with practically no sculpture ; the apical small, remainder almost equal in circumference and increasing very slowly in distance between sutures. Suture shallow, margined below. Aperture subquadrate ; peristome white, slightly thickened and reflexed, with 2 weak teeth ; the parietal, short and pointed ; the other, little more than a protuberance caused by a slight Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 79 straightening, half-way down, of the outer lip, which forms an obtuse forward angle at this point. Shell 4-75 x 1'4 ; aperture -95 x '85 ; last whorl 1-8 mm. Type in British Museum. Hab. EHODESIA. Victoria Falls (Connolly ; Warren). The contour of the spire, regular in the type, is frequently irregular, being sometimes crooked, and sometimes swollen towards the apex. The present species resembles E. cimolia, M. & P., in form and substance, but is more than twice as large, with much weaker dentition. 65. ENNEA MARGARETT^, Melv. & Pons. 1895 Ennea margaretta, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xvi. p. 479. pi. 18, f. 1. D.F. 1904 ,, ,, Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 185. pi. 23, f. 16. D.F. Hab. CAPE OP GOOD HOPE. Grahamstown (Farquhar). Founded on a single specimen, not fully mature, whose present whereabouts has not been ascertained. 66. ENNEA MARI^, Melv. & Pons. 1892 Ennea marice, M. & P., A.M.N.H. ix. p. 92. pi. 6, f. 12. D.F. 1904 Kob., Conch. Cab.p. 220. pl.27,f.ll. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Craigie Burn, Somerset East (Miss Bowker). 67. ENNEA MARITZBURGENSIS, Melv. & Pons. [S.A.M.] 1893 Ennea maritzburgensis, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xii. p. 107.pl. 3, f. 11. D.F. 1904 Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 198. pi. 24, f. 21. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Pietermaritzburg (Quekett ; Burnup ; Ponsonby). 68. ENNEA MENKEANA (Pfeiffer). 1853 Pupa menkeana, Pfr., Mon. Hel. iii. p. 551. D. 1859 Ennea menkeana Novit. Conch, i. p. 113. pi. 32, f. 3-5. D.F. 1878 Pupa menkeana ,, Sow., Conch. Icon. pi. 19, f. 176. D.F. (Err. Loc.). 80 Annals of the South African Museum. 1885 Ennea menkeana, Pfr., Tryon, Man. of Conch, i. p. 97. pi. 18, f. 79. D.F. 1904 Kob, Conch. Cab. p. 191. pi. 24, f. 6. D.F. Hob. NATAL. Port Natal (in coll. Menke). 69. ENNEA MICROTHAUMA, Melv. & Pons. 1899 Ennea microthauma, M. & P., A.M.N.H. iv. p. 194. pi. 3, f . 1. D.F. 1904 Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 234. pi. 32, f. 13. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Grahamstown (Langley). Extremely closely allied to the variable E. farquhari, M. & P. 70. ENNEA MINUTA, Morelet. 1889 Ennea pusilla, Morel., J. de C. xxxvii. p. 13. pi. 2, f. 3. D.F. ,, minuta (= pusilla, Morel., 1889, nee 1881), Morel., J. de C. xxxvii. p. 200. 1898 ambigua, Stur., S.A. Moll. p. 29. N. 1904 minuta, Morel., Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 212. pi. 26, f. 22- 24. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Port Elizabeth (Crawford). Thar- field (Miss Bowker). 71. ENNEA MONTANA, Melv. & Pons. 1903 Ennea montana, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xii. p. 599. pi. 31, f. 15. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Mountain Drive, Grahamstown (Farquhar). 72. ENNEA MULTIDENTATA, Sturany. [S.A.M.] 1898 Ennea multidentata, Stur., S.A. Moll. p. 25. pi. 1, f. 16. D.F. 1904 ,, Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 195. pi. 24, f. 15. D.F. Type in Naturh. Hofmus. Vienna. Hab. NATAL. Isipingo (Penther). Equeefa ; Durban ; Alexandra Junction (Burnup). 73. ENNEA MUNITA, Melv. & Pons. 1892 Ennea munita, M. & P., A.M.N.H. ix. p. 86. pi. 6, f. 5. D.F. 1904 Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 217. pi. 27, f . 6. ZLF 7 . Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 81 Type in British Museum. . Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Griqualand East (Sykes). 74. ENNEA NATALENSIS, Craven. [S.A.M.] 1880 Ennea natalensis, Crvn., P.Z.S. p. 619. pi. 57, f. 7. D.F. 1885 Tryon, Man. of Concb. i. p. 100. pi. 20, f. 57, 58. D.F. 1904 Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 232. pi. 28, f. 17, 18. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Durban Harbour (Craven ; Penther). Isipingo (Penther). Scottburgh ; Lower Umkomaas ; Port Shepstone ; Equeefa ; Alexandra Junction ; Umbogintwini ; Ntimbankulu ; Tongaat Beach (Burnup). ZULULAND. Dukuduku Forest (Toppin). 75. ENNEA NONOTIENSIS, Melv. & Pons. 1894 Ennea nonotiensis, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xiv. p. 95. pi. 1, f. 15. D.F. 1904 ,, Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 181. pi. 23, f. 6. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Nonoti (Burnup). 76. ENNEA OBOVATA, Pfeiffer. [S.A.M.] 1855 Ennea obovata, Pfr., P.Z.S. p. 9. D. Mai. Blatt. ii. p. 62. D. 1856 Novit. Conch, i. p. 60. pi. 17, f. 9-11. D.F. 1859 Mon. Hel. iv. p. 340. D. 1885 ,, Tryon,Man.ofConch.i.p.98.pl.l9,f.4. D.F. 1898 Ennea ampullacea, Stur., S.A. Moll. p. 24. pi. 1, f. 14, 15. D.F. 1904 Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 204. pi. 25, f. 18, 19. D.F. Ennea obovata, Pfr., Kob., Conch. Cab.' p. 194. pi. 24, f. 13. D.F. Type of obovata in British Museum ; ampullacea in Naturh. Hofrnus. Vienna. Hab. NATAL. Isipingo; Durban (Penther). Equeefa; Lower Umkomaas ; Pinetown ; Ntimbankulu ; Inchanga ; Table Mountain ; Karkloof (Burnup). Originally described as from Liberia, but apparently in error, as no authentic record of its appearance there is in existence. 82 Annals of the South African Museum. 77. ENNEA OPPUGNANS, Melv. & Pons. 1909 Ennea oppugnans, M. & P., A.M.N.H. iv. p. 488. pi. 8, f. 8. D. F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Traps Valley, Bathurst (Farquhar). 78. ENNEA PARALLELA, Melv. & Pons. 1909 Ennea parallela, M. & P., A.M.N.H. iv. p. 489. pi. 8, f. 9. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OP GOOD HOPE. Grahamstown (Farquhar). 79. ENNEA PENTHERI, Sturany. 1898 Ennea pentheri, Stur., S.A. Moll. p. 30. pi. 2, f. 32, 33. D.F. 1904 Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 242. pi. 28, f. 22, 23. D.F. Type in Naturh. Hofmus. Vienna. Hab. NATAL. Isipingo (Penther). CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Traps Valley, Bathurst (Farquhar). Closely allied to, but much smaller than, E. cimolia, M. & P. 80. ENNEA PENTODON, Morelet. [S.A.M.] 1889 Ennea natalensis, Morel., J. de C., xxxvii. p. 11. pi. 2, f. 1. D.F. ,, ,, pentodon ( natalensis, Morel., 1889, nee Crvn., 1880), Morel., J. de C. xxxvii. p. 200. 1898 ,, binominis, Stur., S.A. Moll. p. 18. N. 1904 pentodon, Morel., Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 211. pi. 26, f. 19- 21. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Port Elizabeth (Crawford). 81. ENNEA PERIPLOCA, Melv. & Pons. 1909 Ennea periploca, M. & P., A.M.N.H. iv. p. 489. pi. 8, f. 10. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Boschberg Mountain, Somerset East (Farquhar). 82. ENNEA PEKISSODONTA, Sturany. 1898 Ennea perissodonta, Stur., S. A. Moll. p. 26. pi. 1, f. 18. D.F. 1904 Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 201. pi. 25, f. 1. D.F. Type in Naturh. Hofmus. Vienna. Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Delagoa Bay (Penther). Founded on a single example. Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 83 83. ENNEA PEESPICUA, Melv. & Pons. 1893 Ennea perspicua, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xi. p. 23. pi. 3, f. 12. D.F. 1904 Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 188. pi. 23, f. 22. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. TRANSVAAL. Middelburg (Crawford). 84. ENNEA PERSPICU^FORHIS, Sturany. 1898 Ennea perspicuceformis, Stur., S.A. MolLp.17.pl. 1, f. 2. D.F. 1904 Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 189. pi. 23, f. 23. D.F. Type in Naturh. Hofmus. Vienna. Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Delagoa Bay (Penther) Described from a single specimen, only differing from E. perspicua, M. & P., in its smaller size and fewer whorls. 85. ENNEA PFEIFFERI (Krauss). . 1841 Pupapfeifferi, Krs., Kiist., Conch. Cab. p. 87. pi . 12, f . 17-19 . D.F. 1848 Siidafr. Moll. p. 79. D. Pfr., Mon. Hel. ii. p. 352. D. 1885 Ennea pfeiffcri, Krs., Tryon, Man. of Conch, i. p. 101. pi. 19, f. 98. D.F. 1904 Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 133. pi. 19, f. 12. D.F. Type in Stuttgart Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Potteberg; Swellendam (Krauss). var. MINIATA, Krauss. 1848 Pupa pfeijferi, var. miniata, Krs., Siidafr. Moll. p. 79. D. Pfr., Mon. Hel. ii. p. 353. D. Hab. ? TRANSVAAL. Mount Mohapaani (Wahlberg). 86. ENNEA PHRAGMA, Melv. & Pons. 1907 Ennea phragma, M. & P., A.M.N.H. six. p. 95. pi. 6, f. 3. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Waku, Cathcart District, near the Klipplatz Eiver (Miss Hickey). 87. ENNEA PLANTI, Pfeiffer. [S.A.M.] 1855 Ennea planti, Pfr., Mai. Blatt. ii. p. 173. D. 1856 Novit. Conch, i. p. 72. pi. 20, f. 5, 6. D.F. 84 Annals of the South African Museum. 1859 Ennea planti, Pfr., Mon. Hel. iv. p. 337. D. 1878 Pupa planti Sow., Conch. Icon. pi. 18, f. 169. D.F. 1885 Enneaplanti Tryon,Man.ofConch.i.p.90.pl.l7,f. 25. D.F. 1898 Stur., S.A. Moll. p. 16. N. 1904 Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 178. pi. 22, f. 23,24. D..F. Type in Stettin Museum. Hab. NATAL (Plant). Durban (Penther). Tongaat Beach (Burnup). 88. ENNEA POLITA, Melv. & Pons. 1893 Enneapolita, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xii. p. 108. pi. 3, f. 12. D.F. 1904 ,, Kob.,Conch.Cab.p.l95.pl.24,f.l4. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Tharfield (Miss Bowker). 89. ENNEA PREMNODES, Sturany. 1901 Ennea premnodes, Stur., Ann. Hofmus. Wien, xvi. p. 69, f . 5. D.F. 1905 Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 344. pi. 32 (1904), f. 19. D.F. Type in Naturh. Hofmus. Vienna. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Albany District (Penther). 90. ENNEA PULCHELLA, Melv. & Pons. 1893 Ennea pulchella, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xii. p. 108. pi. 3, f. 13. D.F. 1904 ,, Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 197. pi. 24, f. 18. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Pietermaritzburg (Burnup). 91. ENNEA QUEKETTI, Melv. & Pons. [S.A.M.] 1896 Ennea queketti, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xviii. p. 315. pi. 16, f. 2. D.F. 1898 Stur., S.A. Moll. p. 16. N. 1904 Ennea quecketti ,, Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 241. pi. 29, f. 20. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Qnizinto (Canon Pennington). Isipingo (Penther). Equeefa; Lower Umkomaas ; Durban (Burnup). Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 85 92. ENNEA REGULARIS, Melv. & Pons. [S.A.M.] 1893 Ennea regularis, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xi. p. 22. pi. 3, f. 11. D.F. 1904 Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 187. pi. 23, f. 20. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Pietermaritzburg ; Albert Falls, Umgeni Eiver (Burnup). Ho wick (Cregoe). 93. ENNEA RHODESIANA, sp. nov., pi. 2, f. 2. [S.A.M.] Shell small, shortly cylindrical, rimate, rather glossy, translucent, milky olivaceous. Spire short, apex rounded. Whorls 5, convex, very gradually increasing, covered, after the first two, with well- defined, subdistant striae. Suture crenulate. Aperture subquad- rate, furnished with four dental processes ; one tooth, thick and blunted, deeply inset at the upper angle of the columellar region ; one, small and pointed, slightly to the left centre of the base; another, of greater length, pointing inwards and downwards, half- way up the outer lip ; and a prominent, somewhat protruding plait, slightly concave on its right side, at the junction of the outer lip and paries. Peristome white, thickened and reflexed. Shell 3-7 x 1-8 ; aperture -90 x I/O ; last whorl 2 mm. Type in South African Museum. Hab. EHODESIA. Victoria Falls (Connolly). Easily distinguishable from E. johannesburgensis, M. & P., whose dentition is very similar. 94. ENNEA ROGERSI, Melv. & Pons. '1898 Ennea rogersi, M. & P., A.M.N.H. i. p. 26. pi. 8, f. 6. D.F. 1904 Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 179. pi. 23, f. 1. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Cradock Commonage (Farquhar, in coll. Eogers). Teafontein, Grahamstown (in coll. Fulton). 95. ENNEA SCROBICULATA, Melv. & Pons. 1892 Ennea scrobiculata, M. & P., A.M.N.H. ix. p. 93. pi. 6, f. 8. D.F. 1904 Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 218. pi. 27, f. 8. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL (Layard). 86 Annals of the South African Museum. 96. ENNEA SEPARATA, Sturany. [S.A.M.] 1898 Ennea separata, Stur., S.A. Moll. p. 20. pi. 1, f. 7, 8. D. F. 1904 Kob.,Conch.Cab.p.202.pl.25,f.8,9. D.F. Type in Naturh. Hofmus. Vienna. Hab. NATAL. Isipingo ; Durban Bluff (Penther). Equeefa ; Pietermaritzburg ; Table Mountain ; Lower Umkomaas ; Umbogin- twini ; Port Shepstone ; Ntimbankulu (Burnup). 97. ENNEA SOCRATICA, Melv. & Pons. 1893 Ennea socratica, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xii. p. 109. pi. 3, f. 14. D.F. 1904 Kob.,Conch.Cab.p.l98.pl.24,f.20. D.F, Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Pietermaritzburg (fide M. & P.). Pounded on a single specimen. 98. ENNEA SYLVIA, Melv. & Pons. 1903 Ennea sylvia, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xii. p. 599. pi. 31, f. 4. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Maestrom Forest, Bedford (Far- quhar). NATAL. Examples from Natal, which have been attributed to this species, are now proved to be distinct. 99. ENNEA THARFIELDENSIS, Melv. & Pons. 1893 Ennea tharfieldensis, M. &P.,A.M.N.H.xii.p.l09.pl.3,f.l5. D.F. 1904 Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 200. pi. 24, f. 24. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Tharfield (in coll. Layard). Kowie (Farquhar). 100. ENNEA THELODONTA, Melv. & Pons. 1892 Ennea thelodonta, M. & P., A.M.N.H. ix. p. 85. pi. 6, f. 4. D.F. 1904 Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 216. pi. 27, f. 3. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Port Elizabeth (Langley ; Crawford). Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 87 101. ENNEA TEANSIENS, Sturany. [S.A.M.] 1898 Ennea transiens, Stur., S.A. Moll. p. 19. pi. 1, f. 4. D.F. 1904 Kob.,Conch.Cab.p.228.pl.28,f.lO. D.F. Type in Naturh. Hofmus. Vienna. Hob. NATAL. Durban and neighbourhood (Penther). Very nearly allied to, if not identical with, ujahlhergi, Krs. 102. ENNEA TKIGLOCHIS, Melv. & Pons. 1903 Ennea triglochis, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xii. p. 600. pi. 31, f. 11. D.F. virgo ,, f. 10. D.F. Types in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Botha's Hill (Burnup). ZULULAND. Lower Umfolosi Drift (Burnup). Melmoth (Miss Hickey). Dukuduku Forest and Kosi Bay (Toppin). Although the types differ slightly, intermediate forms are found of these two shells, which are now admitted to be conspecific. 103. ENNEA VANDENBBOECKI, Melv. & Pons. 1893 Ennea vandenbroeckii, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xii. p. 110. pi. 3, f. 16. D.F. 1904 Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 199. pi. 24, f. 22. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL (ex. coll. Vandenbroeck) . Founded on two specimens. 104. ENNEA VANSTAADENSIS, Melv. & Pons. 1893 Ennea vanstaadensis, M. &P., A.M.N.H. xii. p. 110. pl.3,f.!7. D.F. 1904 Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 199. pi. 24, f. 23. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Van Staadens Eiver, Port Eliza- beth (Crawford). 105. ENNEA VITEEOLA, Melv. & Pons. 1908 Ennea vitreola, M. & P., A.M.N.H. i. p. 130. pi. 7, f. 3. D.F. Type in Natal Museum, Pieterrnaritzburg. Hab. NATAL. Hilton Eoad (Burnup). 88 Annals of the South African Museum. 106. ENNEA WAHLBERGI (Krauss). 1848 Pupa wahlbergi, Krs., Siidafr. Moll. p. 80. pi. 5, f. 5. D.F. ,, ,, ivahlbergii ,, Pfr., Mon. Hel. ii. p. 352. D. 1855 wahlbergi Kiist., Conch. Cab. p.158. pl.!9,f.6-9. D.F. 1878 walbergi, Pfr., Sow., Conch. Icon. pi. 20, f. 187. D.F. 1885 Ennea wahlbergi, Krs., Tryon, Man. of Conch, i. p. 96. pi. 19, f. 99. D.F. 1904 Kob.,Conch.Cab.p.l90.pl.24,f.3,4.D.k Type in Stuttgart Museum. Hab. NATAL ( Wahlberg). Durban and neighbourhood ; Isipingo (Penther, fide Sturany). Pounded on two specimens, which differed from each other both in sculpture and dentition. 107. ENNEA WARRENI, Melv. & Pons. [S.A.M.] 1903 Ennea warrenii, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xii. p. 601. pi. 31, f. 7. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. ZULULAND. Lower Umfolosi Drift (Warren). Makowe (Crosly). Melmoth (Miss Hickey). CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Port St. John's (Shortridge). 108. ENNEA WOTTONI, Melv. & Pons. 1895 Ennea wottoni, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xvi. p. 479. pi. 18, f. 6. D.F. 1898 Stur., S.A. Moll. p. 17. N. 1904 Kob.,Conch.Cab.p.l86.pl.23,f.l8. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Grahamstown (Farquhar). Albany District (Penther). Very closely allied to, if not inseparable from, infans, Crvn. 109. ENNEA XYSILA, Melv. & Pons. [S.A.M.] 1907 Ennea xysila, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xix. p. 97. pi. 6, f. 6. D.F. ,, ,, var. %aZma,M.&P.,ibid.pl.6,f.6a. N.F. Types in British Museum. Hab. TRANSVAAL. Johannesburg (Johnson ; McBean). Pretoria and surrounding district (McBean ; Connolly). Heidelberg (Miss Livingston). Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 89 Although the extremes of form vary greatly, almost every inter- mediate grade can be traced, so that the varietal name is hardly retainable. 110. ENNEA ZELOTA, Melv. & Pons. [S.A.M.] 1907. Ennea zelota, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xix. p. 97. pi. 6, f. 7. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL, Port Shepstone ; Equeefa (Burnup). GENUS STEEPTOSTELE, Dohrn, 1866. (Mai. Blatt. xiii. p. 128.) Type of Genus, S. lotopliaga (Morel). 111. STEEPTOSTELE HERMA, sp. nov., pi. 2, f. 3. [S.A.M.] Shell very small, elongate, narrowly rimate, slightly glossy, trans- lucent, milky olivaceous. Spire produced, tapering, very narrow, apex rounded. Whorls 7, gradually increasing, little convex, but impressed at the suture ; the first 2 smooth, remainder beautifully sculptured with rather coarse, irregular, almost straight striae. Suture deep. Aperture short, piriform, virtually edentulate, the only processes being an almost imperceptible parietal callosity, and an incurvation of the outer lip about one-third of its length below the suture. Peristorne not thickened, thinly reflexed. Shell 4-5 x 1'3 ; aperture -9 x "8 ; last whorl 1-5 mm. Type in British Museum. Hab. EHODESIA. Victoria Falls (Connolly). This beautiful little species belongs to a group of Central African shells which have been placed of late years in Streptostele. As their columella is not achatinoid, as it should be in Dohrn's genus, it is probable that a new section will have to be founded for them. FAMILY BHYTIDID^, Pilsbry, 1893. (Man. of Conch, viii. p. 135.) GENUS NATALINA, Pilsbry, 1893. (Man. of Conch, viii. p. 135.) ( = Aerope, Albers, 1860, non Leach, 1813.) Type of Genus, N. caff r a (Fer.). The species which follow have been variously attributed to Natalina, or to Rhytida, Albers (Die Helic., 1860, p. 89. Type greenwoodi, Gray), and its subgenera, Macrocycloides, von Martens 90 Annals of the South African Museum. (Preuss. Exp. nach. Ost.-Asien., 1867, Zool. ii. p. 259. Type obscurata, Ad. & Eve.), and Afrorhytida, Mollendorff (Conch. Cab., 1903, p. 61. Type knysnaensis, Pfr.). Very little is known of most of the animals, and subdivision of the shells, on conchological grounds alone, is by no means satisfactory. Future research will doubtless provide anatomical grounds for reclassification, and establish the suggested subgenera on a per- manent basis. Meanwhile, to facilitate reference, it is more con- venient to place the species in alphabetical sequence under Natalina. 112. NATALINA AEGUTA, Melv. & Pons. 1907 Natalina arguta, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xix. p. 98. pi. 6, f. 8. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hob. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. East London (Burnup). 113. NATALINA BEYRICHI (von Martens). 1890 Aerope beyrichi, von Mts., Sitz.-Ber. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berlin, p. 85. D. 1894 ,, Conch. Mitth. iii, 3. p. 1. D. 1897 ,, ,, Archiv. f. Naturg. Ixiii, i. p. 35. pi. 6, f. 1-3. D.F. 1903 Natalina beyrichi Mlldff., Conch. Cab. p. 21. pi. 4, f. 1-3. D.F. Type in Zool. Mus. Berlin. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Pondoland (Beyrich). 114. NATALINA CAFFRA (Ferussac). [S.A.M.] 1821 Helix cafra, Fer., Tabl., Syst. Moll. pt. 3. p. 29 (or 25.) N. 1838 ' ,, Desh., Hist. Nat. An. s. Vert. viii. p. 107. D. 1848 Helix caffra Krs., Siidafr. Moll. p. 75. N. Pfr., Mon. Hel. i. p. 40. D. 1850 Helix cafra Desh., Hist. Nat. Moll. i. p. 198. pi. QA, f. 8. D.F. 1851 Helix caffra Eve., Conch. Icon. pi. 40, f. 179. D.F. 1851, 52 Pfr., Conch. Cab. p. 52. pi. 74, f. 1-3. D.F. 1880 Ehytida caffra, Fer., Gibb., Journ. of Conch, iii. p. 95. D. 1885 Aerope Tryon, Man. of Conch, i. p. 131, pi. 25, f. 13. D.F. 1890 ,, Pilsb., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. p. 41. pi. 1, f. A-F. AM. Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 91 1895 Natalina ca/ra, Fer., M. Woodw., Proc. Mai. Soc. i. p. 270. pi. 17, f. 1-9. A. 1903 Mlldff.,Conch.Cab.p.20.pl.3,f.4-7. D.F. Type ubi ? Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Caffraria (Delalande). Uitenhage (fide Ferussac). Algoa Bay (Krauss). Port Elizabeth (Crawford). Grahamstown ; Bedford ; Bathurst ; Kowie (Farquhar). Somerset East (Miss Bowker). Pirie Mountain (Godfrey). TRANSVAAL. Between Delagoa Bay and Lydenburg (Wilms). NATAL. Woods near Natal Bay (Krauss). Along the coast from Port Shepstone to Tongaat ; Pinetown ; Pietermaritzburg ; Karkloof ; Curry's Post (Burnup). ZULULAND (in. coll. Layard, who wrote : " This species was sent to me from Natal by the late Mr. H. J. McKen, who told me he procured it on a battlefield in Zululand, feeding on the putrefying corpses of the natives slain in one of their tribal fights.") var. WESSELIANA, Maltzan. 1876 Helix caffra, Fer., var. wesscliana, Maltz., Kobelt, Jahrb. d. deutsch. Mai. Ges. iii. p. 149. pi. 5, f. 1. D.F. 1877 Helix caffra, F6r., var. wesseliana, Maltz., Pfr., Mon. Hel. viii. p. 558. D. 1885 Aerope caffra, Fer., var. ivesselliana, Maltz., Tryon, Man. of Conch, i. p. 131. pi. 25, f. 14. D.F. 1903 Natalina caffra, Fer., var. loesseliana, Maltz., Mlldff., Conch. Cab. p. 21. pi. 3, f. 8. D.F. Hab. SOUTH AFRICA (fide Kobelt). ZULULAND (Toppin). LORENZO MARQUES. Rikatla (Junod). 115. NATALINA CAFFRULA, Melv. & Pons. [S.A.M.] 1898 Natalina caffrula, M. & P., A.M.N.H. i. p. 24. pi. 8, f. 1. D.F. Stur., S.A. Moll. p. 32. N. 1903 ,, ,, Mlldff., Conch. Cab. p. 23. pi. 4, f. 4, 5. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Knysna (Purcell). North bank of Zwartkops Eiver, Port Elizabeth (Crawford). LORENZO MARQUES. Matolla (Penther, fide Sturany). NATAL. Durban (Penther, fide Sturany). 8 92 Annals of the South African Museum. 116. NATALINA CHAPLINI, Melv. & Pons. 1894 Natalina chaplini, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xiv. p. 91. pi. 1, f. 3. D.F. 1895 xv. p. 165.pl. 12,15.^. 1903 Bhytida (Macrocycloides) chaplini, M. & P., Mlldff., Conch. Cab. p. 58. pi. 10, f. 15-17. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hob. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Kamachs, 5 nuiles west of Uitenhage (Crawford). 117. NATALINA C^NOTERA (Melv. & Pons). [S.A.M.] 1892 Helix (Macrocyclis) ccenotcra, M. & P., A.M.N.H. x. p. 238. pi. 13, f. 2. D.F. 1903 Bhytida (Macrocycloides) ccenotera, M. & P., Mlldff., Conch. Cab. p. 59. pi. 10, f. 19. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. " S. AFRICA " (Trimen). CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Thai-field (Schonland). Grahamstown (Farquhar). Somerset East (Miss Bowker ; Purcell). Port Alfred (Crawford). Pirie Mountain (Godfrey). NATAL. Pietermaritzburg ; Port Shepstone ; Howick (Burn up). Majuba (Connolly). ZULULAND. Hlabisa (Burnup). Dukuduku (Toppin). 118. NATALINA COEBNEYENSIS, Melv. & Pons. 1894 Natalina coerneyensis, M. & P., A.M.N.H., xiv. p. 91. pi. 1, f. 2. D.F. 1903 Bhytida (Afrorhytida) coerneyensis, M. & P., Mlldff., Conch. Cab. p. 64. pi. 11, f. 8. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Coerney; Sandflats Station (Craw- ford). NATAL (in coll. Layard, fide M. & P.). 119. NATALINA COSMIA (Pfeiffer). [S.A.M.] 1850 Helix munda, Benson, A.M.N.H. vi. p. 253. D. 1851 ,, cerea, Pfr. ( = munda, Bs. 1850, nee Adams 1849), Pfr., Zeitschr. f. Malak. viii. p. 16. N. 1852 ,, cosmia, Pfr. ( = cerca, Pfr. 1851, nee Gould. 1850), Pfr., Zeitschr. f. Malak. ix. p. 112. N. 1853 ,, ,, Mon. Hel. iii. p. 94. D. Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 93 1853 Helix cosmia, Pfr., Eve., Conch. Icon. pi. 173, f. 1174. D.F. 1854 Conch. Cab. p. 389. pi. 143 (1852), f. 6-8. D.F. 1864 omphalion, Bs., A.M.N.H. xiii. p. 494. D. 1868 ,, Pfr., Mon. Hel. v. p. 153. D. 1887 ,, (Pella) cosmia, Pfr., Tryon, Man. of Conch, iii. p. 106. pi. 20, f. 80. D.F. 1898 Natalina cosmia, Pfr. ( = omphalion, Bs,), M. & P., Proc. Mai. Soc. iii. p. 170. 1903 Ehytida (Macrocycloides) cosmia, Pfr., Mlldff., Conch. Cab. p. 60. pi. 10, f. 23-25. D.F. Type of cosmia ubi ? Specimens of omphalion, ex auct., in University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge. Hob. CAPE PENINSULA. Lion's Head, near Camp's Bay (munda, Benson). Top of Table Mountain, overlooking Cape Town (cerea, Layard). Kalk Bay (Lightfoot). Simonstown (omphalion, " fide Hawkins," Benson). 120. NATALINA DUMETICOLA (Benson). [S.A.M.] 1851 Helix dumeticola, Bs., A.M.N.H. vii. p. 106. D. 1854 Pfr., Conch. Cab. p. 390. pi. 143 (1852), f. 16-18. D.F. 1853 ,, Mon. Hel. iii. p. 93. D. Eve., Conch. Icon. pi. 173, f. 1172. D.F. 1856 ,, A.M.N.H. xviii. p. 437. N. 1887 Helix (Pella) dumeticola, Bs., Tryon, Man. of Conch, iii. p. 106. pi. 20, f. 79. D.F. 1903 Ehytida (Macrocycloides} dumeticola, Bs., Mlldff., Conch. Cab. p. 59. pi. 10, f. 20-22. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. Green Point ; Simonstown ; Simon's Bay (Benson). Camp's Bay (Layard). Hout Bay ; Milnerton ; Kommetje (Connolly) ; Eobben Island (Fisk). 121. NATALINA EUMACTA (Melv. & Pons.). 1892 Helix (Aerope] eumacta, M. & P., A.M.N.H. x. p. 237. pi. 13, f. 4. D.F. 1903 Natalina eumacta, M. & P., Mlldff., Conch. Cab. p. 22. pi. 3, f. 9. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE (not Natal). Bashee Eiver, Idutywa (Crawford). 94 Annals of the South African Museum. 122. NATALINA INHLUZANA (Melv. & Pons.). 1894 Helix (Dorcasia) inhluzana, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xiv. p. 91.pl. 1, f. 4. D.F. 1895 Dorcasia inhluzana, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xv. p. 165. pi. 12, f . 6. F. 1903 Bhytida (Afrorhytida) inhluziana, M. & P., Mlldff., Conch. Cab. p. 64. pi. 11, f. 7. D.F. 1907 inhluzana, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xix. p. 99. N. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Inhluzani Mountain (Mrs. Shaw). " Nearly allied to, if not a variety of, B. kraussi, Pfr." (M. & P., 1907). 123. NATALINA INSIGNIS, Melv. & Pons. 1907 Natalinainsignis, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xix. p. 98. pi. 6, f. 9. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Teafontein, Grahamstown (Farquhar). 124. NATALINA KNYSNAENSIS (Pfeiffer). [S.A.M.] 1845 Helix knysnaensis, Pfr., P.Z.S. p. 131. D. 1846 A.M.N.H. xvii. p. 439. D. 1847 ,, Phil., Abb. u. Beschr. ii. p. 85. pi. 7, f. 5. D.F. 1848 ,, Mon. Hel. i. p. 84. D. 1852 ,, ,, Eve., Conch. Icon. pi. 177, f. 403. D.F. 1853 ,, Conch. Cab. p. 343. pi. 133 (1852), f. 5, 6. D.F. 1887 Helix (Pella) knysnaensis, Pfr., Tryon, Man. of Conch, iii. p. 106. pi. 20, f. 75. D.F. 1889 Aerope knysnaensis, Pfr., Pilsb., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. p. 277. pi. 9, f. A-G. F.A.B. 1890 Pilsb., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. p. 41. N. 1903 Bhytida (Afrorhytida} knysnaensis, Pfr., Mlldff., Conch. Cab. p. 61. pi. 11, f. 1, 2. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Knysna (coll. Cuming). Port Eliza- beth (Crawford ; Farquhar). Somerset East (Miss Bowker). 125. NATALINA KBAUSSI (Pfeiffer). 1846 HeUx kraussi, Pfr., Symb. iii. p. 70. D. 1848 Mon. Hel. i. p. 197. D. M Eeference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 95 1818 Helix kraussi, Ph., Krs., Siidafr. Moll. p. 77. pi. 4, f. 24. D.F. 1851 ,, sturmiana, Pfr., P.Z.S. p. 253. D. 1853 ,, ,, Mon. Hel. iii. p. 150. D. Eve., Conch. Icon. pi. 168, f. 1132. D.F. 1854 kraiissi, Pfr., Eve., Conch. Icon. pi. 198, f. 1391. D.F. sturmiana, Pfr., A.M.N.H. xiii. p. 142. D. Conch. Cab. p. 397. pi. 144 (1852), f. 3, 4. D.F. 1888 ,, (Acusta] kraussi, Pfr., Tryon, Man. of Conch, iv. p. 50. pi. 10, f. 30. D.F. 1890 ,, sturmiana, Pfr., Pilsb., Man. of Conch, vi. pi. 36, f. 28, 29. F. 1895 Rliytida kraussii, Pfr., Cooke, Camb. Nat. Hist., Moll. & Brach. p. 232, f. 139. E. 1898 ,, kraussi ,, ( = sturmiana), M. & P., Proc. Mai. Soc. iii. p. 170. 1903 ,, (Afrorhytida) kraussi, Pfr., Mlldff., Conch. Cab. p. 63. pi. 11, f. 5, 6. D.F. Type of sturmiana in British Museum ; kraussi ubi ? Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Outeniqua, George District (Krauss). Knysna (fide Pfeiffer). Thar field (Miss Bowker) and Grahamstown (Miss Glanville, fide Layard). ORANGE FREE STATE. Van Eeenen, Drakensberg (Burnup). Sturmiana was described from a shell in the Cuming collection, " Hab. ? " but in the Nomenclator Pfeiffer gives the locality Delagoa Bay. N. inhluzana (M. & P.) is possibly a variety of kraussi. 126. NATALINA LIGHTFOOTIANA, Melv. & Pons. [S.A.M.] 1909 Natalina lightfootiana, M. & P., A.M.N.H. iv. p. 490. pi. 8, f. 13. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Swellendam (Lightfoot). Montagu (Connolly). As the shell of this species is not glossy, but dull, and the animal, to the best of my belief, not carnivorous, it probably belongs to a different family. 127. NATALINA LILIACEA, Preston. 1912 Natalina liliacea, Prest., Proc. Mai. Soc. x. p. 17. D.F. Type in coll. Dautzenberg. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Knysna Forest (Cox). 96 Annals of the South African Museum. 128. NATALINA LIPAEOXANTHA (Melv. and Pons.). [S.A.M.J 1892 Helix (Macrocyclis) liparoxantha, M. & P., A.M.N.H. x. p. 238. pi. 13, f. 3. D.F. 1903 Bhytida (Macrocycloides) liparoxantha, M. & P., Mlldff., Conch. Cab. p. 58. pi. 10, f. 18. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Pietermaritzburg; Pinetown; Table Mountain; Port Shepstone (Burnup). ZULULAND. Hlabisa (Burnup). CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Transkei (Weisbecker). Very closely allied to N. coenotera (M. & P.) and vernicosa (Krs.). 129. NATALINA OCONNORI, Preston. 1912 Natalina oconnori, Prest., A.M.N.H. is. p. 445. D.F. Type in coll. Preston. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Ceres District (O'Connor). 130. NATALINA QUEKETTIANA (Melv. & Pons.). 1893 Helix (Macrocyclis) quekettiana, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xii. p. 103. pi. 3, f. 1. D.F. 1903 Bhytida (Afrorhytida) queckettiana, M. & P., Mlldff., Conch. Cab. p. 63. pi. 11, f. 4. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Town Bush, Pietermaritzburg (Quekett). 131. NATALINA SCHAERFI.E (Pfeiffer). 1861 Helix schaerfia, Pfr., Mai. Blatt. viii. p. 73. pi. 2, f. 1-3. D.F. 1864 Bs., A.M.N.H. xiii. p. 494. N. 1868 Mon. Hel. v. p. 242. D. 1886 Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 615. pi. 178, f. 1-6. D.F. 1890 Helix (Ampclita) schaerfia, Pfr., Pilsb., Man. of Conch, vi. p. 43. pi. 7, f. 95, 96, 97, 1, 2. D.F. Type in Stettin Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Bredas Bosch, Gnadenthal District (Mrs. Scharf). Oudebosch ; Bredasdorp (Layard). 132. NATALINA TABACHODES, sp. nov., pi. 2, f. 4. [S.A.M.] Shell small, depressed, rounded, broadly and deeply umbiljcate, very glossy, transparent, golden corneous. Spire not elevated. Whorls 4|, flattened above, but not carinated, rapidly increasing Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 97 covered with very faint, regular, curved stride, which are still fainter on the under side. Suture simple, shallow. Aperture nearly circular, descending a little in front. Peristome thin, simple, receding sharply in profile from above. Columella very weak, concave, without marginal reflexion. Diam. maj. 8, min. 7; alt. 3*3 ; apert. alt. 3-2, lat. 3*7 mm. Eadular formula 12 + + 12 x 35. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE PENINSULA (generally distributed). This little species has been known for fifty years, but has been generally misidentified as vernicosa, Krauss, or bullacea, Pfr., under one of which names it appears in many museum and private collec- tions. It is a far smaller form than vernicosa, with the type of which I have compared it, while bullacea is an Australian species, non-existent in South Africa. N. vernicosa, var. minor, Pfr., from Natal, which I have not seen, may be near akin to tarachodes, but, if so, is worthy of specific rank. 133. NATALINA TRIMENI (Melv. & Pons.). [S.A.M.] 1892 Helix (Aerope) trimeni, M. & P., A.M.N.H. x. p. 237. pi. 13, f. 1. D.F. 1893 Natalina tremeni, M. & P., Pilsb., Man. of Conch, viii. p. 135. (Err. typ.} 1895 trimeni, M. & P., Pace., Proc. Mai. Soc.i. p. 232. A.E. 1903 Rlmjtida (Afrorhytida) trimeni, M. & P., Mlldff., Conch. Cab. p. 62. pi. 11, f. 3. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. " S. AFRICA " (Trimen). CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Somerset East (Miss Bowker). Grahams- town ; Cradock (Farquhar). Kowie, Port Alfred (Crawford). Wit- moss (Keeve), 134. NATALINA VERNICOSA (Krauss). 1848 Helix vernicosa, Krs., Siidafr. Moll. p. 76. pi. 4, f. 23. D.F. Pfr., Zeitschr. f. Malak. v. p. 93. D. 1850 Bs., A.M.N.H. vi. p. 254. N. 1851 ,, ,, Eve., Couch. Icon. pi. 43, f. 198. D.F. 1853 ,, Pfr., Mon. Hel. iii. p. 95. D. 1879 Rhytida vernicosa, Krs., Binn., Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. i. p. 355. pi. 14, f. I. R. 98 Annals of the South African Museum. 1884 Rhytida vernicosa, Krs., Binn., Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. iii. p. 82. pi. 17, f. L. B. 1885 Elcea vernicosa, Krs., Tryon, Man. of Conch, i. p. 130. pi. 28, f. 52-54. D.F. 1903 Rhytida (Macrocycloides) vernicosa, Krs., Mlldff., Conch. Cab. p. 57. pi. 10, f. 12-14. D.F. Type in Stuttgart Museum. Hab. NATAL (Wahlberg). CAPE OP GOOD HOPE. Port Elizabeth (fide Morelet). Grahams- town (Miss Glanville, fide Layard). A good deal of confusion has existed with regard to this species, and it is by no means certain that some of the specimens described or figured by the foregoing authors, especially Binney and Mollen- dorff, are correctly identified. The type appears to be an immature example, nearly akin to N. liparoxantha (M. & P.). var. MINOR, Pfeiffer. 1853 Helix vernicosa, Krs., var. minor, Pfr., Mon. Hel. iii. p. 95. D. 1885 Elm, Tryon, Man. of Conch, i. p. 131. N. " var. ft. Minor, costulis superficiei obsoletioribus " (Pfr., I.e.). Hab. NATAL (fide Pfeiffer). 135. NATALINA VIRIDESCENS (Melv. & Pons.). [S.A.M.] 1891 Helix (Patula) viridescens, M. & P., A.M.N.H. viii. p. 238. D. !892 ix.pl.4,f. 1. p. ,, ,, ,, Pilsb., Man. of Conch, viii. p. 78. pi. 30, f. 32. D.F. 1903 Rhytida (Macrocycloides) viridescens, M. & P., Mlldff., Conch. Cab. p. 61. pi. 10, f. 26. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. TRANSVAAL. Pretoria (Farquhar ; McBean). NATAL. Dargle ; Inhluzani (Burnup). TEIBE HOLOGNATHA, W. G. Binney, 1878. (Moll. United States, v. p. 81.) FAMILY ZONITID^E, Morch, 1863. (Vid. Med. naturhist. Foren. Copenhagen, p. 267.) Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 99 SUB-FAMILY HELICABIONIN^E, Godwin-Austen, 1883. (Moll, of India, pt. 4, p. 146.) GENUS ZINGIS, von Martens, 1878. (Monats-Ber. K. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 290.) ( = Sheldonia, Ancey, 1888.) Type of Genus, Z. radiolata, von Mts. 136. ZINGIS CRAWFOBDI (Melv. & Pons.). [S.A.M.] 1890 Helix (Pella) cmivfonli, M. & P., A.M.N.H. vi. p. 469. D. 1892 ix.p.94.pl.4,f.4. F. 1893 Phasis (Trachycystis) craivfordi, M. &P., Pilsb., Man. of Conch. viii. p. 146. pi. 35, f. 10. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Middleton ; Kleinpoort, Graff Eeinet line (Crawford). Cradock (Farquhar). Witmoss (Reeve). Somerset East (in S.A. Museum). 137. ZINGIS DELICATA, Melv. & Pons. [S.A.M.] 1895 Zingis delicata, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xv. p. 163. pi. 12, f. 1. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Knysna District (Cox ; O'Connor; Purcell). 138. ZINGIS HAYGARTHI, Melv. & Pons. 1899 Zingis haygarthi, M. & P., A.M.N.H. iv. p. 195. pi. 3, f. 3. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. ZULULAND. 'Nkhandla Forest (Haygarth). 139. ZINGIS MINYTHODES (Melv. & Pons.). [S.A.M.] 1892 Helix (Pella) minythodes, M. & P., A.M.N.H. x. p. 240. pi. 13, f. 8. D.F. 1893 Phasis (Trachycystis) minythodes, M. & P., Pilsb., Man. of Conch, viii. p. 144. pi. 35, f. 15. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Craigie Burn, Somerset East (Crawford). 140. ZINGIS PERLEVIS, Preston. 1912 Zingis perlevis, Prest., Proc. Mai. Soc. x. p. 17. D.F. Type in coll. Dautzenberg. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Knysna Forest (Cox). Possibly better placed in Peltatince. 100 Annals of the South African Museum. 141. ZINGIS EOSENBEEGI, Preston. 1909 Zingis rosenbergi, Prest., A.M.N.H. iv. p. 498. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hob. TRANSVAAL. Pietersburg (fide Preston). 142. ZINGIS THEBMAEUM, Melv. & Pons. [S.A.M.] 1909 Zingis thermarum, M. &P., A.M.N.H. iv. p. 491. pi. C, f. 14. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. TEANSVAAL. Warmbaths ; Pietpotgietersrust (Connolly). EHODESIA. Umtali (in S.A. Museum). GENUS HELICAEION, Ferussac, 1821. (Tabl. Syst. Moll. pt. 3, p. 23 (or 19), as Helixarion , emend, p. 71 (or 67). Type of Genus, H. cuvieri, F6r. Most of the following species should doubtless be placed in Peltatince, but, without knowledge of the animal, it is impossible to determine their exact generic position. 143. HELICAEION CHEYSOPEASINUS (Melv. & Pons.). * 1892 Vitrina chrysoprasina, M.&P., A.M.N.H.x.p.241.pl.l3,f.ll. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Cathcart (ex coll. Wotton). OEANGE FREE STATE. Thaba N'chu (Connolly). The locality Pretoria given for the type is almost undoubtedly erroneous. 144. HELICARION coxi, Preston. 1912 Helicarion coxi, Prest., Proc. Mai. Soc. x. p. 16. D.F. Type in coll. Dautzenberg. Hab. CAPE OP GOOD HOPE. Knysna (Cox). 145. HELICAEION KNYSNAENSIS, Preston. 1912 Helicarion knysnaensis, Prest., Proc. Mai. Soc. x. p. 16. D.F. Type in coll. Dautzenberg. Hab. CAPE OP GOOD HOPE. Knysna (Cox). 146. HELICAEION PLANTI (Pfeiffer). 1856 Vitrina planti, Pfr., P.Z.S., p. 324. D. 1859 ,, Mon. Hel. iv. p. 794. D. 1862 ,, Eve., Conch. Icon. pi. 8, f. 57. D.F. 1885 Vitrina (Gallandia) planti, Pfr., Tryon, Man. of Conch.i. p.157. D. * Since the above was printed, this Species has been proved to belong to Microkerkus. Reference List of South African Non-marine, Mollusca. 101 Type in British Museum. Hob. NATAL (Plant). A very distinct species, perhaps more nearly akin to true Heli- carion than others of the present group. 147. HELICARION PUMILIO, Melv. & Pons. * 1909 HeUcarionpumilio, M. & P., A.M.N.H. iv. p. 490. pi. 8, f. 11. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. TRANSVAAL. Zoutpansberg (Cregoe). 148. HELICARION RUSSOFULGENS, Melv. & Pons. 1909 Helicarionrussofulgens, M.&P.,A.M.N.H.iv.p.490.pl.8,f.l2. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. ZULULAND. Eshowe (Lady Saunders). NATAL. Tongaat (Burnup). ? Hilton Eoad (fide M. & P.) 149. HELICARION TRANSVAALENSIS (Craven). 1880 Vitrina transvaalensis, Crvn., P.Z.S. p. 615. pi. 57, f. 3. D.F. 1885 ,, (Gallandia) transvaalensis, Crvn., Try on, Man. of Conch. i. p. 156. pi. 34, f. 88, 89. D.F. ' 1912 " New Genus? " transvaalensis, Crvn., G.-Aust., A.M.N.H. ix. p. 128. Type in British Museum. Eab. TRANSVAAL. Lydenburg (Craven). NATAL. Majuba (Connolly). BASUTOLAND. Mont-aux- Sources (Warren). 150. HELICARION VANDENBROECKI (Craven). 1880 Vitrina vandenbroeckii, Crvn., P.Z.S. p. 615. pi. 57, f. 4. D.F. 1885 ,, (Gallandia) vandenbroeckii, Crvn., Tryon, Man. of Conch, i. p. 156. pi. 34, f. 90, 91. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Lydenburg (Craven). SUB-FAMILY TKOCHONANININ^] (nov.). GENUS MAETENSIA, Semper, 1870. (Reis. im Archip. Philippin., ii, 3. p. 42.) ( = Ledoulxia, Bgt., 1885,>ars.) Type of Genus, M. mozambicensis (Pfr.). * This Species has just been constituted Type of the new Genus Andrarion, Godwin-Austen. 102 Annals of the South African Museum. 151. MABTENSIA MOZAMBICENSIS (Pfeiffer). [S.A.M.] 1855 Helix mozambicensis, Pfr., P.Z.S. p. 91. pi. 31, f. 9. D.F. 1859 Mon. Hel. iv. p. 32. D. 1869 Novifc. Conch, iii. p. 499. pi. 108, f. 1-3. D.F. 1870 Martensia mossambicensis, Pfr.,Semp., Reis. Archip. Philippin. ii, 3. p. 42. pi. 3, f. 5. pi. 6, f. 15. AM. 1874 ,, mozambicensis, Ph\, Jick., Fauna N.-O.-Afr. p. 49. D. 1881 Helix mozambicensis, Pfr., Dohrn, Conch. Cab. p. 609. pi. 177, f. 7-11. D.F. 1883 Trochomorphamozambica, Bgt., Ann. Sci. Nat. Paris, xv.p.107. L. 1885 Trochonanina mozambicensis, Pfr., Bgt., Helixarionidees,p.7. N. 1886 Nanina (Martensia} mozambicensis, Pfr., Tryon, Man. of Conch. ii. p. 50. pi. 24, f. 80. D.F. 1889 Trochonanina mozambicensis, Pfr., Bgt., Moll, de 1'Afr. equat. p. 17. N. 1894 ,, Smith., Proc. Mai. Soc. i. p. 164. N. 1895 Martensia mozambicensis, Pfr., G.-Aust., Proc. Mai. Soc. i. p. 281. pi. 19, f. 1. A. 1897 Trochonanina (Martensia) mossambicensis, Pfr., von Mts., D.-O.-Afr. p. 46. pi. 1, f. 8. D.F. p. 296. N. 1907 Martensia mossambicensis, Pfr., Melv. & Standen, Manchester Memoirs, Ii, 4. p. 9. N. Type in British Museum. Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Tette (Peters). Movene (Penther). TRANSVAAL. Barberton (Fry). Zoutpansberg (Cregoe). EHODESIA. Salisbury (Miss Weineck). Widely distributed in Bast Africa. von Martens (1897) considers Trochonanina living stoniana, Ancey, from Nyassa, to be merely a small, high form of this species. var. ALBOPICTA, von Martens. 1869 Nanina mossambicensis, Pfr., var. albopicta, von Mts., von der Decken's Eeisen in Ostafrica, iii. p. 56. pi. 1, f. 2. D.F. 1878 Trochonanina mossambicensis, Pfr., var. albopicta, von Mts., Monats-Ber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 289. N. 1885 ,, anceyi, Bgt., Helixarionidees, p. 9. D. Ledoulxia albopicta, von Mts., Bgt., Helixarionid6es, p. 12. N. 1886 Martensia mozambicensis, Pfr., var. albopicta, von Mts., Tryon, Man. of Conch, ii. p. 50. N. Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 103 1889 Trocnonanina anceyi, Bgt., Moll, de 1'Afr. 6quat. p. 20. D. 1897 ,, mossambicensis , Ph., var. albopicta, von Mts., D.-Q.-Afr. p. 47. D. Hob. MOZAMBIQUE. Tette (Peters). Occurring, often in company with the normal form, in many parts of East Africa. var. ELATIOB, von Martens. 1866 Trocliomorplia ? mossambicensis, Pfr., var. elatior, von Mts., Mai. Blatt. xiii. p. 92. D. 1869 Helix mozambicensis, var. elatior, von Mts., Pfr., Novit. Conch. iii. p. 500. pi. 108, f. 4-6. D.F. 1874 Martensia mozambicensis, Pfr., var. elatior, von Mts., Jick., Fauna N.-O.-Afr. p. 50. N. 1897 Trochenanina mossambicensis, Pfr., var. elatior, von Mts., D.-O.-Afr. p. 47. pi. 3, f. 9. D.F. Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Ikchongove (?Itschongove), (Schenck). Not so plentiful, but rather more widely distributed than the normal form, occurring as far north as Abyssinia (von Martens). GENUS TEOCHOMOKPHA, Albers, 1850. (Die Helic., p. 116.) Type of Genus, T. trochiformis (Fer.). 152. TROCHOMOKPHA PLACENTA, Melv. & Pons. 1899 Trochomorpha placenta, M.&P., A.M.N.H.iv.p.l97.pl.3,f.9. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. ZULULAND. 'Nkandhla Forest (Haygarth). GENUS TEOCHOZONITES, Pfeffer, 1883. (Abhandl. Natunviss. Verein. Hamburg, vii, 2. p. 23.) Type of Genus, T. percarinatus (von Mts.). 153. TROCHOZONITES DIORTX, Melv. & Pons. 1892 Helix (Trochozonites) dioryx, M. & P., A.M.N.H. ix. p. 89. pi. 5, f. 2. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Eobbe Bay, Port Nolloth (Layard). 104 Annals of the South African Museum. GENUS THAPSIELLA, Gude, 1911. (Proc. Mai. Soc. ix. p. 272.) Type of Genus, T. masaJcuensis (Smith). 154. THAPSIELLA CONNOLLYI, Preston. 1912 Thapsiella connollyi, Prest., A.M.N.H. ix. p. 70, f. 3. D.F. Type in coll. Preston. Hab. EHODESIA. Victoria Palls (Connolly). SUB-FAMILY PELTATIN^, Godwin- Austen, 1912. (A.M.N.H. ix. pp. 124, 126.) GENUS PELTATUS, Godwin-Austen, 1908. (A.M.N.H. i. p. 131.; Type of Genus, P. aloicola (M. & P.). 155. PELTATUS ALOICOLA (Melv. & Pons.). 1890 Vitrina /m^omXBs.,var.afowx)Za,M.P.,A.M.N.H.vi.p.467. D. 1908 Peltatus hudsonice, Bs., G.-Aust., A.M.N.H. i. p. 131. pi. 8, f. 1. D.F. A. 1912 aloicola, M. & P., G.-Aust., A.M.N.H. ix. p. 130. pi. 4, f. 1. D.A.R. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Port Elizabeth, North End and Kufane Vale, living on aloes (Crawford). 156. PELTATUS AENOTTI (Benson). 1864 Helix arnotti, Bs., A.M.N.H. xiii. p. 491. D. 1868 ,, Pfr., Mon. Hel. v. p. 67. D. 1909 Zingis arnotti M. & P., A.M.N.H. iv. p. 491. pi. 8, f. 16. N.F. 1912 Peltatus ,, G.-Aust., A.M.N.H. ix. p. 137. N. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Colesberg (Arnott). 157. PELTATUS ASTHENES (Melv. & Pons.). 1907 Helicarionasthenes, M.&P.,A.M.N.H.xix.p. 99.pl. 6, f. 10. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Cradock (Farquhar). Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 105 158. PELTATUS CALEDONENSIS, Godwin-Austen. 1912 Peltatus caledonensis, G.-Aust., A.M.N.H. ix. p. 132. pi. 2, f. 1. pi. 4, f. 3. pi. 5, f. 1. D.A.R. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Houw Hoek (Connolly). 159. PELTATUS CAPSULA (Benson). [S.A.M.] 1864 Helix capsula, Bs., A.M.N.H. xiii. p. 492. D. 1868 Pfr., Mon. Hel. v. p. 52. D. 1892 Nanina hypochlora, M. & P., A.M.N.H. ix. p. 87. pi. 4, f. 8. D.F. 1912 Peltatus capsula^., G.-Aust., A.M.N.H.ix. p. 133. pl.7,f.2. D.A. Type of capsula in University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge ; hypochlora in British Museum. Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. Simonstown (Layard ; Connolly). Hypochlora was described from " Cape of Good Hope (Layard) " ; Colonel Godwin-Austen has assisted me to compare the type with capsula, and agrees that the two species are inseparable. 160. PELTATUS COTYLEDONIS (Benson). [S.A.M.] 1850 Helix cotyledonis, Bs., A.M.N.H. v. p. 216. D. 1852 ,, ,, Eve., Conch. Icon. pi. 124, f. 740. D.F. 1853 Pfr., Mon. Hel. iii. p. 31. D. 1854 ,, Conch. Cab. p. 376. pi. 141 (1852), f. 3, 4. D.F. 1887 Helix (Pella) cotyledonis, Bs., Tryon, Man. of Conch, iii. p. 103. pi. 20, f. 59. D.F. 1912 Peltatus cotyledonis, Bs., G.-Aust., A.M.N.H. ix. p. 134. A.E. Specimens ex auct. in University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge. Hab, CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Simonstown (Benson). Kalk Bay (Layard). Fish Hoek ; Hermanus ; Saldanha Bay and Stumpnose, Malmesbury District (Lightfoot). Kommetje ; Buffelsfontein, near Cape Point (Connolly). 161. PELTATUS HUDSON^ (Benson). 1864 Helix hudsonice, Bs., A.M.N.H. xiii. p. 493. D. 1868 Pfr., Mon. Hel. v. p. 104. D. 1890 Vitrina huttonice M. & P., A.M.N.H. vi. pp. 467, 468. N. (Err. typ.) 1893 Pella (Gallandia) Jmdsonice, Bs., Pilsb., Man. of Conch, viii. p. 135. A T . 106 Annals of the South African Museum. 1912 Helix hudsonice, Bs., G.-Aust., A.M.N.H. ix. p. 129. D.N. Probable type in British Museum. Hob. CAPE OP GOOD HOPE. Biversdale (Mrs. Hudson) . var. EUFOFILOSUS, Melv. & Pons. 1890 Vitrina huttonia;,'Bs.,vai'.rufofilosa,'M..& P.,A.M.N.H.vi.p.467. D. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Eufane Vale, Port Elizabeth (Crawford). var. MERIDIONALIS, Melv. & Pons. 1890 Vitrina huttonice, Bs., var. meridionalis, M. & P., A.M.N.H. vi. p. 467. D. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Port Elizabeth, North end (Crawford). It is by no means certain whether these two varieties should be referred to liudsoncs, or to aloicola, M. & P. 162. PELTATUS NATALENSIS (Pfeiffer). [S.A.M.] 1846 Helix natalcnsis, Pfr., Syrnb. iii. p. 65. D. 1848 Mon. Hel. i. p. 29. D. 1849 ,, Conch. Cab. p. 231. pi. 29 (1843), f. 30- 32. D.F. 1854 ,, ,, Eve., Conch. Icon.pl. 179, f. 1227. D.F. 1887 Helix (Pclla) natalensis, Pfr., Tryon, Man. of Conch, iii. p. 103. pi. 20, f. 58. D.F. 1889 Ariophanta (Zingis) natalensis, Pfr., Pilsb., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. p. 279. pi. 9, f. H, I. A.E. 1912 Peltatus natalensis, Pfr., G.-Aust., A.M.N.H. ix. p. 136. pi. 3, f. 2. pi. 6, f. 2. D.F.A.B. Type in Stettin Museum. Hab. NATAL. Port Natal (Menke). CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Port Elizabeth (Crawford ; Farquhar). 163. PELTATUS PELLICULA (Ferussac). 1821 Helix (Helicolimax) pellicula, Fer., Tabl. Syst. Moll. pt. 3. p. 25 (or 21). L. 1842 Vitrina pellicula, Fer., Pfr., Symb. ii. p. 17. D. 1848 ,, ,, Mon. Hel. ii. p. 505. D. 1851 ,, Desh., Hist. nat. Moll. ii. p. 96 20 . pi. 9A, f. 5-7. D.F. 1862 Eve., Conch. Icon. pi. 8, f. 56. D.F. 1885 Vitrina (Gallandia) iiellicula, Fer., Tryon, Man. of Conch. i. p. 157. pi. 34^ f. 95, 96. D.F. Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 107 Type ubi ? Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. "On aloes" (Delalande). Port Elizabeth (fide Crawford). Not the Helix pellicula, Fer., of Pfr., 1851 (Conch. Cab. p. 47), nor of Desh., 1850 (Hist. nat. Moll. i. p. 204), which is trifasciate, and apparently a West Indian species. The true pellicula would appear to be a Peltatus, possibly identical with aloicola. 164. PELTATUS PHYTOSTYLUS (Benson). 1864 Helix phytostylus, Bs., A.M.N.H. xiii. p. 492. D. 1868 Pfr., Mon. Hel. v. p. 52. D. 1912 Peto%s|;%fosfyZMs,Bs.,G.-Aust.,A.M.N.H.ix.pp.l27, 137. N. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Colesberg (Arnott). Eiversdale, Swellendam District (Mrs. Hudson). Port Elizabeth (Crawford). 165. PELTATUS TROTTERIANUS (Benson). [S.A.M.] 1848 Helix trotteriana, Bs., A.M.N.H. ii. p. 161. D. 1852 ,, Eve., Conch. Icon. pi. 124, f. 745. D.F. 1853 Pfr., Mon. Hel. iii. p. 29. D. 1854 ,, Conch. Cab. p. 388. pi. 143 (1852), f. 1, 2. D.F. 1887 Helix (Pella) trotteriana, Bs.., Tryon, Man. of Conch, iii. p. 103. pi. 20, f. 57. D.F. 1912 Peltatus trotteriana, Bs., G.-Aust., A.M.N.H. ix. p. 135. pi. 5, f. 2. pi. 6, f. 1. D.A.B. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Uitenhage (Trotter). Port Eliza- beth (Crawford). Knysna (Purcell). Cradock (Farquhar). Bokke- veldt (Layard). BASUTOLAND. Maseru (Sclater). GENUS KEEKOPHOEUS, Godwin-Austen, 1912. (A.M.N.H. ix. p. 127.) Type of Genus, K. inunctus (M. & P.). 166. KEEKOPHORUS AMPLIATUS (Melv. & Pons.). 1899 Zingis ampliata, M. & P., A.M.N.H. iv. p. 196. pi. 3, f. 5. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Durban (Burnup). Apparently near akin to natalensis, Krs. 9 108 Annals of tlw South African Museum. 167. KERKOPHOEUS CINGULATUS (Melv. & Pons.). [S.A.M.] 1890 Vitrina cingulata, M. & P., A.M.N.H. vi. p. 466. D. 1892 ix. p. 94. pi. 5, f. 8. F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Bellevue ; Tootabi, near Alicedale ; Alexandria District (Crawford). Bedford (Farquhar). Port St. John's (Shortridge). Kentani (Miss Pegler). It is questionable whether this species is separable from the Natalian poeppigi, Menke, which it much resembles. 168. KERKOPHORUS CORNEUS (Pfeiffer). 1846 Vitrina cornea, Pfr., Symb. iii. p. 81. D. 1848 Krs., Siidafr. Moll. p. 74. N. ,, Mon. Hel. ii. p. 505. D. 1854 ,, Conch. Cab. p. 21. pi. 2, f. 31-33. D.F. 1862 Eve., Conch. Icon. pi. 4, f. 24. D.F. 1885 Vitrina (Gallandia] cornea, Pfr., Tryon, Man. of Conch, i. p. 157. pi. 34, f. 92-94. D.F. 1912 Kerkophorus corneus ? Pfr., G.-Aust., A.M.N.H. ix. p. 137. pi. 1, f. 1. A. Type in Stettin Museum. Hab. NATAL. Port Natal (Menke). CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Eastern Province (Krauss). Port Eliza- beth (fide Morelet). 169. KERKOPHORUS FUSCICOLOR (Melv. & Pons.). [S.A.M.] 1892 Vitrina fuscicolor, M. & P., A.M.N.H. x. p. 240. pi. 13, f. 10. D.F. 1903 Natalina Mlldff., Conch. Cab. p. 23. pi. 3, f. 10. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. ORANGE FREE STATE. Eensberg's Kop, Drakensberg (Quekett). Platberg, Harrismith (Connolly). 170. KERKOPHORUS INUNCTUS (Melv. & Pons.). [S.A.M.] 1860 Helix congellana, Krs., von Mts., Die Helic. p. 84. L. 1899 Zingis inuncta, M. & P., A.M.N.H. iv. p. 195. pi. 3, f. 4. D.F. 1912 Kerkophonts inunctus, M. & P., G.-Aust., A.M.N.H. ix. pp. 127, 138. pi. 3, f. 1. F.A. Type of inunctus in British Museum ; congellana in Stuttgart Museum. Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 109 Hab. NATAL. Umkomaas ; Alexandra Junction (Burnup). Con- gella (congellana, Wahlberg). ZULULAND. 'Nkandhla Forest (Haygarth). Umbonambi (Toppin). Makowe (Crosly). Through the kindness of Dr. Lampert, of Stuttgart, I have been enabled to examine the type of the little-known H. congellana. It is identical with inunctus, but, never having been described or figured, must yield precedence to the last-named species. 171. KEEKOPHOEUS LEUCOSPIKA (Pfeiffer). [S.A.M.] 1856 Vitrina leucospira, Pfr., P.Z.S. p. 326. D. 1862 Eve., Conch. Icon. pi. 6, f. 42. D.F. 1885 Helicarion leucospirus, Pfr., Tryon, Man. of Conch, i. p. 168. pi. 28, f. 39. D.F. 1899 ,, leucospira, Pfr., M. & P., A.M.N.H. iv. p. 192. N. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Pinetown ; Tongaat ; Malvern (Burnup). Umgeni Eivermouth (Quekett). Described as from South Australia. 172. KEEKOPHOEUS MELVILLI, Godwin-Austen. 1912 Kerkophorusmclvilli,G.-A.\i&t. ) A.M.N.H. ix.p.!27.pl.7,f.l. A.B. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Equeefa (Burnup). 173. KEEKOPHOEUS NATALENSIS (Krauss). 1848 Vitrina natalensis, Krs., Siidafr. Moll. p. 74. pi. 4, f . 17. D.F. Pfr., Mon. Hel. ii. p. 505. D. 1862 ,, Eve., Conch. Icon. pi. 1, f. 1. D JF . 1885 Vitrina (Gallandia) natalensis, Krs., Tryon, Man. of Conch. i. p. 156. pi. 34, f. 83, 84. D.F. 1909 Helicarion subcornea, Prest., A.M.N.H. iv. p. 498. D.F. Type of natalensis in Stuttgart Museum ; subcornea in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Natal Bay (Krauss). CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Somerset East and Tharfield (Miss Bowker), and Hillside, Grahamstown (Miss Glanville), fide Layard. Subcornea was described from "Natal"; it appears quite in- separable from natalensis, Krs. Ampliatus and zonamydms, M. & P., are also very similar to the last-mentioned shell. 110 Annals of the South African Museum. 174. KERKOPHORUS PH^IDIMUS (Melv. & Pons.). [S.A.M.] 1892 Vitrina phadima, M. & P., A.M.N.H. x. p. 241. pi. 13, f. 12. D.F. 1898 Stur., S.A. Moll. p. 34. N. 1912 Kerkophorus phcedimus, M. & P., G.-Aust., A.M.N.H. ix. p. 139. pi. 5, f. 3. A. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Pietermaritzburg ; Durban ; Pinetown ; Dargle ; Karkloof; Port Shepstone ; Ntimbankulu (Burnup). CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Grahamstown ; Bedford (Farquhar). Pirie Mountain (Godfrey). 175. KERKOPHORUS POEPPIGI (Menke). [S.A.M.] 1846 Vitrina poeppigii, Mke., Pfr., Symb. iii. p. 81. D. 1848 Krs., Sitdafr. Moll. p. 74. N. Pfr., Mon. Hel. ii. p. 504. D. 1854 Conch.Cab.p.l7.pl.2,f.l3-15. D.F. 1862 Eve., Conch. Icon. pi. 7, f. 49. D.F. 1885 Vitrina (Gallandid) poeppigii, Mke., Tryon, Man. of Conch, i. p. 156. pi. 34, f. 85-87. D.F. Type in Stettin Museum. Hab. NATAL. Port Natal (Menke). On plants, widely distri- buted (Krauss). TRANSVAAL. " Moori " (Mooi) Eiver (Craven). LORENZO MARQUES. Eikatla (Junod). 176. KERKOPHORUS VITALIS (Melv. & Pons.). [S.A.M.] 1908 Helicarion vitalis, M. & P., A.M.N.H. i. p. 133. pi. 7, f. 4. D.F. 1912 Kerkophorus ,, G.-Aust., A.M.N.H. ix. p. 138.pl. 3, f. 3. A. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Port Shepstone ; Durban (Burnup). 177. KERKOPHORUS ZONAMYDRUS (Melv. & Pons.). [S.A.M.] 1890 Vitrina zonamydra, M. & P., A.M.N.H. vi. p. 467. D. 1892 ix. p. 94. pi. 5, f. 9. F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Alexandria District (Crawford). Kowie (Farquhar). NATAL. Durban (Penther, fide Sturany). Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. Ill GENUS MICROKEKKUS, Godwin-Austen, 1912. (A.M.N.H. ix. p. 128.) Type of Genus, M. symmetricus (Crvn.). 178. MICROKERKUS PONDOENsis, Godwin-Austen. [S.A.M.J 1912 Microkerkus poncloensis, G.-Aust., A.M.N.H. ix. p. 128. pi. 4, f. 2. A.B. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OP GOOD HOPE. Kentani (Miss Pegler). 179. MICROKERKUS SYMMETRICUS (Craven). 1880 Helix symmetrica, Crvn., P.Z.S. p. 614. pi. 57, f. 2. D.F. 1887 ,, (Pella) symmetrica, Crvn., Tryon, Man. of Conch, iii. p. 108. pi. 21, f. 99. D.F. 1898 Pella symmetrica, Crvn., Stur., S.A. Moll. pp. 39, 40. N. 1912 Microkerkus symmetricus, Crvn., G.-Aust., A.M.N.H. ix. pp. 128, 137. pi. 1, f. 2. pi. 3, f. 4. F.A. Type in British Museum. Hab. TRANSVAAL. Lydenburg (Craven). Pretoria (McBean). SUB-FAMILY ZONITIN^, Pilsbry, 1898. (Nautilus, xi. p. 128.) GENUS V1TEEA, Fitzinger, 1833. (Beitrage zur Landeskunde Oesterreichs u.d. Enns, Wien, iii. p. 99.) ( = Hyalinia, Charpentier, 1837, nee Schumacher, 1817.) Type of Genus, V. diaphana (Studer). 180. VITREA CRYSTALLINA (Muller). [S.A.M.] 1774 Helix crystallina, Mull., Verm. ii. p. 23. D. 1805 ,, cristallina ,, Drap., Hist. Moll. Fr. p. 118. pi. 8, f. 13-18. D.F. 1821 ,, eburnea, Hartm., Neue Alp. i. p. 234. ,, ,, crystallina, Mull., C. Pfr., Syst. Anordn. deutsch. L.-u. W. Schn. p. 46. pi. 2, f. 36. D.F. 1829 ,, vitrea, Brown, Edinb. Journ. Nat. & Geogr. Sci. i. p. 12. pi. 1, f. 12-14. D.F. 1830 crystallina, Mull. (= vitrea, Brown), Alder, Cat. New- castle, p. 11. D. 112 Annals of the South African Museum. 1840 Zonites crystallinus, MiilL, Gray, Turton's Man. p. 176. pi. 4, f. 42. D.F. 1848 Helix crystallina, MiilL, Pfr., Mon. Hel. i. p. 59. D. 1852 Pfr., Conch. Cab. p. 128. pi. 88 (1850), f. 27-30. D.F. 1855 ,, Moq.-Tand., Hist. Nat. Moll. Fr. ii. p. 89. pi. 9, f. 26-29. D.F. 1856 Zonites crystallinus ,, Bgt., Amen, malac. i. p. 192. pi. 20, f. 19-24. D.F. 1862 Jeffr., Brit. Conch, i. p. 170. and v. (1869) pi. 10, f. 3. D.F. 1864 ewtilbus, Bgt., Mai. Algerie, i. p. 76. pi. 4, f. 11-16. D.F. 1881 Hyalina cavanntz, Paulucci, Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital. p. 80. pi. 1 bis, f. 3. D.F. 1886 Hyalinia (Vitrea) crystallina, Mull., Tryon, Man. of Conch, ii. p. 138. pi. 46, f. 3-8. D.F. 1908 Tayl., Mon. Brit. Moll. p. 108. pi. 2 and pi. 15 (1912). D.F.A.R. Type ubi ? Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. Cape Town and suburbs (plentiful). A common European species. GENUS POLITA, Held, 1837. (Isis, p. 916.) Type of Genus, P. cellaria (MiilL). 181. POLITA ALLIAEIA (Miller). [S.A.M.] 1822 Helix alliaria, Mill., Ann. Philos. iii. p. 379. D. 1828 foetida, Stark, Elem. Nat. Hist. ii. p. 59. D. 1833 ,, alliacea, Jeffr., Linn. Trans, xvi. p. 341. D. 1840 Zonites alliarius, Mill., Gray, Turton's Manual, p. 168. pi. 4, f. 39. D.F. 1851 Helix remota, Bs., A.M.N.H. vii. p. 263. D. 1854 Zonites alliarius, Mill., Schm., Mai. Blatt. i. p. 8. N. 1855 ,, Moq.-Tand., Hist. Nat. Moll. Fr. ii. p. 83. pi. 9, f. 9-11. D.F. 1859 Helix alliaria, Mill., Pfr., Mon. Hel. iv. p. 76. D. 1862 Zonites alliarius, Mill., Jeffr., Brit. Conch, i. p. 161. and v. (1869), pi. 9, f. 2. D.F. 1886 Hyalinia (Polita) alliaria, Mill., Tryon, Man. of Conch, ii. p. 145. pi. 47, f. 91-93. D.F. Reference List of South African Non-marine Molhtsca. 113 1907, 8 Hyalinia (Euhyalinia) alliaria, Mill., Tayl., Mon. Brit. Moll. p. 57. pi. 2 (1908), pi. 6 (1909). D.F.A.R. Type of remota in British Museum ; alliaria ubi ? Hab. CAPE OP GOOD HOPE. Grahamstown (Farquhar). A common European species, probably of recent importation into South Africa. 182. POLITA CELLARIA (Miiller). [S.A.M.] 1774 Helix cellaria, Miill, Verm. ii. p. 28. D. 1786 ,, Chem., Conch. Cab. ix, 2. p. 102. pi. 127, f. 1129. D.F. 1788 Gmel, Syst. Nat., Ed. 13. i. p. 3634. D. 1803 lucida, Mont., Test. Brit. p. 425; and Suppl. (1808), pi. 23, f. 4. D.F. 1807 ,, nitcns, Gmel., Mat. & Back., Linn. Trans, viii. p. 198. pi. 5, f. 7. D.F. 1817 ,, glaphyra, Say, Nicholson's Encycl. iv. pi. 1, f. 3. D.F. 1821 ,, cellaria, Miill. , C. Pfr., Syst. Anordn. deutsch. L.-u. W. Schn. p. 42. pi. 2, f. 29, 30. D.F. 1822 ,, ,, ,, Lam., Hist. nat. An.s.Vert.vi.2. p. 91. D. 1830 ,, ,, ,, ( = nitida, Drap.), Alder, Cat. Newcastle, p. 12. D. 1840 Zonites cellarius, Miill., Gray, Turton's Manual, p. 170. pi. 4, f. 40. D.F. 1841 Helix cellaria, Miill. ( = glaphyra, Say.), A. Binn., Boston Journ. Nat. Hist. iii. p. 421. D. 1842 ,, glaphyra, Say, Pfr., Symb. ii. p. 29. D. 1848 ,, cellaria, Miill., Pfr., Mon. Hel. i. p. 111. D. 1850 Bs., A.M.N.H. v. p. 217. L. 1852 ,, ,, Pfr., Conch. Cab. p. 102. pi. 84 (1850), f. 8-10. D.F. 1855 Zonites cellarius, Miill., Moq.-Tand., Hist. Nat. Moll. Fr. ii. p. 78. pi. 9, f. 1, 2. D.F. 1862 ,, ,, ( = lucida, Pult., nee Drap.), Jeffr., Brit. Conch, i. p. 159. D. 1864 Helix sydneyensis, Cox, Cat. Austral. Land Shells, p. 37. D. 1868 ,, Mon. Austral. Land Shells, p. 9. pi. 9, f. 16. pi. 18, f. 3. D.F. 1886 Hyalinia (Polita] cellaria, Miill., Tryon, Man. of Conch, ii. p. 155. pi. 50, f. 33-52. D.F. 1907 ,, (Euhyalinia} cellaria, Mull., Tayl., Mon. Brit. Moll. k p. 30. pi. 2 (1908), pi. 6 (1909). D.F.A.E. 114 Annals of the South African Museum. 1910 Hyalinia (Polita) cellaria, Mull., Bttg., Abh. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. Frankfurt, xxxii. p. 455. N. Specimens ex coll. Miiller in University Zool. Mus. Copenhagen. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Eondebosch (Benson, 1846). Somer- set East (Miss Bowker). Stellenbosch (Peringuey). Somerset West (Purcell). Widely distributed in the Cape Peninsula. EHODESIA. Bulawayo (in S.A. Museum). The Eev. E. W. Bowell has identified the animal of specimens from St. James, Cape Peninsula, as typical of the common European cellaria. 183. POLITA DEAPARNAUDI (Beck). [S.A.M.] 1801 Helix lucida, Drap., Tabl. Moll. Fr. p. 96. D. 1805 nitida Hist. Moll. Fr. p. 117. pi. 8, f. 23-25. D.F. 1815 ,, lucida Brard,Hist.Coq.Paris,p.34.pl.2,f.3,4. D.F. 1828 ,, nitida Stark, Elem. Nat. Hist. ii. p. 59. D. 1835 ,, cellaria, Miill., var., Eossmassler, Icon. i. p. 71. pi. 1, f. 22*. D.F. 1837 ,, (Helicella) draparnaldi, Beck ( = nitida, Drap.), Beck, Index Moll. p. 6. 1853 ,, draparnaldi, Beck, Pfr., Mon. Hel. iii. p. 86. D. 1854 ,, ' Conch. Cab. p. 497. pi. 161, f. 23-25. D.F. 1855 Zonites lucidus, Drap., Moq.-Tand., Hist. Nat. Moll. Fr. ii. p. 75. pi. 8, f. 29-35. D.F.A. 1869 ccllarius, " Miill.," Jeffr., Brit. Conch, v. pi. 9, f. 1. F. 1886 Hyalinia (Polita) lucida, Drap., Tryon, Man. of Conch, ii. p. 149. pi. 48, f. 37-43, 46-56. pi. 49, f. 57-59. D.F. 1895 Helix m'h'^a,Drap.,Locard,IpsaDraparnaudiConchylia,p.l45. N. 1907 Hyalinia (Euhyalinia) lucida, Drap., TayL, Mon. Brit. Moll. p. 18. pi. 2 (1908), pi. 6 (1909). D.F.AM. 1911 ,, (Polita) lucida, Drap., Germain, Arch. Zool. Exper. vi. p. 234. pi. 13, f. 1-6, 10-12, 22-24, 32-34, 41-43. N.F. Originals of lucida, Drap., in Naturh. Hofmus. Vienna (as nitida). Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. Eondebosch (Oakley). Kenil worth (Connolly). Specimens from Kenilworth have been dissected and identified by the Eev. E. W. Bowell. I fail to see how the name lucida, of Draparnaud, can possibly be retained for this species. The earliest Helix lucida is that of Pul- teney, 1799 (Cat. Dorset, p. 47), who wrote : Reference List of Soutli African Non-marine Mollusca. 115 " H. lucida, M.P. ; pellucida, Pen., 134; Gualt. t. 2, G. Testa pellucida, umbilicata, depressa, lasvissima. " Pelluoid snail shell, about f of an inch long, exactly resembling the foregoing " (H. ericetorum, Miill.) " in figure, but quite smooth and glossy, and wholly without striae, marks, or bands. " Found on plants in the Eiver Stour." (Gualtieri's figure, quoted above, appears to represent a roughly striate shell, somewhat high in the spire, with a distinctly expanded peristome, and his letterpress runs, " Cochlea terrestris umbilicata, minor, pellucida, flavescens.") Draparnaud's description of his Helix lucida (1801) is as follows : " H. lucide. H. lucida. Coq. transparente, luisaiite, corn6 clair en dessus, blanchatre en dessous ; ouverture grande. " Haut. 5-6 mill. ; larg. 13-16 ; diam. 11-14. "Helix cellaria, Miill., Verm. Hist. 230. Gualt. t. 2. f. G. " H. commune dans les jardins, sous les haies. (5 tours). Animal pale, blanchatre, un peu grisatre en dessus. Tentacules grisatres. Yeux noirs." Mliller's original description of cellaria is : " H. testa umbilicata, depressa, lutescente, nitida, subtus lactea. Apertura larga." Pulteney's H. lucida is probably synonymous with cellaria, Miill. ; but it is evident that, in using the same name and quoting the same figure as Pulteney, Draparnaud intended to allude to Pulteney's species ; while his reference to Miiller, whose description of cellaria he practically translates, shows that in his opinion lucida and cellaria were identical. The fact that in 1805 he rechristened his own H. lucida, nitida, and gave the name lucida to H. nitida, Miill., does not tend to simplify the matter. It appears from the foregoing that if the name lucida be allowed to stand at all, it should bear Pulteney's name as author ; but under the circumstances it seems preferable to consider lucida, Pult., a synonym of cellaria, and to follow the majority of Continental authorities in adopting a modification of Beck's name, draparnaldi, for the present much-debated species. Among its other synonyms are nitens, von Alten, 1812 ; obscurata, Porro in Villa, 1841 ; blauneri, Shuttl., 1843 ; fulgida, Parreyss, 1851; planulata, Stabile, 1864; septentrionalis, farine- sianus, and navarricus, Bgt., 1870 ; calabricus, Paulucci, 1879 ; c/yrocurta, Bgt. in Servain, 1880 ; porroi, Paulucci, 1882 ; sub- farinesiana, Bgt. ; barbozana, Castro ; and intermissa, Locard, 1894. 116 Annals of the South African Museum. I have known South African examples display cannibal propen- sities, devouring other small species, even of Zonitoides and Polita, which were placed in their box. They were, however, no match for Natalina coenotera, which treated them in similar fashion. SUB-FAMILY AKIOPHANTIN^], Godwin-Austen, 1888. (Moll, of India, pt. 6, p. 253, as Arionphantinee, emend. Pilsbry, 1898, Nautilus, xi. p. 129.) GENUS ZONITOIDES, Lehmann, 1862. (Mai. Bliitt. ix. p. 111.) Type of Genus, Z. nitidus (Mull.). 184. ZONITOIDES AFRICANUS, Bottger. 1910 Zonitoides africanus, Bttg., Abh. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. Frankfurt, xxxii. p. 436. pi. 28, f. 2. D.F. Type in Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt. Hab. DAMARALAND Gobabis (subfossil, Hermann). 185. ZONITOIDES ARBOREUS (Say). [S.A.M.] 1817 Helix arboreus, Say, Nicholson's Encyclopaedia, iv. pi. 4, f. 4. D.F. 1821 ,, arborca Fer., Tabl. Syst. Moll. pt. 3. p. 45 (or 41). .V. 1840 ,, ottonis, Pfr., Archiv. f. Naturg., vi, 1. p. 251. D. 1841 ,, arborea, Say, Binn., Boston Journ. Nat. Hist. iii. p. 422. pi. 22, f. 1. D.F. 1848 ,, ( = ottonis), Pfr., Mon. Hel. i. p. 95. D. 1852 Pfi-., Conch. Cab. p. 114. pi. 85 (1850), f. 33- 35. D.F. 1866 Hyalina breweri, Newcomb, Tryon, Amer. Journ. of Conch, ii. p. 250. pi. 19, f. 27. D.F. 1885 Zonites arboreus, Say, Binn., Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxviii. p. 61. D.F. and Synonymy. 1886 Hyalinia (Polita) arborea, Say ( = breweri, Newc.), Tryon, Man. of Conch, ii. p. 161. pi. 51, f. 9-17. D.F. Type ubi ? Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Port Elizabeth (Layard). Grahams- town (Eeeve). Kenilworth (Connolly). King Williamstown (God- frey). Queenstown (Becker). TRANSVAAL. Pretoria (Connolly). NATAL. Pietermaritzburg (Ponsonby). Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 117 A common American species, introduced into S. Africa and various other parts of the globe. 186. ZONITOIDES CUPIDO, Melv. & Pons. [S.A.M.] 1903 Zonitoides cupido, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xii. p. 601. pi. 32, f. 1. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. ZULULAND. Lower Umfolosi Drift (Burnup). EHODESIA. Victoria Falls (Warren). SUB-FAMILY ? ("Position most doubtful;" Godwin-Austen, 1908, Fauna of Brit. India, Moll., p. 258.) GENUS KALIELLA, Blanford, 1863. (A.M.N.H. xi. p. 83.) Type of Genus, K. barrator ens is (Pfr.). 187. KALIELLA EUCONULOIDES, Melv. & Pons. [S.A.M.] 1908 Kaliella eucoimloides, M. & P., A.M.N.H.i.p. 133. pi. 7,f.5. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Dargle ; Karkloof ; Inhluzani ; Game Pass (Burnup). The generic position of this species is doubtful ; Colonel Godwin- Austen informs me that it is not a Kaliella. 188. KALIELLA SIGUEENSIS, Godwin-Austen. [S.A.M.] 1882 Kaliella sigurensis, G.-Aust., L. & F. W. Moll. India, i. p. 5. pi. 1, f. 11. D.F. 1890 Helix (Trochonanina*)pretoriensis, M.&P.,A.M.N.H. vi.p.469. D. 1892 ix.p.94.pl.4, f. 5. F. Types in British Museum. Hab. TRANSVAAL. Pretoria District (prctoriemis, Farquhar). NATAL. Pietermaritzburg ; Dargle ; Equeefa ; Karkloof ; Tyeloti, near Botha's Hill (Burnup). Described from the Nilgherri Hills, India. Colonel Godwin- Austen has identified the Pretorian form of Kaliella as sigurensis, and in all probability the Natal localities refer to the same species. E. A. Smith, however (P.Z.S. 1899, p. 582), in chronicling K. barrakporensis (Pfr.), from Mount Chirad- 118 Annals of the South African Museum. zulu, B.C. A., considered that pretoriensis, M. & P., was a synonym of the last named. It is veiy possible that both these nearly allied Indian species have found their way into South Africa, and may have been mistaken one for another. 189. KALIELLA VICTORIA, Preston. [S.A.M.] 1912 Kaliclla victories, Prest., A.M.N.H. ix. pp. 69, f. 2; 70. F.D. Type in coll. Preston. Hab. EHODBSIA. Victoria Falls (Connolly). FAMILY LIMACID^E, Gray, 1821. (Lond. Mecl. Eepos. xv. p. 230, as Limacideae, emend. 1824, Ann. of Philos. viii. p. 107.) SUB-FAMILY LIMACIN^EJ, Swainson, 1840. (Treatise on Malacology, p. 327.) GENUS LIMAX, Linne, 1758. (Syst. Nat., Ed. 10. i. pp. 644, 652.) Type of Genus, L. maximus, Lin. 190. LIMAX FLAVUS, Linne\ [S.A.M.] 1758 Limax flavus, Lin., Syst. Nat., Ed. 10. i. p. 652. D. 1774 Mull., Verm. ii. p. 10. D. 1801 ,, variegatus, Drap., Tabl. Moll. Fr. p. 103. D. 1815 Limacella unguiculus, Brard, Hist. Coq. Paris, p. 115. pi. 4, f. 3, 4, 11, 12. D.F. 1819 Limax variegatus, Drap., Fer., Hist. Nat. Moll, ii, 1. p. 71. pi. 5, f. 1-6. D.F. 1831 Limacellus unguiculus, Brard ( = carinatus, Leach), Turton, Manual, p. 25. D. 1840 Limax flavus, Lin., Gray, Turton'sManual,p.ll4.pl.3,f.l6. D.F. 1855 ,, variegatus, Drap., Moq.-Tand., Hist. Nat. Moll. Fr. ii. p. 25. pi. 3, f. 3-9. D.F.A. 1860 Heynem., Mai. Blatt. vii. p. 165. pi. 1, f. 1-8. D.F. 1863 ,, Heynem., Mai. Blatt. x. p. 212. pi. 3, f. 5. N.B. 1869 Lehm., Mai. Blatt. xvi. p. 148. N. 1885 flavus, Lin., Tryon, Man. of Conch, i. p. 200. pi. 49, f. 63, 70-72. pi. 50, f. 76. D.F. Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 119 1900 Limax variegatus, Drap., Cllge., Ann. S.A. Mus. ii. p. 2. L. 1903 flavus, Lin., Tayl., Mon. Brit. Moll. p. 78. pi. 10 (1905), f. 3-9. D.F.A.R. 1910 Cllge., Ann. Natal. Mus. ii. p. 160. N. Hal). NATAL. Pietermaritzburg (Burnup). CAPE PENINSULA. Cape Town (Lightfoot). A well-known and widely distributed species, in whose synonymy have been placed L. umbrosus, Phil., 1844 ; maculatus, Kalenicz, 1851 ; deshayesii, Bgt., 1862 ; companyoi, Bgt., 1863 ; breck- worthianus, Lehm., 1864 ; bicolor, Selenka, 1865 ; b&ticus, Mabille, 1868; and ecarinatus, Bttg., 1881. 191. LIMAX MAXIMUS, Linne. 1678 Limax cinereus, Lister, Hist. Anirn. Angl. p. 127. pi. 2, f. 15. D.F. (Pre-Linnean.) 1758 ,, maximus, Lin., Syst. Nat., Ed. 10. i. p. 652. D. 1774 ,, cinereus, Mull., Verm. ii. p. 5. D. 1805 ,, ,, Drap.,Hist.Moll.Fr.p.l24.pl.9,f.ll. D.F. 1815 Limacella parma, Brard, Hist. Coq. Paris, p. 110. pi. 4, f. 1, 2, 9, 10. D.F. 1819 Limax antiquorum, Fer., Hist. Nat. Moll, ii, 1. p. 68. pi. 4. D.F. 1821 ,, cinereus, Mull., C. Pfr., Syst. An. u. Beschr. deutsch. L.-u. W. Schn. p. 20. D. alrjinus, Fer., Tabl. Syst. Moll. pt. 2. p. 21. D. ,, valentianus, Fer., Tabl. Syst. Moll. pt. 2. p. 21. D. 1831 Limacellus parma, Brard, Turton, Manual, p. 24. D. 1840 Limax maximns, Lin., Gray, Turton'sMan. p. 112. pl.3, f.14. D.F. 1855 ,, (Eulimax) maximus, Lin., Moq.-Tand., Hist. Nat. Moll. Fr. ii. p. 28. pi. 4, f. 1-8. D.F. 1861 ,, cinereus, List., Heynem., Mai. Blatt. viii. p. 163. N. 1862 ,, Lehm. , Mai. Blatt.ix.p.l72.pl.4,f.l,2. U. 1863 Heynem.,Mal.Blatt.x.p.200.pl.2,f.l. N.B. 1885 ,, maximus, Lin., Tryon, Man. of Conch, i. p. 189. pi. 46, f. 31-35, 39. pi. 49, f. 76. pi. 60, f. 81, 82. D.F. 1901 ,, maximus, Lin., Cllge., Ann. S.A. Mus. ii. p. 229. N.L. 1902 Tayl., Mon. Brit. Moll. p. 34.pl. 6(1903), f. 1-15. D.F.A.R. Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. Table Mountain, Newlands (Purcell). Another European slug, whose recent synonymy includes L. cyrenceus, companyoi, and maculatus, Nunnely; sylvaticus, Morelet; and cornalics, Pini. 120 Annals of the South African Museum. GENUS MILAX, Gray, 1855. (Cat. Pulm. p. 174.) ( = Amalia, Moquin-Tandon, 1855.) Type of Genus, M. gagates (Drap.). 192. MILAX CAPENSIS (Krauss). 1848 Limax capensis, Krs., Siidafr. Moll. p. 73. D. 1855 ,, kraussii, H. & A. Ad. ( = campestris, "Krs."), H. & A. Ad., Gen. rec. Moll. ii. p. 219. 1862 ,, ,, Heynem.,Mal.Blatt.ix.p.217. N. ,, Amalia capensis, Krs., Heynem., Mai. Blatt. ix. p. 215. N. 1885 ., ,, ,, Jahrb. d. Deutsch. Mai. Ges. xii. p. 294. N. ,, Limax ,, ,, ( = kraussii, Ads.), Tryon, Man. of Couch. i. p. 214. N. 1891 Amalia Ckll., A.M.N.H. vii. p. 336. N. Type in Stuttgart Museum. Hob, CAPE OF GOOD HOPE (Krauss). 193. MILAX GAGATES (Draparnaud). [S.A.M.] 1801 Limax gagates, Drap., Tabl. Moil. Fr. p. 100. D. 1805 Hist. Moll. Fr. p. 122.pl. 9, f. 1, 2. D.F. 1819 ,, ,, Fer., Hist. Nat. Moll, ii, 1. p. 75. pi. 6, f. 1, 2. D.F. 1824 ,, maurus, Quoy & Gaim., Voy. Uranie, p. 427. D. 1855 Milax gagates, Drap., Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 174. D. Limax (Amalia) gagates, Drap., Moq.-Tand., Hist. Nat. Moll. Fr. ii. p. 19. pi. 2, f. 1-3. D.F. 1870 ,, ,, ,, Drap., Semp., Eeis. in. Arch. Philip- pin, ii, 3. p. 84. pi. 11, f. 9, 26. AM. 1885 Amalia gagates, Drap., Heynem., Jahrb. d. Deutsch. Mai. Ges. xii. p. 293. N. ,, Tryon, Man. of Conch, i. p. 218. pi. 53, f. 53, 54. D.F. 1891 ,, Ckll., A.M.N.H. vii. pp. 329, 337. N. 1900 ,, ,, ,, Cllge., Ann. S.A. Mus. ii. p. 2. L. 1901 ,, p. 230. N. 1904 ,, ;, Tayl., Mon. Brit. Moll. p. 139. pi. 15 (1906), f. 9-14. D.F.A.B. 1907 ,, ,, ,, Srth., Zool. Anz. Leipsig, xxxi. pp. 793, 798. N. 1910 Milax gagates, Drap., Cllge., Ann. Natal Mus. ii. p. 161. N. Reference List of South African Non-tnariiie Mollusca. 121 Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Port Elizabeth (fide Cockerell). Cape Town (Lightfoot). Cape Plats (Schultze). Ashton ; Storms Vlei (Parcel!). Simonstown (German South Pole Expedition). NATAL. Pietermaritzburg (Burnup). A European species, known from many parts of the globe. Other synonyms are liewstoni, Cooper, 1872 ; marginata, Pini, 1876 ; tas- mauicus and ? nigricolus , Tate, 1880 ; and babori, Cllge., 1897. 194 MILAX PONSONBYI (Collinge). [S.A.M.] 1900 Amalia ponsonbyi, Cllge., Ann. S.A. Mus. ii. p. 2. pi. 1, f. 1, 2. pi. 2, f. 13. D.F.A. 1910 ,, (? = capensis, Krs.), Srth., Deutsch. Sudpol. Exp. xii. p. 157. N. Type in University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge. Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. Cape Town (Lightfoot). GENUS AGRIOLIMAX, Morch, 1865. (J. de C. xiii. p. 378.) Type of Genus, A. agrestis (Lin.). 195. AGRIOLIMAX AGRESTIS (Linne). 1758 Limax agrestis, Lin., Syst. Nat., Ed. 10. i. p. 652. D. 1774 Mull., Verm. ii. p. 8. D. reticulatus, Miill., Verm. ii. p. 10. D. 1791 filans, Hoy, Linn. Trans, i. p. 183. D.N. 1805 ,, agrestis, Lin., Drap., Hist. Moll. Fr. p. 126. pi. 9, f. 9. D.F. 1815 Limacella obliqua, Brard, Hist. Coq. Paris, p. 118. pi. 4, f. 5, 6, 13-15. D.F. 1819 Limax bilobatus, Fer., Hist. Nat. Moll, ii, 1. p. 74. pi. 5, f. 2. D.F. agrestis, Lin., Fer., ibid. p. 73.pl. 5, f. 7-10. D.F. 1831 Limacellus obliquus, Brard, Turton, Manual, p. 26. D. 1840 Limax agrestis, Lin., Gray, Turton's Man. p. 117.pl. 3,f. 17. D.F. 1855 ,, Moq.-Tand., Hist. Nat. Moll. Fr. ii. p. 22. pi. 2, f. 18-22.pl. 3, f. 1, 2. D.F. 1862 ,, Lehm., Mai. Blatt. ix. p. 183. D. 1863 Heynem.,Mal.Blatt.x.p.209.pl.2,f.7. N.B. 1885 ,, (Agriolimax) agrestis, Lin., Tryon, Man. of Conch, i. p. 205. pi. 50, f. 90-94. pi. 51, f. 95-98. D.F. 1893 Agriolimax agrestis, Lin., Ckll., Conchologist, ii. p. 200. N. 1900 ,, Cllge., Ann. S.A. Mus. ii. p. 3. L. 122 Annals of the South African Museum. 1903, 4 Agriolimax agrestis, Lin., Tayl., Mon. Brit. Moll. p. 104. pi. 15 (1906), f. 1-4. D.F.A.E. 1907 ,, ,, Srth., Zool. Anz. Leipsig, xxxi. pp. 793, 798. N. 1910 ,, Cllge.,Ann. Natal Mus.ii. p. 161. N. Hob. CAPE PENINSULA. Cape Town (Lightfoot). Cape Flats (Schultze). Green Point (Eoebuck). Miller's Point (German South Pole Expedition). NATAL. Pietermaritzburg (Burnup). A species of world-wide distribution, which has been described under many names. In addition to the early synonymy given above, the following are, by various authorities, considered to be identical with agrestis : Limax salicium, Bouillet ; tunicata, Gould ; pallidus, Schrenk ; niciensis and veranyanus, Bgt. ; hcycleni, Heynem. ; norvegicus, Westerl. ; fedtschenkoi, Koch & Heynem. ; panormitanus, Less. & Poll. ; mentonicus, Nev. ; varians, A. Adams ; molestus, Hutton ; and dymczeviczii, Kalenicz. 196. AGKIOLIMAX L^VIS (Miiller). 1774 Limax lavis, Miill., Verm. ii. p. 1. D. 1801 brunneus, Drap., Tabl. Moll. Fr. p. 104. D. 1821 ,, lavis, Miill., and brunncus, Drap., Fer., Tabl. Syst. Moll. pt. 2. p. 23. D. 1885 Agriolimax lams, Mull., Srth., Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. Leipsig, xlii. p. 327. pi. 7, f. 17. D.F. ,, Limax (Krynickia) lams, Miill., Tryon, Man. of Conch, i. p. 211. pi. 52, f. 21. D.F. 1898 Agriolimax lewis, Miill., Stur., S.A. Moll. p. 36. N. 1904 ,, (Hydrolimax) lams, Miill., Tayl., Mon. Brit. Moll. ^ p. 121. pi. 15 (1906), f. 5-8. D.F.A.E. Hob. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Queenstown (Dower ; Roebuck). Other synonyms of this world-diffused slug appear to be : lacustris, Bonelli, 1822 ; campestris, Binn., 1841 ; lombricoides , Morel., 1845 ; parvulus, Normand, 1852; arenarius, Gass., 1867; rarotonganus, Heynem., 1871 ; argentinus, Strob., 1874 ; montanus and castaneus, Ing., and ingersolli, Binn., 1875 ; hyperboreus, Westerl., 1876 ; meridionalis, Doering, 1878 ; stenurus, Strebel, 1880 ; brasiliensis, Semper, 1885; queenslandicus, Hedley, 1888; and bevenoti, Cllge., 1897. Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 123 FAMILY UKOCYCLID^, Simroth, 1889. (Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop. liv. p. 62.) GENUS UEOCYCLUS, Gray, 1864. (P.Z.S. p. 250.) Type of Genus, U. kirki, Gray. 197. UROCYCLUS FASCIATUS, von Martens. 1884 Urocydus fasciatus, von Mts., Heynem., Jahrb. d. Deutsch. Mai. Ges. xi. p. 8. pi. 1, f. 4, 5. D.F. 1910 vonMts.,Cllge.,Ann.NatalMus.ii.p.l62. N. Type in Zool. Mus. Berlin. Hab. MOZAMBIQUE. Quilimane (fide Simroth). NATAL. Pietermaritzburg (Burnup). 198. UROCYCLUS FLAVESCENS (Keferstein). 1866 Parmarion flavesccns, Kfstn., Mai. Blatt. xiii. p. 70. pi. 2, f. 1-8. D.F.A.E. 1879 Urocydus flavesccns, Kfstn. (cum var. rjallida), Gibbons, Journ. of Conch, ii. p. 138. D. 1883 ,, Pfeffer,Abhandl.Naturwiss.Verein. Hamburg, vii, 2. p. 12. D. 1884 ,, ,, Heynem., Jahrb. d. Deutsch. Mai. Ges. xi. p. 6. pi. 1, f. 2, 3. D.F. 1885 ,, ,, (curn var. pallida, Gibb.), Tryon, Man. of Conch, i. p. 163. pi. 35, f. 34-36. D.F. 1894 Ckll, Journ. of Mai. iii. p. 52. D. 1910 ,, Cllge., Ann. Natal Mus. ii.p.162. L. Type in Zool. Mus. Berlin. Hab. NATAL. Pinetown. Pietermaritzburg (Burnup). LORENZO MARQUES. Inhambane ; Quilimane ; Mungurumbe (Peters, 1846). Delagoa Bay (Spencer). 199. UROCYCLUS KIRKI, Gray. 1864 Urocydus kirkii, Gray, P.Z.S. p. 251. D.F. 1*79 ,, ,, Gibbons, Journ. of Conch, ii. p. 139. N. 1884 ,, ,, Tryon, Struct. & Syst. Conch, iii. p. 81. pi. 101, f. 60. D.F. ,, Heynem., Jahrb. d. Deutsch. Mai. Ges. xi. p. 7. pi. 1, f. 1. D.F. 10 124 Annals of the South African Museum. 1864 Urocyclus kirkii, Gray, Binn., Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. iii. p. 84. pi. 16, f. K. pi. 17, f. N. E. 1887 Poirier,Bull.Soc.Mal.Fr.iv.p.l96.pl.5, f. 1, 2, 6. pi. 6, f. 1, 2. pi. 8, f. 1. D.F.A.R. 1891 Ckll., A.M.N.H. vii. p. 101. N. 1910 Cllge., Ann. Natal Mus. ii. p. 161. N. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Durban (tide Sturany). MOZAMBIQUE. Near the mouth of the Zambesi (Kirk). LORENZO MARQUES. Delagoa Bay ; Inhambane (fide Sturany). 200. UROCYCLUS KRAUSSIANUS (Heynemann). 1848 Limax (Arion} ? sp., Krs., Siidafr. Moll. p. 73. D. 1862 ,, kraussianus, Heynem., Mai. Blatt. ix. p. 217. D. 1863 x.p.211.pl.3,f.2.tfJ2. 1891 Urocyclus Ckll., A.M.N.H. vii. p. 102. N. 1910 Cllge., Ann. NatalMus.ii.p.l63.N. Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. Cape Town (Krauss). NATAL (fide Sturany). 201. UROCYCLUS PALLESCENS, Cockerell. 1891 Urocyclus pallcscens, Ckll., A.M.N.H. vii. p. 101. D. 1910 ,, Cllge., Ann. Natal Mus. ii. p. 162. D. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Durban (Craven). FAMILY AKIONID^E, Gray, 1840. (Turton's Manual, pp. 101, 104.) SUB-FAMILY OOPELTIN/E, Cockerell, 1891. (P.Z.S. p. 216.) GENUS OOPELTA, Morch, 1867. (Mai. Blatt. xiv. p. 191.) Type of Genus, 0. nigropunctata, Morch. 202. OOPELTA ATERRIMA (Gray). Limax (Arion} allerian, Gray, in British Museum. 1855 Arion aterrimus, Gray, Cat. Pulrn. p. 55. D. 1890 (?Oo/jc/to),Ckll.,A.M.N.H.vi.p.387. D.N, 1901 Oopdta aterrima ,, Cllge., Ann, S.A. Mus. ii. p. 230. D, Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 125 Type in British Museum. Hab. SOUTH AFRICA (fide Gray). 203. OOPELTA CAPENSIS, Pollonera. 1909 Oopelta capensis, Pollon., Boll. Mus. Torino, xxiv, 608. p. 11 plate, f. 1-6. D.F. Type in Museum of Zoology, Turin. Hab. CAPE OP GOOD HOPE (in Mus. Torino). 204. OOPELTA FLAVESCENS, Collinge. [S.A.M.] 1900 Oopelta flavescens, Cllge., Ann. S.A. Mus. ii. p. 6. pi. 1, f. 9, 10. pi. 2, f. 17. D.F.A. ' 1901 ,, ,, Ann. S.A. Mus. ii. p. 231. N. Type in University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Kalk Bay ; Caledon ; Swellendam ; Kogrnan's Kloof, Ashton (Purcell). 205. OOPELTA GRANULOSA, Collinge. [S.A.M.] 1900 Oopelta granulosa, Cllge., Ann. S.A. Mus. ii. p. 6. pi. 1. f. 11, 12. pi. 2, f. 18. D.F.A. 1901 Ann. S.A. Mus. ii. p. 231. N. Type in University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Nieuwondtville (Leipoldt). Hot Springs, Montagu (Purcell). Sir Lowry's Pass (Connolly). 206. OOPELTA MINOR, Pollonera. 1909 Oopelta minor, Pollon., Boll. Mus. Torino, xxiv, 608. p. 12. plate, f. 7, 8. D.F. Type in Museum of Zoology, Turin. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE (in Mus. Torino). 207. OOPELTA NIGEOPUNCTATA, Morch. [S.A.M.] 1867 Oopelta nigropunctata, Morch, Heynem., Mai. Blatt. xiv- p. 191. pi. 2, f. 1, 2. D.B. 1885 ,, Tryon,Man.ofConch.i.p.225. D. 1900 Cllge., Ann. S. A. Mus. ii. p. 5. pi. 1, f. 7, 8. pi. 2, f. 16. D.F.A. 1901 Cllge., Ann. S.A. Mus. ii. p. 231. pi. 14, f. 6, 11, 12. A. 1909 Pollon., Boll. Mus. Torino, xxiv, 608. p. 10. D, 126 Annals of the South African Museum. 1910 Oopelta nigropunctata, Morch, Srth.,Deutsch.Sudpol.Exp.xii,4. p. 149. pi. 21,11-14,16, 17. A. Hab. CAPE OP GOOD HOPE. Cape Town (Lightfoot). Bergvliet (Schultze). Albany District (Penther). Sir Lowry's Pass (Con- nolly). Described from Guinea. 208. OOPELTA POLYPUNCTATA, Collinge. [S.A.M.] 1901 Oopelta polypunctata, Cllge., Ann. S.A. Mus. ii. p. 232. pi. 14, f. 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10. D.F.A. Type in University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Zonder End, Caledon Division (Purcell). SUB-FAMILY AKIONIN^, Morse, 1864. (Journ. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist, i, 1. pp. 5, 7.) GENUS AEION, Ferussac, 1819. (Hist. Nat. Moll, ii, 1. pp. 50, 53.) Type of Genus, A. empiricorum, Fer. 209. ARION FUSCUS (Miiller). [S.A.M.] 1774 Limax fuscus , Mull., Verm. ii. p. 11. D. 1821 Fer., Tabl. Syst. Moll. pt. 2. p. 23. D. 1855 Arion fuscus, Miill., Moq.-Tand., Hist. Nat. Moll. Fr. ii. p. 14. pi. 1, f. 28-30. D.F. 1863 ,, ,, Morch, Vid. Med. naturh. For. Copenhagen, p. 273. D. 1873 ,, ,, Lehm., Leb. Schneck. Stettins, p. 17. pi. 2, f. 2. D.F. 1885 ,, ,, ( = subfuscus, Drap., cinctus, Dumont, fas- ciatus, Nilss. (part), and incommodus, Hutt.), Tryon, Man. of Conch, i. p. 235. pi. 57, f. 18-21. D.F. 1887 ,, Pollon.,Atti. Ace. Sci. Torino, xxii. p. 200. pi. 3, f. 14. D.F. 1890 ,, Pollon. , Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, v. p. 12. D. 1893 ,, Ckll., Conchologist, ii. p. 211. N. 1897 ,, ,, ( = citrinus, Wester!., 1871, and stabilis, Pollon., 1885), Cllge., P. Z.S. p. 443. pi. 30, f. 13. pi. 31, f. 14-16, D.A, Reference List of South African Non-marine Moilusca. 127 1900 Arionfuscus, Mull., Cllge., Ann. S.A. Mus. ii. p. 7. L. 1910 ,, Ann. Natal Mus. ii. p. 170. L. Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. Cape Town (Lightfoot). NATAL. Pietermaritzburg (Burnup). 210. AEION INTERMEDIUS, Normand. 1852 Arion intermedium, Norm., Descr. Lim. nouv. p. 6. D. 1867 Geomalacus intcrmedius, Norm., Mab., Rev. et Mag. Zool. p. 57. D. 1887 Arion intermedius, Norm., Pollon., Atti. Ace. Sci. Torino, xxii. p. 207. pi. 3, f. 1-7. D.F. 1893 ,, ,, Gain, Conchologist, ii. p. 55. N. Ckll., ibid. pp. 63, 212. D.A.N. 1906 ,, Tayl., Mon.Brit. Moll.p. 240.pl.24 (1907), f. 18-23. D.F.A.R. 1907 ,, ,, Srth., Zool. Anz. Leipsig, xxxi. pp. 794, 796. N. 1910 ,, Srth., Deutsch. Sudpol. Exp. xii, 4. p. 153. N. Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. Cape Flats (Schultze). Although first differentiated at so comparatively recent date, this European species has the following synonyms : Geomalacus hiemalis, Drouet, 1867; mabillei, Baud, 1868; vendeanus, Let., 1869; Arion verrucosiis, Brev., 1881 ; mabillianus, Baud, 1884 ; minimus, Srth., 1885 ; and mollerii, Pollon., 1889. FAMILY ENDODONTID/E, Crosse, 1894. (J. de C. xlii. p. 219.) GBNUS ENDODONTA, Albers, 'I860. (Die Helic. p. 90.) Type of Genus, E. lamellosa (Fer.). SECTION AFKODONTA, Melv. & Pons, 1908. (A.M.N.H. i. pp. 133, 135.) Type of Section, E. bilamsllaris, M. & P. 211. ENDODONTA (AFRODONTA) BILAMELLARIS, Melv. & Pons. [S.A.M.] 1908 Afrodonta Zn7awe^am,M.&P.,A.M.N.H.i.p.l34.pl.7,f.6. D.F. G.-Aust.,;foVip.l35.pl.8,f.2. AM. 128 Annals of the South African Museum. 1912 Endodonta (Afrodonta) bilamellaris, M. & P., Bnp., Ann. Natal Mus. ii. p. 335. pi. 24, f. 18. D.N.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Dargle ; Edendale; Tongaat; Enon bush, Eich- mond; Hilton Eoad ; Ntimbankulu (Burnup). 212. ENDODONTA (AFRODONTA) FARQUHARI, Burnup. 1912 Endodonta (Afrodonta) farquhari, Bnp., Ann. Natal Mus. ii. p. 339. pi. 24, f. 7-10. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Grahamstown ; Port Elizabeth ; Kowie ; Bathurst (Farquhar). 213. ENDODONTA (AFRODONTA) INHLUZANIENSIS, Burnup. 1912 Endodonta (Afrodonta) inhluzaniensis, Bnp., Ann. Natal Mus. ii. p. 342. pi. 24, f. 14-17. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Inhluzani Mountain (Burnup). 214. ENDODONTA (AFRODONTA) NOVEMLAMELLARIS, Burnup. [S.A.M.] 1912 Endodonta (Afrodonta) novemlamellaris, Bnp., Ann. Natal Mus. ii. p. 341. pi. 24, f. 11-13. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Grahamstown ; Kowie (Farquhar). King Williamstown (Godfrey). 215. ENDODONTA (AFRODONTA) PERFIDA, Burnup. 1907 Trachycystis rotula, M.&P.,A.M.N.H.xix. p. 99. pl.6,f. 12. D.F. 1912 Endodonta (Afrodonta) perfida, Bnp. ( = rotula, M. & P., 1907, nee Hombr. & Jacq., 1854), Bnp., Ann. Natal Mus. ii. p. 337. pi. 24, f. 1-6. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Fern Kloof, Grahamstown (Far- quhar) . 216. ENDODONTA (AFRODONTA) TRILAMELLARIS, Melv. & Pons. [S.A.M.] 1908 Afrodonta trilamellaris,M..&P., A.M.N.H.i.p. 134.pl.7,f.7. D.F. 1912 Endodonta (Afrodonta) trilamellaris, M. & P., Bnp., Ann. Natal Mus. ii. p. 336. D.N. Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 129 Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Dargle (Burnup). GENUS PHOETION, Preston, 1910. (A.M.N.H. vi. p. 531.) ( = Pliasis, Albers, 1850, nee Hubner, in Lepidoptera, 1816.) Type of Genus, Ph. menJceanum (Pfr.). 217. PHORTION CAPENSE (Pfeiffer). [S.A.M.] 1841 Helix capensis, Pfr., Symb. i. p. 40. D. 1848 (=iiromta, Zgl. in litt.), Pfr., Mon. Hel. i. p. GO. D. 1849 Conch. Cab. p.220.pl.34 (1848), f.9-11. D.F. 1850 Bs., A.M.N.H. v. p. 217. N. 1851 ,, Eve., Conch. Icon. pi. 43, f. 202. D.F. 1853 ,, ( = littoricola, Bs. in litt.), Pfr., Mon. Hel. iii. p. 66. 1887 Helix (Pclla) capcnsis, Pfr., Tryon, Man. of Conch, iii. p. 103. pi. 20, f. 61. D.F. Type in Stuttgart Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE (coll. Pfeiffer). Cape Town and Cape Peninsula (very common). Eobben I. (Fisk). Dassen I. (Connolly). Port Elizabeth to Alexandria (Crawford). Port Alfred (Penther). Widely distributed from Port Elizabeth to Namaland. Ph. paludi- cola (Bs.) is possibly a small, and uitenhagen.se (Krs.) a high-spired, form of capcnsc, while namaquanum (von Mts.) appears to be little more than a variety of the same species, of which examples quite as large as namaquanum are known from Muizenberg. 218. PHORTION MENKEANUM (Pfeiffer). [S.A.M.] 1842 Helix menkeana, Pfr. (H. capensis, Menke, ined.), Pfr., Symb. ii. p. 33. D. 1848 Mou. Hel. i. p. 55. D. Krs., Siidafr. Moll. p. 75. N. 1852 ,, Conch. Cab. p. 229. pi. 133, f. 5, 6. pi. Ill (1850), f. 1-5. D.F. ,, Eve., Conch. Icon. pi. 106, f. 591. D.F. 1887 Helix (Pellet] menkeana, Pfr., Tryon, Man. of Conch, iii. p. 108. pi. 21, f. 98. D.F. 1893 PJiasis menkeana, Pfr., Pilsb., Man. of Conch, ix. p. 37. pi. 10, f. 1-3. F. 130 Annals of the South African Museum. Type in Stettin Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE (Menke). Elim (Krauss). CAPE PENINSULA, widely distributed from Table Mountain to Cape Point. 219. PHORTION NAMAQUANUM (von Martens). 1889 Helix (Pclla) namaquana, von Mts., Sitz.-Ber. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berlin, p. 161. D. 1893 Phasis namaquana, von Mts., Pilsb., Man. of Conch, viii.p.297. N. 1894 Helix Conch. Mitth. iii, 3. p. 4. D. 18-J7 ,, ,, Archiv. f. Naturg. Ixiii, i. p. 38. pi. 7, f. 1-4. D.F. Type in Zool. Mus. Berlin. Hab. LITTLE NAMALAND. Between Port Nolloth and Ananas (Schenck ; Day). 220. PHORTION PALUDICOLA (Benson). 1850 Helix palndicola, Bs., A.M.N.H. vi. p. 253. D. 1853,54 Pfr.,Conch.Cab.p.358.pl.l37,f.4,5. D.F. 1853 ,, ,, Mon. Hel. iii. p. 66. D. Eve., Conch. Icon. pi. 174, f. 1179. D.F. 1887 Helix (Pella) paludicola, Bs., Tryon, Man. of Conch, iii. p. 104. pi. 20, f. 64. D.F. Specimens ex auct. in University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge. Hal. CAPE PENINSULA. " Baszaarms " (Baas Harman's) Kraal, near Eetreat (Benson). Seekoe Vlei (Connolly). 221. ? PHORTION SOLLERS (Melv. & Pons.) 1907 ? Phasis sollcrs, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xix. p. 100. pi. 6, f. 14. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hal. ZULULAND. Melmoth (Miss Hickey). Probably better placed nearer Tr achy cyst is. 222. PHORTION UITENHAGENSE (Krauss). 1846 Helix u/tenhagensis, Krs., Pfr., Syrnb. iii. p. 66. D. 1848 ,, Mon. Hel. i. p. 61. D. Siidafr. Moll. p. 76. pi. 4, f. 22. D.F. 1854 ,, Eve., Conch. Icon. pl.207, f.1461. D.F. 1887 Helix (Pclla) uitenhagensis, Krs., Tryon, Man. of Conch, iii. p. 104. pi. 20, f. 63. D.F. Type in Stuttgart Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Winterhoek Mt., Uitenhage Reference List of South African Non-marine Molhisca. 131 (Krauss). " Moderately plentiful in the neighbourhood of the village of Uitenhage, on the gravelly soil on low bushes " (Layard). Crawford considers this species to be a var. of capense, and writes of its occurrence at Port Elizabeth : "P. uitenhagense is found only in Zwartkops valley, and is always more conical than capense. Same habits as capense." Layard wrote : " I look upon this as the inland variety of the preceding species" (capense}. "It was not nearly so abundant as capensis in its own locality. It has more whorls and a more exserted spire than capensis, but partakes of all the varieties from pure white to dark mottled specimens." GENUS SCULPTARIA, Pfeiffer, 1855. (Mai. Blatt. ii. p. 135.) Type of Genus, S. sculpturata (Gray). The subjoined classification is based on J. H. Ponsonby's article in Proc. Mai. Soc., 1910, vol. ix. p. 34. 223. SCULPTARIA COLLARIS (Pfeiffer). 1867 Helix cottar is, Pfr., Mai. Blatt. xiv. p. 197. D. 1868 Mon. Hel. v. p. 506. D. 1869 Novit.Conch.iii.p.496.pl. 107, f. 5-9. D.F. 1886 Helix sculpturata, Gray, Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 621. pi. 178, f. 26- 28. D.F. 1887 Polygyra (Sculptaria) sculpturata, Gray, var. collaris, Pfr., Tryon, Man. of Conch, iii. p. 138. pi. 24, f. 27, 28. D.F. 1910 Sculptaria collaris, Pfr., Pons., Proc. Mai. Soc. ix. p. 35. N. Helix (Sculptaria) collaris, Pfr., Bttg., Abh. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. Frankfurt, xxxii. p. 438. N. Type in Stettin Museum. Hab. DAMARALAND (fide Bottger). 224. SCULPTARIA DAMARENSIS (H. Adams). 1870 Helix (Cor ilia) damarensis, H. Ad., P.Z.S.p.379.pl. 27, f. 14. D.F. 1887 Polygyra (Sculptaria) sculpturata, Gray, var. damarensis, H. Ad., Tryon, Man. of Conch, iii. p. 138. pi. 25, f. 67, 68. D.F. 1890 Sculptaria cliapmanni, Ancey, Bull.Soc. Mai. Fr., vii. p. 156. D. 1892 ,, melmlliana, Ancey ( = cJiapmanni, Ancey, nee Cox), Brit. Nat. p. 126. 1910 damarensis, H. Ad., Pons., Proc. Mai. Soc. ix. p. 35. N. 132 Annals of the South African Museum. 1910 Helix (Sculptaria) damarensis, H. Ad., Bttg., Abb. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. Frankfurt, xxxii. p. 438. N. Type of damarensis in British Museum ; melvilliana in coll. Dautzenberg. Hab. OVAMPOLAND. Walwicb Bay (melvilliana, Andersson and Cbapnian). Pfeiffer, Clessin, and von Martens have at different times placed the present species in the synonymy of collaris, Pfr., and Paetel and Tryon in that of sculpturata, Gray. Ponsonby (1910) remarks : " This is the largest species of the Genus ; the spire is more raised and the sculpture is weaker than in any of its allies." 225. SCULPTARIA RETISCULPTA (von Martens). 1889 Helix retisculpta, von Mts., Nachrichtsbl. d. Deutsch. Mai. Ges. xxi. p. 154. D. 1894 Sculptaria retisculpta, von Mts., Conch. Mitth. iii, 3. p. 5. D. 1897 ,, Archiv. f. Naturg. Ixiii, i. p. 38. pi. 7, f. 5-7. D.F. 1910 Pons.,Proc.Mal.Soc.ix.p.36. N. Type in Zool. Mus. Berlin. Hab. DAMAEALAND. Ussab (ex " Linnaa," fide von Martens). 226. SCULPTAKIA SCULPTURATA (Gray). 1838 Helicodonta sculpturata, Gray, Alexander's Expedition, ii. p. 268. D. 1845 Helix sculpturata, Gray, Pfr., Zeitschr. f. Malak. p. 86. -D. 1848 Mon. Hel. i. p. 408. D. 1854 Eve, Conch. Icon. pi. 208,11471. D.F. 1887 Polygyra (Sculptaria) sculpturata, Gray, Tryon, Man. of Conch. iii. p. 138. pi. 25, f. 69. D.F. 1893 Sculptaria sculpturata, Gray, Pilsb., Man. of Conch, ix. p. 39. pi. 10, f. 4. F. 1910 ,, Pons.,Proc.Mal.Soc.ix.p.34. D. Helix (Sculptaria) sculpturata, Pfr., Bttg., Abh. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. Frankfurt, xxxii. p. 437. N. Type in British Museum. Hab. GREAT NAMALAND. Near the Great Fish Eiver (Alexander). DAMARALAND. " Kurikaubmund am Swakop (Kurikop bei Otji- kango) " (Eintelen). var. RINTELENI, Bottger. 1910 Helix (sculptaria} sculpturata, Pfr., var. rinteleni, Bttg., Abh. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. Frankfurt, xxxii.p.437.pl.28,f.l. D.F. Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 133 Type in Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt. Hob. DAMARALAND. Huleb, S. of Usakos (Eintelen). GENUS TEACHYCYSTIS, Pilsbry, 1893. (Man. of Conch, viii. p. 136, and ix. p. 37.) ( = Pella, Albers, 1860 (pars), nee Stephens, in Coleoptera, 1835.) Type of Genus, T. bisculpta (Bs.). During recent years this Genus has been a convenient receptacle for a large number of small South African helicoids, whose soft parts are mostly unknown, and whose conchological characters do not admit of their inclusion in other South African Genera. It has long been obvious that, as more becomes known of the animals, the Genus will have to undergo considerable revision. The fact, too, of bisculpta standing as the type will enormously restrict Trachycystis s.s., as its animal is a very peculiar one, to which only charybdis, and probably tollini, vorticialis, and hartvigiana are near akin. 227. TBACHYCYSTIS ACTINOTRICHA (Melv. & Pons.). [S.A.M.] 1892 Helix (Pella) actinotricha, M. & P., A.M.N.H. x. p. 238. pi. 13, f. 5. D.F. 1893 Phasis (Trachycystis) actinotricha, M. & P., Pilsb., Man. of Conch, viii. p. 143. pi. 35, f. 14. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Pietermaritzburg ; Karkloof ; Nottingham Eoad (Burnup) . 228. TRACHYCYSTIS ^NEA (Krauss). 1848 Helix anea, Krs., Siidafr. Moll. p. 75. pi. 4, f. 18. D.F. Pfr., Zeitschr. f. Malak. p. 92. D. 1853 Mon. Hel. iii. p. 68. D. 1854 Eve., Conch. Icon. pi. 189, f. 1320. D.F. 1887 Helix (Pclla) cenea, Krs., Tryon, Man. of Conch, iii. p. 105. pi. 20, f. 71. D.F. Type in Stuttgart Museum. Hab. NATAL (Wahlberg). 229. TRACHYCYSTIS ALCOCKI, Melv. & Pons. [S.A.M.] 1895 Helix (Trachycystis) alcocJci, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xv. p. 164. pi. 12, f. 2. D.F. 134 Annals of the South African Museum. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OP GOOD HOPE. Kowie, Port Alfred to Alexandria District (Crawford). Grahamstown (Farquhar). 230. TRACHYCYSTIS AFRICA (Krauss). 1848 Helix aprica, Krs., Siidafr. Moll. p. 77. pi. 4, f. 2G. D.F. Ph., Zeitschr. f. Malak. p. 114. D. 1851 ,, Eve., Conch. Icon. pi. 43, f. 201. D.F. 1853 Pfr., Mon. Hel. iii. p. 123. D. 1887 Helix (Pella) aprica, Krs., Try on, Man. of Conch, iii. p. 107. pi. 20, f. 88. D.F. Type in Stuttgart Museum. Hab. NATAL (Wahlberg). 233 . TRACHYCYSTIS AULACOPHORA (Ancey). 1890 Helix aulacopliora, Ancey, Bull. Soc. Mai. France, vii. p. 158. D. 1893 Phasis (Trachycystis) aulacophora, Ancey, Pilsb., Man. of Conch, viii. p. 138. pi. 43, f. 60, 61. D.F. Type in coll. Geret. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Port Elizabeth, North end to Zwartkops River (Crawford). 232. TRAOHYCYSTIS BATHYCOELE (Melv. & Pons.). [S.A.M.] 1892 Helix (Pclla) bathycode, M. & P., A.M.N.H. ix. p. 89. pl.5, f .4. D.F. 1893 Phasis (Trachycystis) bathycoele, M. & P., Pilsb., Man. of Conch. viii. p. 139. pi. 35, f. 13. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Craigie Burn, Somerset East (Miss Bowker). Bedford ; Dassie Krantz, Grahamstown (Farquhar). Van Staadens River, Port Elizabeth (Crawford). NATAL. Pietermaritzburg ; Ntirnbankulu (Burnup). 233. TRACHYCYSTIS BISCULPTA (Benson). [S.A.M.] 1851 Helix bisculpta, Bs., A.M.N.H. vii. p. 103. D. 1853 ,, ,, Pfr., Mon. Hel. iii. p. 72. D. ,, Eve., Conch. Icon. pi. 173, f. 1171. D.F. 1854 ,, ,, Pfr., Conch. Cab. p. 380. pi. 141 (1852), f. 17-19. D.F. 1887 Helix (Pella) bisculpta, Bs., Tryon, Man. of Conch, iii. p. 105. pi. 20, f. 72. D.F. Ecference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 135 1893 PJiasis (Trachycystis) bisculpta, Bs., Pilsb., Man. of Conch, ix. pp. 37, 38. pi. 10, f. 5-7. pi. 15, f. 3, 4. F.A. Specimens ex auct. in University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Camps Bay (Benson). HouwHoek (Lightfoot). Widely distributed over the greater part of the Cape Peninsula, from Lion's Head to Cape Point. Layard wrote : " There are two forms of this shell ; var. major is found at Bredasdorp ; the var. minor I procured among grass roots at the foot of the Bound Battery, Simonstown." A beautiful variety with white, translucent shell, from Signal Hill, Cape Town (Lightfoot), is in the S.A. Museum. 234. TRACHYCYSTIS BURNUPI, Melv. & Pons. [S.A.M.] 1892 Helix (PeUa)burmi,piM-&P.,kM.N.~H..x.p. 239. p\.13,L6. D.F. 1893 Phasis (Trachycystis) burnupi, M. & P., Pilsb., Man. of Conch. viii. p. 140. pi. 35, f. 5. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Pietermaritzburg(Burnup). Common throughout Natal. LORENZO MARQUES. Delagoa Bay (Connolly). 235. TRACHYCYSTIS CALORAMA, Melv. & Pons. [S.A.M.] 1899 Trachyci/stis calorama, M. & P., A.M.N.H. iv. p. 196. pl.3, f.6. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Pinetown ; Inchanga (Burnup). 236. TRACHYCYSTIS CENTRIFUGA, Melv. & Pons. [S.A.M.] 1903. Trachycystis centrifuga, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xii. p. 602. pi. 32, f. 9. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OP GOOD HOPE. Maestrom Forest, Bedford (Farqu- har). Pirie Forest (var., Godfrey). 237. TRACHYCYSTIS CHARYBDIS (Benson). [S.A.M.] 1856 Helix clianjbdis, Bs., A.M.N.H. xviii. p. 436. D. 1859 Pfr., Mon. Hel. iv. p. 106. D. 1899 M.&P,A.M.N.H.iv.p.l94.pl.3,f.l6. N.F. Specimen ex auct. in University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge. Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. Table Mountain (Layard ; Lightfoot ; Connolly). Kalk Bay (Lightfoot), 136 Annals of the South African Museum. 238. TRACHYCYSTIS CONISALEA (Melv. & Pons.). [S.A.M.] 1892 Helix (Pella) conisalea, M. & P., A.M.N.H. x. p.239. pl.13, f .7. D.F. 1893 Phasis (Tr achy cyst is) conisalea, M. &P., Pilsb., Man. of Conch. viii. p. 145. pi. 35, f. 4. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Pietermaritzburg ; Nottingham Eoad ; Karkloof; Dargle; Equeefa; Table Mountain, E. of Pietermaritzburg (Burnup). 239. TRACHYCYSTIS CONNOLLYI, Melv. & Pons. [S.A.M.] 1909 Trachycystis Connolly i,W.& P., A.M.N.H. iv.p.491.pl.8,f. 15. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OP GOOD HOPE. Montagu (Connolly). Kuruman (in coll. Layard). Nearly allied to T. farquhari (M. & P.). 240. TRACHYCYSTIS coxi, Preston. 1912 Trachycystis coxi, Prest., Proc. Mai. Soc. x. p. 18. D.F. Type in coll. Dautzenberg. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Knysna Forest (Cox). Eesembles inclara, Morelet, from which it differs in being imper- forate and of a more delicate substance. 241. TRACHYCYSTIS ECTIMA, Melv. & Pons. [S.A.M.] 1899 Trachycystis ectima, M. & P., A.M.N.H. iv. p. 197. pi. 3, f. 8. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Umkomaas ; Tongaat (Burnup). 242. TRACHYCYSTIS EPETRIMA (Melv. & Pons.). 1892 Helix (Pella) epetrima^l. & P., A.M.N.H. ix.p. 84.pl. 4, f. 3. D.F. 1893 Phasis (Trachycystis) cpctrima, M. & P., Pilsb., Man. of Conch. viii. p. 146. pi. 35, f. 6. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Somerset District (fide M. & P.). North End, Port Elizabeth (Crawford). 243. TRACHYCYSTIS ERYTHRACTIS, sp. nov., pi. 2, f. 5. [S.A.M.] Shell depressed-conic, subrimate, rather thin and dull, hardly translucent ; with close, faint, regular striation parallel to the curve of the outer lip ; pale cream-coloured, prettily marked on the upper side with irregular ruby rays and streaks ; the underside, though Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 137 similarly striate, is of thinner texture and devoid of red marking. Spire moderately elevated, apex sharp. Whorls 5, gradually increasing, rounded, with very slight angulation at the periphery. Suture simple, shallow. Aperture compressed oval ; peristome thin, simple ; columella short, thickened upwards, margin narrowly reflexed, almost entirely concealing the perforation. Diam. rnaj. 10 - 1, min. 8 - 9 ; alt. 6 - 8 ; Apert. alt. 5 - 2, lat. 5*4 mm. Type in South African Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Caledon Division (Lightfoot). Possibly nearer Phortion than Trachycystis, but differing there- from in one or two important particulars. 244. TRACHYCYSTIS FARQUHARI (Melv. & Pons.). 1892 Helix farquhari, M. & P., A.M.N.H. x. p. 240. pi. 13, f. 9. D.F. 1893 Phasis (Trachycystis) farquhari, M. & P., Pilsb., Man. of Conch. viii. p. 147. pi. 35, f. 12. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Port Elizabeth (Farquhar). Very nearly allied to T. connollyi, from which it possibly differs in having rather less convex whorls and more concave columella. 245. TRACHYCYSTIS GLANVILLIANA (Ancey). 1890 Helix glanvilliana, Ancey, Bull. Soc. Mai. Fr. vii. p. 157. D. 1893 Phasis (Trachycystis) glanvilliana, Ancey, Pilsb., Man. of Conch, viii. p. 147. N. Type in coll. Geret. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Grahamstown (Miss Glanville). 246. TRACHYCYSTIS GLEBARIA, Melv. & Pons. [S.A.M.] 1903 Trac%C7/.s^s(//e6aria,M.&P.,A.M.N.H.xii.p.602.pl.32,f.l5. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Pinetown ; Hilton Eoad (Burnup). 247. TRACHYCYSTIS HARTVIGIANA (Pfeiffer). 1861 Helix hartvigiana, Pfr., Mai. Blatt. viii. p. 167. D. 1868 Mon. Hel. v. p. 239. D. 1886 Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 617. pi. 178, f. 10- 12. D.F. 1887 Helix (Pclla) hartvigiana, Pfr., Tryon, Man. of Conch, iii. p. 107. pi. 20, f. 89-91. D.F. 1898 Pella hartvigiana, Pfr,, Stur., S.A. Moll p. 39. N. 138 Annals of the South African Museum. Type in Stettin Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Gnadenthal, near Stellenbosch (Hartvig). Oudebosch (Layard). 248. TRACHYCYSTIS HOTTENTOTA (Melv. & Pons.). [S.A.M.] 1891 Helix hottcntota, M. & P., A.M.N.H. viii. p. 239. D. 1892 ix. p. 94. pi. 4, f. 6. F. 1893 Phasix (Trachycystis) hottentota, M. & P., Pilsb., Man. of Conch. viii. p. 141. pi. 35, f. 8. D.F. 1907 Trachycystispaula,W.&P., A.M.N.H.xix.p.99.pl.6,f.ll. D.F. Types in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Happy Valley and Eufane Vale, Port Elizabeth (Crawford). Wynberg ; Simonstown ; Lakeside ; Caledon (Connolly). NATAL. Pietermaritzburg (Penther). Majuba (Connolly). Game Pass, &c. (Burnup). TRANSVAAL. Johannesburg (paula, McBean). Pretoria ; Pienaars Poort ; Buiskop (Connolly). A somewhat variable species, in which the beautiful distant costu- late sculpture, so noticeable in immature or very fine adult specimens, disappears quickly when exposed to wear. The type of paula has been very carefully compared with that of hottentota, and is un- doubtedly conspecific. 249. TRACHYCYSTIS INCLARA (Morelet). [S.A.M.] 1889 Helix mops, Morel., J. de C. xxxvii. p. 6. pi. 1, f. 2. D.F. ,, inclara, Morel., ( = inops, Morel., 1889, nee Mouss., 1872), Morel, J. de C. xxxvii. p. 200. ,, ,, bowkeriana, Ancey, in litt. 1893 Phasis (Trachycystis) inops, Morel., Pilsb., Man. of Conch, viii. p. 144.pl. 43, f. 50, 51. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Port Elizabeth ; Alexandria District (Crawford). Grahamstown (bowkeriana, Miss Glanville). Thai-field (bowkeriana, Miss Bowker). Bedford ; Bathurst (Parquhar). Port St. John's (Shortridge). 250. TRACHYCYSTIS KNYSNAENSIS, Preston. 1912 Trachycystis knymaensis, Prest., Proc. Mai. Soc. x. p. 17. D.F. Type in coll. Dautzenberg. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE, Knysna Forest (Cox). Reference, List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 139 251. TEACHYCYSTIS LATICOSTATA, Melv. & Pons. 1903 Trachycystis laticostata, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xii. p. 602. pi. 32, f. 5. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Maestrom Forest, Bedford (Far- quhar). 252. TRACHYCYSTIS LIGNICOLA, Melv. & Pons. 1898 Trachycystis lignicola, M. & P., A.M.N.H. ii. p. 125. pi. 7,11. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Fish Eiver, Cradock (Farquhar). 253. TRACHYCYSTIS LIRICOSTATA (Melv. & Pons.). 1891 Helix (Pella) liricostata, M. & P., A.M.N.H. viii. p. 239. D. 1892 ix.p.94.pl.5,f.l. F. 1893 Phasis (Trachycystis) liricostata, M. & P., Pilsb., Man. of Conch, viii. p. 140. pi. 35, f. 9. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. East Griqualand (fide M. & P.). Van Staadens Eiver and Coerney, Port Elizabeth (Crawford). 254. TRACHYCYSTIS LOVENI (Krauss). 1848 Helix loveni, Krs., Siidafr. Moll. p. 76. pi. 4, f. 21. D.F. Pfr., Zeitschr. f. Malak. v. p. 93. D. 1851 ,, ,, Eve., Conch. Icon. pi. 43, f. 195. D.F. 1853 Pfr., Mon. Hel. iii. p. 79. D. 1887 Helix (Pella) loveni, Krs., Tryon, Man. of Conch, iii. p. 106. pi. 20, f. 74. D.F. 1898 Phasis (Trachycystis) loveni, M. & P., Stur., S.A. Moll. p. 45. (Err. typ.) Type in Stuttgart Museum. Hab. NATAL (Wahlberg). 255. TRACHYCYSTIS LYG^A (Melv. & Pons.). [S.A.M.] 1892 Helix (Pella) lygaa, M. & P., A.M.N.H. ix. p. 85. pi. 4, f. 7. D.F. 1893 Phasis (Trachycystis) lygcea, M. & P., Pilsb., Man. of Conch. viii. p. 138. pi. 35, f. 7. D.F. 1899 Trachycystis lygcea, M. & P., Moss & Webb, Proc. Mai. Soc. iii. p. 263. A. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Pietermaritzburg (Burnup). CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Somerset East District (Miss Bowker). 11 140 Annals of the South African Museum. 256. TRACHYCYSTIS METALLAKTEB, sp. nov., pi. 2, f. 6. [S.A.M.] Shell small, depressed globose, urabilicate, thin, fulvo-corneous, semitransparent. Spire little raised, apex rounded. Whorls 4, convex, gradually increasing ; beautifully sculptured above on the second, third, and part of the fourth with delicate, curved, rather distant, transverse lirae, which are clear, but less pronounced, on the underside ; towards the aperture the striation becomes closer and fainter. Suture deep. Aperture sub-ovate, descending slightly; peristome thin, simple. Umbilicus not very wide, but deep, extend- ing to the apex. Columella weak, margin slightly reflexed, but in no way concealing the umbilicus. Diam. maj. 4'0, rnin. 3'4 ; alt. 2-2; apert. alt. 1-9, lat. T5 mm. Type in British Museum. Hob. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Caledon (Connolly). As with the far smaller hottentota, M. & P., the distant lirae, which are such a beautiful feature in immature shells, wear off with in- creasing age, and do not seem to be produced after the first 3J whorls. I have chosen the type carefully, as being in a tran- sitional stage, for specimens of exceptional size possessing 5 whorls show hardly a trace of the early sculpture, and might well be mistaken for a different species. 257. TRACHYCYSTIS MICROSCOPICA (Krauss). 1848 Helix microscopica, Krs., Svidafr. Moll. p. 76. pi. 4, f. 20. D.F. ,, Pfr., Zeitschr. f. Malak. v. p. 93. D. 1853 ,, Mon. Hel. iii. p. 83. D. 1887 Helix (Pella) microscopica, Krs., Try on, Man. of Conch, iii. p. 106. pi. 20, f. 77, 78. D.F. Type in Stockholm Museum. Hab. NATAL. Mooi Eiver (Wahlberg). Through the courtesy of Dr. S. Theele, of Stockholm, I am enabled to give, on p. 159, a photograph of this little-known species. It will be seen that it can hardly be placed in Pupisoma, but its exact generic position is extremely doubtful. 258. TRACHYCYSTIS MICROSTRIATA, Preston. 1912 Trachycystis microstriata, Prest., Proc. Mai. Soc. x. p. 18. D.F. Type in coll. Dautzenberg. Hab. CAPE OF GOQD HOPE. Knysna (Cox). Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 141 259. TRACHYCYSTIS OEDINABIA, Melv. & Pons. [S.A.M.] 1908 Trachycystis ordinaria, M. &P., A.M.N.H.i. p. 135. pi. 7,f.8. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. TBANSVAAL. Potchefstroom (Miss Livingston). ORANGE FREE STATE. Bloemfontein ; Eustfontein (Connolly). Kroonstad (Miss Hickey). Specimens from Eustfontein have rather coarser and more distant striation than the typical form, but are hardly specifically separable. 260. TRACHYCYSTIS OREINA, Melv. & Pons. 1903 Trachycijstis orema,M.P.,A.M.N.H.xii.p.602.pl.32,f.8. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Grahamstown (Farquhar). 261. TRACHYCYSTIS PATERA, Melv. & Pons. 1903 Trachycystis patera, M.&P., A.M.N.H.xii.p.603.pl. 32, f. 6. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Maestrom Forest, Bedford (Far- quhar). Simonstown (Connolly). 262. TRACHYCYSTIS PERMEATA, Melv. & Pons. 1903 Trachycystis permeata, M.&P.,A.M.N.H.xii.p.603.pl.32,f.2. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Pinetown ; Tongaat (Burnup). 263. TRACHYCYSTIS PERPLICATA (Benson). [S.A.M.] 1851 Helix perplicata, Bs., A.M.N.H. vii. p. 104. D. 1853 Eve., Conch. Icon. pi. 173, f. 1173. D.F. ,, Pfr., Mon. Hel. hi. p. 81. D. 1854 Conch. Cab. p. 381. pi. 141 (1852), f. 20-22. D.F. 1885 Helicopsis tabula, Chaper, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. x. p. 483. pi. 11, f. 4, 5. D.F. 1887 Helix (Pella) perplicata, Bs., Tryon, Man. of Conch, iii. p. 106. pi. 20, f. 76. D.F. 1892 rhysodes, M.&P.,A.M.N.H.ix.p.87.pl.4,f.2. D.F. 1893 Phasis (Trachycystis) rhysodes, M. & P., Pilsb., Man. of Conch. viii. p. 141. pi. 35, f. 2. D.F. ,, ,, tabulce, Chaper, Pilsb., Man. of Conch. viii. p. 139. pi. 43, f. 52. D.F. Specimens of perplicata, ex auct., in University Museum of 142 Annals of the South African Museum. Zoology, Cambridge. Type of rhysodes in British Museum ; tabula in Ecole des Mines, Paris. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Near Newlands (Benson). Table Mountain (tabula, Chaper). ? Port Elizabeth (fide Sturany). Widely distributed throughout the Cape Peninsula from Table Mountain to ' Cape Point. The type of rhysodes, from the Layard collection, from an unknown locality, is identical with perplicata, Bs. ; and after careful study of Chaper's description and figure of tabula, I have no hesitation in placing the latter in the same synonymy. 264. TRACHYCYSTIS PETEOBIA (Benson). 1851 Helix petrobia, Bs., A.M.N.H. vii. p. 105. D. 1853 Pfr., Mon. Hel. iii. p. 95. D. Eve., Conch. Icon. pi. 173, f. 1169. D.F. 1854 , ; Pfr., Conch. Cab. p. 382. pi. 141 (1852), f. 25-27. D.F. 1887 Helix (Pella) petrobia, Bs., Tryon, Man. of Conch, iii. p. 107. pi. 20, f. 81. D.F. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. High Constantia (Benson). Port Elizabeth, North End (Crawford). 265. TRACHYCYSTIS PINGUIS (Krauss). 1848 Helix pinguis, Krs., Siidafr. Moll. p. 75. pi. 4, f. 19. D.F. ,, Pfr., Zeitschr. f. Malak. v. p. 91. D. 1851 ,, ,, Eve., Conch. Icon. pi. 43, f. 200. D.F. 1853 ,, Pfr., Mon. Hel. iii. p. 64. D. 1887 Helix (Pella) pinguis, Krs., Tryon, Man. of Conch, iii. p. 103. pi. 20, f. 60. D.F. 1898 Pella pinguis, Krs., Stur., S.A. Moll. p. 39. N. Type in Stuttgart Museum. Hab. NATAL (Wahlberg). No recent localities are given, as doubt exists whether the shell, which has of late years been generally accepted as pinguis, is in reality that species, von Martens' record of Tette must also be viewed with distrust. 266. TRACHYCYSTIS PLANTI (Pfeiffer). [S.A.M.] 1854 Helix platti, Pfr., P.Z.S. p. 51. (Err. typ.) D. , planti Eve., Conch. Icon. pi. 189, f. 1325. D.F. 1859 Mon. Hel. iv. p. 60. D. Eeference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 143 1885 Helix planti Pir., Kob., Conch. Cab.p. 622. pi. 178, f. 29-31. D.F. 1887 (Pella) plant i, Pfr., Tryon, Man. of Conch, iii. p. 105. pi. 20, f. 73. D.F. 1893 Phasis (Tr achy cyst is) planti, Pfr., Pilsb., Man. of Conch, viii. p. 142. pi. 43, f. 57-59. N.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL (Plant). Lower Umkomaas ; Durban ; Tongaat (Burnup). ZULULAND. Umbonarnbi (Burnup). ? TRANSVAAL. Lydenburg (fide Craven). A very doubtful locality. CAPE OP GOOD HOPE. Tharfield, near Kleinrnont Eivermouth (Miss Bowker, fide Layard). var. AFRICLE, Brown. 1865 Helix africce, Brown, Amer. Journ. of Conch, i. p. 136. D. 1876 ,, Pfr., MOD. Hel. vii. p. 459. D.N. 1877 ,, ,, Conch. Cab. p. 527. pi. 162, f. 8, 9. D.F. 1893 Phasis (Tr achy cyst is) africce, Brown, Pilsb., Man. of Conch. ' viii. p. 142. pi. 43, f. 55, 56. D.F. ,, ,, planti, Pfr., var. af rices, Brown, Pilsb. Man. of Conch, ix. p. 38. Type in Philadelphia Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Great Brakke (Brown). 267. TRACHYCYSTIS PRIONACIS (Benson). [S.A.M.] 1864 Helix prionacis, Bs., A.M.N.H. xiii. p. 493. D. ,, browningii ,, D. 1868 Pfr., Mon. Hel. v. p. 178. D. ,, ,, prionacis ,, ,, p. 183. D. 1892 (PaZZa)erate*na,M.&P. f A.M.N.H,ix.p.88.pl.ftf.8. D.F. 1893 Phasis (Trachycystis) erateina, M. & P., Pilsb., Man. of Conch. viii. p. 137. pi. 35, f. 11. D.F. ,, prionacis, Bs., Pilsb., ibid. p. 137. D. ,, ,, browningii, Bs., Pilsb., ibid. p. 136. D. ,, browningii, Bs., Pilsb., Man. of Conch. ix. p. 38. pi. 10, f. 8, 9. F. 1898 Trachycystis eratina, M. & P., Proc. Mai. Soc. iii. p. 173. Type of eratina in British Museum ; originals of browningii in U-niversity Museum of Zoology, Cambridge ; prionacis probably in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Bredasdorp (prionacis, Layard). 144 Annals of the South African Museum. Near Cape Point (browningii, Browning). Bredasdorp ; Cape Point (eratina, Layard). Prionacis was founded on a single specimen furnished by Layard from Bredasdorp ; browningii on two found by Browning near Cape Point ; eratina on shells in coll. Layard from Bredasdorp and Cape Point. In the recently dispersed Layard collection was a tube labelled "erateina" containing shells from Cape Point and Bredasdorp. These were identical with original browningii in the Cambridge Museum. Prionacis was differentiated by Benson from browningii on account of larger size, less close plication, extending further down on the underside, and wider umbilicus. All these points are con- sistent with the increasing growth of the shell, young examples of which are almost irnperforate, and show no basal sculpture. It seems advisable to unite the three species, of which prionacis has priority. 268. TEACHYCYSTIS PYCNOTEICHA, Melv. & Pons. 1899 Trachycystispycnotricha,M.&P.,\M.N.H.iv.-p.l97.-pL'3,i.7. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Kowie Eiver (Cox). 269. TRACHYCYSTIS BAEIPLICATA (Benson). 1849 Helix rariplicata, Bs.inMss.,Pfr., Zeitschr.f.Malak.vLp.71. D. 1850 A.M.N.H. vi. p. 254. D. 1853 Pfr., Conch. Cab. p. 323. pi. 129 (1852), f. 31-33. D.F. Eve., Conch. Icon. pi. 174, f. 1183. D.F. Pfr., Mon. Hel. iii. p. 96. D. 1879 Helix (Pella) rariplicata, Bs., Binn., Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. i. p. 361. pi. 14, f. H. E. 1884 Pella rariplicata, Bs., Binn., Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. iii. p. 89. pi. 3, f. I. E. 1887 Helix (Pella) rariplicata, Bs., Tryon, Man. of Conch, iii. p. 107. pi. 20, f. 82. D.F. Type in Stettin Museum. Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. Green Point Lighthouse (Benson ; Layard). Examples presented to the British Museum as rariplicata by Gibbons in 1876 have proved to be not that species, but sabuletorum. As Binney obtained his specimens from Gibbons, his articles in all probability refer to the last-mentioned species. Beference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 145 270. TRACHYCYSTIS RIVULARIS (Krauss). 1848 Helix rivularis, Krs., Siidafr. Moll. p. 77. pi. 4, f. 25. D.F. ,, Pfr., Zeitschr. f. Malak. v. p. 114. D. 1853 ,, ,, Mon. Hel. iii. p. 110. D. 1874 Jick., Fauna N.-O.-Afr. p. 59. N. 1887 Helix (Pella) rivularis, Krs., Tryon, Man. of Conch, iii. p. 107. pi. 20, f. 85-87. D.F. Type in Stockholm Museum. Hob. NATAL. Source^of Mooi Kiver (Wahlberg). var. DENSESTRIATA, nov. [S.A.M.] Shell small, rather depressed, umbilicate, thin, bright fulvo-cor- neous, covered on both sides with close, prominent, regular, curved, 1 X 3 1. Trachycystis rivularis, Krs. (Type). 2. ,, var. densestriata, Zwart Kop. 3! !', ,, Pietersburg. 4. ,, ordinaria, M. & P., Bloemfontein. 5_ ;) ,, lirate var. , Kustfontein. transverse strige. Whorls 4^, rounded, gradually increasing. Suture impressed. Aperture lunate, descending a little in front ; peristome thin, simple ; columella weak, concave, margin slightly reflexed, but in no way covering the umbilicus, which, though not wide, is deep, extending to the apex. 146 Annals of the South African Museum. Diam. maj. 4'5 ; min. 3'5 ; alt. 2-2 ; Aperfc., lat. 1-8, alt. 1-6 mm. Type in British Museum. Hab. TRANSVAAL. Zwart Kop, Pretoria ; Buiskop ; Pietersburg (Connolly) . The foregoing photographs give some idea of the form of rivularis and its variety, compared with ordinaria, M. & P. Densestriata differs from Krauss' type in having slightly, though very noticeably, closer striation, but agrees with it in all other respects, and does not appear to be specifically separable. Nobre has recently recorded rivularis from Angola, but this is unlikely to be correct. 271. TRACHYCYSTIS RUTILANS, Melv. & Pons. [S.A.M.] 1908 Trachycy&tis rutilans, M. &P., A.M.N.H. i. p. 135. pi. 7, f. 9. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Alexandra Park, Pietermaritzburg (Burnup). 272. TRACHYCYSTIS SABULETORUM (Benson). [S.A.M.] 1851 Helix sabuletorum, Bs., A.M.N.H. vii. p. 105. D. 1853 Pf r ., Mon. Hel. iii. p. 96. D. Eve., Conch. Icon. pi. 174, f. 1180. D.F. 1854 ,; Pfr., Conch. Cab. p. 414. pi. 147 (1853), f. 16, 17. D.F. 1887 Helix (Pella) sabuletorum, Bs., Tryon, Man. of Conch, iii. p. 107. pi. 20, f. 83. D.F. Specimens ex auct. in University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge, Hab. CAPE OP GOOD HOPE. Hout Bay; Strand not far from Somerset; Kalk Bay (fide Benson). Stumpnose (Gould). Her- manus (Lightfoot). Generally distributed along the coast of the Cape Peninsula. 273. TRACHYCYSTIS SCOLOPENDRA, Melv. & Pons. [S.A.M.] 1903 Trachycystis scolopendra, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xii. p. 603. pi. 32, f. 3. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Port Shepstone ; Bqueefa ; Durban; Lower Umkomaas (Burnup). Umzirnkulu (Purcell). CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Port St. John's (Shortridge). Pirie (Godfrey). Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 147 274. TRACHYCYSTIS SIMPLEX, Melv. & Pons. 1903 Trac%c?/s^'ssM^^,M.&P. ) A.M.N.H.xii.p.604.pl.32,f.7. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Poncloland (Farquhar). 275. TEACHYCYSTIS SOMERSETENSIS (Melv. & Pons.). 1893 Helix (Patula) somersetcnsis, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xi. p.19. pi. 3, f. 2. D.F. ti ,. Pilsb.,Man.ofConch.viii. p. 295. pi. 43,163. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Somerset East (Miss Bowker). 276. TRACHYCYSTIS SPISSICOSTA, Melv. & Pons. [S.A.M.] 1907 Trachycystis spissicosta, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xix. p. 100. pi. 6, f. 13. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Grahamstown (Farquhar). ORANGE FREE STATE. Thaba N'chu (Connolly). Bather near, but smaller than, T. simplex, M. & P. 277. TRACHYCYSTIS TERETIUSCULA, Melv. & Pons. 1897 Trachycystis teretiuscula, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xix. p. 635. pi. 17, f. 5. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Howick ; Pietermaritzburg ; Equeefa (Burnup). Majuba (Connolly). ORANGE FREE STATE. Platberg, Harrismith (Connolly). CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. East London (var.) (Godfrey). A very variable species. 278. TRACHYCYSTIS TOLLINI (Albers.). [S.A.M.] 1855 Nanina afra, Pfr., Mai. Blatt. ii. p. 119. (Without characters.} 1856 Helix tollmi, Alb., Bs., A.M.N.H. xviii. p. 436. D. 1857 ,, ,, Mai. Blatt. iv. p. 94. D. 1859 Pfr., Mon. Hel. iv. p. 171. D. afra, Pfr., Mon. Hel. iv. p. 124. D. 1860 ,, roseri, Krs., von Mts., Die Helio., p. 84. L. 1886 io^mi, Alb., Kob., Conch. Cab.p. 618. pi. 178,113-15. D.F. 1887 (Pclla) tollini, Alb., Tryon, Man. of Conch, iii. p. 108. pi. 21, f. 92-94. D.F. 148 Annals of the South African Museum. 1892 Helix (Pella) tuguriolum, M. & P., A.M.N.H. ix. p. 88. pi. 5, f. 5. D.F. 1893 Phasis (Trachycystis) tuguriolum, M. & P., Pilsb., Man. of Conch, viii. p. 145. pi. 35, f. 1. D.F. 1898 Pella tollini, Alb., Sfcur., S.A. Moll. pp. 39, 40. N. Originals of tollini in University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge ; types of afra and tuguriolum in British Museum ; roseri in Stuttgart Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE (afra, McGillivray, fide Pfeiffer). Table Mountain (tollini, Tollin ; Layard). Stellenbosch (Purcell). Kalk Bay ; Simonstown ; Kommetje ; Houw Hoek ; Caledon (Con- nolly). Gordon's Bay ; Hermanus (Lightfoot). Bredasdorp (Layard). Swellendam District (roseri, Krauss). Helix afra, Pfr., is identical with tollini, Alb., and must yield priority to the latter, which was the earliest name under which the species was either described or figured. The type set of tuguriolum, labelled "South Africa" (coll. Layard), are also immature, rather pale examples of the same species. The type, and only authentic example, of roseri, Krauss, is a semi- bleached shell, in form exactly resembling immature tollini. Its colour is paler, and the surface, being considerably worn, shows only the cross striation of tollini and not the fainter spiral sculpture. The columellar fold is slightly broken, which gives a more open appearance to the umbilical region than is usual in tollini, but the underside of the shell and the peculiar shape of the peristome agree with that species. After careful consideration, I think I may safely declare them to be one and the same. 279. TRACHYCYSTIS TRICHOSTIBOMA (Melv. & Pons.). 1892 Helix (Pella) trichosteiroma, M. & P., A.M.N.H. ix. p. 84. pi. 4, f. 9. D.F. 1893 strobilodes, M.& P., A.M.N.H. xi. p.!9.pl.3,f. 1. D.F. Phasis (Trachycystis) strobilodes, M. & P., Pilsb., Man. of Conch. viii. p. 147. pi. 43, . 62. D.F. ,, ,, trichosteiroma, M. & P., Pilsb., Man. of Conch, viii. p. 143. pi. 35, f. 3. D.F. 1898 Trachycystis tricliostiroma, M. & P., Proc. Mai. Soc. iii. p. 174. Types in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OP GOOD HOPE. Port Elizabeth (fide M. & P.). Thar- field (Miss Bowker). The type of strobilodes is badly figured, but agrees with the original description. It is quite inseparable from trichostiroma. Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 149 280. TRACHYCYSTIS TURMALIS (Morelet). 1889 Helix turmalis, Morel., J. de C. xxxvii. p. 5. pi. 1, f. 1. D.F. 1893 Phasis (Tr achy cyst-is] turmalis, Morel., Pilsb., Man. of Conch. viii. p. 144. pi. 43, f. 53, 54. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hob. CAPE OP GOOD HOPE. Zwartkops Eiver, Uitenhage, 19 miles N.N.W. of Port Elizabeth (Crawford). 281. TRACHYCYSTIS VORTICIALIS (Benson). [S.A.M.] 1850 Helix vorticialis, Bs., A.M.N.H. v. p. 216. D. 1853 ,, ,, Pfr., Mon. Hel. iii. p. 108. D. Eve., Conch. Icon. pi. 174, f. 1181. D.F. 1854 ,, varticalis Pfr., Conch. Cab. p. 382. pi. 141 (1852), f. 28-30. D.F. (pessima). 1887 ,, (Pella) vorticialis, Bs., Tryon, Man. of Conch, iii. p. 107. pi. 20, f. 84. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hob. CAPE PENINSULA. Three Anchor Bay ; Eondebosch; Strand, False Bay (fide Benson). " Generally distributed " (Layard). ? CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Port Elizabeth (fide Sturany). FAMILY ACAVID^, Pilsbry, 1902. (Man. of Conch, xiv. p. iv.) ( = Macroogona, Pilsbry, 1895.) GENUS DOECASIA, Gray, 1838. (Alexander's Expedition, ii. p. 268.) Type of Genus, D. alexandri, Gray. 282. DORCASIA ALEXANDRI, Gray. [S.A.M.] 1838 Dorcasia alexandri, Gray, Alexander's Expedition, ii. p. 268. D. 1845 Helix (Dorcasia} alexandri, Gray, Pfr. , Zeitschr. f . Malak. p. 87. D. 1848 ,, Mon. Hel. i. p. 332. D. 1854 alexandri, Gray, Eve., Conch. Icon. pi. 208, f. 1470. D.F. 1877 ,, ,, Pfr., Novit. Conch, v. p. 34. pi. 144, f. 9-12. D.F. 1887 ,, (Dorcasia) alexandri, Gray, Mouss.,J.deC.xxxv. p. 292. N. ,, ,, ,, Tryon, Man. of Conch, iii. p. 213. pi. 49, f. 3. D.F. 1894 ,, ,, Srth., Ber. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. Frankfurt, p. 94. A. 150 Annals of the South African Museum. 1895 Dorcasia alexandri, Gray, Pilsb., Man. of Conch, ix. p. 172. pi. 60, f. 6. R. Frontisp. f. 3. A. 1905 Pilsb., Proc.Mal. Soc. vi.p.286. N. 1910 Helix (Dorcasia} alexanderi, Gray, Bttg., Abh. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. Frankfurt, xxxii. p. 439. N. Type in British Museum. Hab. GREAT NAMALAND. Near the Great Fish Eiver( Alexander). DAMARALAND. Ussab (fide von Martens). " Kurikaubniund am Swakop (Kurikop bei Otjikango) " (Eintelen). LITTLE NAMALAND. Henkries (Lightfoot). var. MINOR, Bottger. 1886 Helix (Dorcasia) alexandri, Pfr., var. minor, Bttg., Ber. Senc- kenb. Naturf. Ges. Frankfurt, p. 22. pi. 2, f. 1. D.F. 1893 Dorcasia alexandri, Gray, var. minor, Bttg., Pilsb., Man. of Conch, viii. p. 261. pi. 28, f. 98-100. D.F. Type in Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt. Hab. BRITISH BECHUAN ALAND. " Ghous, Gordonia, bed of Hygap, probably W. of Zwart Modder " (Nolte). GREAT NAMALAND. Geitsi-Gubel, near Bersaba (Schenck). var. ROTUNDATA, Mousson. 1887 Helix alexandri, Gray, var. rotundata, Mouss., J. de C. xxxv. p. 292. pi. 12, f. 1. D.F. 1893 Dorcasia alexandri, Gray, var. rotundata, Mouss., Pilsb., Man. of Conch, viii. p. 261. D. 1895 Dorcasia alexandri, Gray, var. rotundata, Mouss., Pilsb., Man. of Conch, ix. p. 172. pi. 38, f. 6, 7. N.F. Type in Zurich Museum. Hab. DAMARALAND. Rehoboth (Schiuz). var. TRIVIA, Bottger. 1910 Helix (Dorcasia) alexanderi, Gray, var. trivia, Bttg., Abh. Senc- kenb. Naturf. Ges. Frankfurt, xxxii. p. 439. pi. 28, f. 3. D.F. Type in Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt. Hab. DAMARALAND. Khomas-Hochland (Schultze). 283. DORCASIA BULBUS (Menke). 1848 Helix bulbus, Mke., Pfr., Zeitschr. f. Malak. v. p. 116. D. 1353 Conch. Cab. p. 268. pi. 122 (1852), f. 4-6. D.F. Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 151 1887 Helix (Dorcasia) bulb us, Pfr., Tryon, Man. of Conch, iii. p. 213. pi. 49, f. 10-12. D.F. Type libi ? Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE (in coll. Menke). 284. DOECASIA CERNUA (von Martens). 1889 Helix cernua, vonMts., Sitz.-Ber. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berlin, p. 161. D. 1894 Conch. Mitth. iii, 3. p. 2. D. 1897 Archiv. f. Naturg. Ixiii, l.p. 36. pi. 7, f. 8- 10. D.F. 1910 Helix (Dorcasia) cernua, von Mts., Bttg., Abh. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. Frankfurt, xxxii. p. 439. N.D. Type in Zool. Mus. Berlin. Hab. GREAT NAMALAND. Angamthal (type) and Eooiberg, near Bethany (Schenck, 1884). Guibes (Schultze). 285. DORCASIA LUCANA (Miiller). [S.A.M.] 1774 Helix lucana, Miill., Verm. ii. p. 75. D. 1786 ,, ,, Chern., Conch. Cab. ix, 2. p. 124. pi. 130, f. 1155. D.F. (pessima). 1788 litcena Gmel., Syst.Nat., Ed. 13. i, 6. p. 3636. D. 1817 ,, lucana ,, Dillw., Descr. Cat. ii. p. 924. D. 1839 ,, ,, ,, Jonas, Archiv. f. Naturg. v, 1. p. 338. pi. 9, f. 1, 2. D.F. 1848 ,, ,, Pfr., Mon. Hel. i. p. 331. D. 1850 ,, ,, Conch. Cab. p. 338. pi. 60, f. 1,2. D.F. Desh., Hist. Nat. Moll. i. p. 166. pi. 10 B, f. 3-5. D.F. 1851 ,, ,, Eve., Conch. Icon. pi. 41, f. 187. D.F. 1656 ,, Bs., A.M.N.H. xviii. p. 436. N. 1887 ,, (Dorcasia) lucana, Miill., Tryon, Man. of Conch, iii. p. 213. pi. 49, f. 2. D.F. Original in University Zool. Mus. Copenhagen. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. George District ; Bredasdorp ; Mossel Bay (Layard). Montagu (Connolly). Avontuur (fide Pfr.). CAPE PENINSULA. Distributed along the coast south of Kalk Bay and Hout Bay. Layard wrote : " This species is found chiefly along the southern seaboard. The brown variety with white band along the suture is found pretty abundantly about Kalk Bay. A smaller var. with a brownish purple mouth is found in the George District ; a small var. 152 Annals of the South African Museum. (axis 6'", diarn. 8'") with a white mouth is not uncommon at Bredas- dorp, while a large white form (axis 1", diam. 1" 3'") exists at Mossel Bay." Chemnitz's figure (1786) is almost unrecognisable, while Lamarck (1822) described globulus for lucana, and Kossmassler (1837) figured globuhis as the last-mentioned species. Krauss (1848) included lucana, Lam., in the synonymy of globulus, Mull., but unaccountably omitted lucana, Miill., altogether from his catalogue. 286. DORCASIA PONSONBYI, Fulton . 1910 Dorcasia ponsonbyi, Fulton, A.M.N.H. vi. p. 212. D. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE (fide Fulton). Mossel Bay (Gibbons). SUB-GENUS TULBAGHINIA, Melv. & Pons., 1898. (A.M.N.H. i. p. 28.) Type of Sub-Genus, D. isomerioides, M. & P. 287. DORCASIA ISOMERIOIDES, Melv. & Pons. [S.A.M.] 1898 Dorcasia (Tulbaghinia) isomerioides, M. & P., A.M.N.H. i. p. 28. pi. 8, f. 10. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Winterhoek Mt., Tulbagh (Marloth). Owing to its considerable divergence from the type, I append the description of a fine specimen in the South African Museum. Shell depressed-globose, deeply and openly umbilicate, thin, trans- lucent, thickly covered above with rough, curved striae, which are continued more smoothly beneath. The upper portion moderately glossy, of dark olive-brown horn colour, beautifully marked on the earlier whorls with pale yellow dots and blotches, merging later into irregular, interrupted concentric streaks ; the earlier whorls similarly marked on the underside, but the last is paler, of a greener tint, glossy and unmottled. The interior shows plainly the colour and markings of the epidermis. Spire but little produced, apex flattened. Whorls 4|, rapidly increasing, rounded, with no trace of carination. Aperture ovate, peristome white and glossy, a little thickened and reflexed. The columellar margin, half-way up between the base of the aperture and the umbilicus, shows trace of two small pro- tuberances on its inner side ; above these it becomes more widely reflexed, and forms a sharp angle of about 95 degrees, projecting Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 153 over, but in no way concealing the umbilicus, before rejoining the base of the shell. Diam. max. 28, min. 21- 5; alt. 16 mm. Apert. 16x11 mrn. Distance between angle of colurnellar margin and its junction with base of shell, 2'5 mm. GENUS TEIGONEPHEUS, Pilsbry, 1905. (Proc. Mai. Soc. vi. p. 286.) Type of Genus, T. globulus (Mull.). 288. TEIGONEPHEUS COAGULUM (von Martens). 1889 Helix coagulum, von Mts.,Sitz.-Ber.Ges. Nat .Fr. Berlin, p.160. D. 1894 ,, Conch. Mitth. iii, 3. p. 3. D. 1897 ,, Archiv. f. Naturg. Ixiii, 1. p. 37. pi. 7, f. 11-14. D.F. Type in Zool. Mus. Berlin. Hob. GEEAT NAMALAND. On the road from Aos to the Orange Eiver, and near the Lower Orange Eiver (Schenck). 289. TEIGONEPHEUS GLOBULUS (Miiller). [S.A.M.] 1774 Helix globulus, Mull., Verm. ii. p. 68. D. 1786 ,, ,, Chem., Conch. Cab. ix, 2. p. 126.pl. 130, f . 1159, 60. ? D.F. ,, ,, pomatia, var., Chem., Conch. Cab. ix, 2. pi. 130, f. 1138. F. 1788 globulus, Mull., Gmel, Syst. Nat., Ed. 13. i, 6. p. 3629. D. 1817 ,, ,, Dillw., Descr. Cat. ii. p. 923. D. 1822 ,, kcaua, "Mull.," Lam., Hist. nat. An.s. Vert. vi,2.p. 71. D. 1838 ,, ,, ,, Desh., Hist. nat. An.s. Vert. viii.p. 37. D. 1841 ^o&wZws,Mull.,Pfi\,Conch.Cab.p.33.pl.3,f.ll,12. 7D.F. 1846 ,, ,, ,, (cum var. rosacea, Mull.), Pfr., Conch. Cab. p. xiii. D.N. 1848 ,, ,, ,, ( = lucana, Lam., and rosacea, Mull.), Krs., Siidafr. Moll. p. 77. N. ,, Pfr., Mon. Hel. i. p. 319. D. 1850 ,, ,, ,, (cum var. rosacea, Miill.), Bs., A.M.N.H. v. p. 217. N. ,, ,, ,, ,, ( = rosacea), Desh., Hist. nat. Moll. i. p. 250. pi. 26, f . 10-12. pl.28,f. 11,12. D.F. 1851 ,, Eve., Conch. Icon. pi. 41, f. 186. D.F. 1859 Pfr., Mon. Hel. iv. p. 249. D. 154 Annals of the South African Museum. 1879 Helix globulus, Mull., Binn., Ann. N.Y. Acad. Soi.i.p.361.pl. 14, f. K. E. 1880 globosus Crvn., P.Z.S. p. 619. (Err. typ.) N. 1884 Dorcasia globulus, Miill., Binn., Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. iii. p. 106. pi. 6, f. M. E. 1887 Helix (Dorcasia) globulus, Miill., Tryon, Man. of Conch, iii. p. 213. pi. 49, f. 1. D.F. 1889 globulus, Mull., von Mts., Sitz.-Ber. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berlin, p. 160. N. 1895 Dorcasia globulus, Miill. , Pilsb., Man. of Conch, ix. pp. 172, 173. pi. 38, f. 8. N.F. pi. 51, f. 3. E. 1905 TrigonepTvrus globulus, Miill., Pilsb., Proc. Mai. Soc. vi. p. 286. pi. 13, f. 6-9. pi. 14, f. 13, 15. A. 1910 Helix (Trigonephrus) globulus, Miill., Bfctg., Abh. Senckenb. Naturf . Ges. Frankfurt, xxxii. pp. 440, 441. N. Original in University Zool. Mus. Copenhagen. Hob. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Widely distributed along the coast- line from Algoa Bay, westward round the Cape Peninsula, and thence northward as far as Port Nolloth. Eobben and Dassen Islands. Craven collected on Eobben Island a fully developed sinistral specimen, which is now in the British Museum. There is a very wide range of variety in this species. Krauss brought into the synonymy H. rosacea, Miill., and many later authorities have followed his example ; in fact, until more is known of the animals, it is not possible to decide whether all species of Trigonephrus, hitherto described, are not merely forms of globulus. Much confusion existed among the early authors with regard to it. Chemnitz (1786) figured H. semirugata, Beck, from Ceylon as globulus, while Lamarck (1822) described semirugata as globulus and globulus as lucana. H. globulus, Lam., of Deshayes' earlier writings is also semirugata, and his lucana, globulus, Mull., an error corrected in Hist. nat. Moll., 1850. 290. TRIGONEPHRUS GYPSINUS (Melv. & Pons.). [S.A.M.] 1891 Helix (Dorcasia) gypsina, M. & P., A.M.N.H. viii. p. 238. D. 1892 ,, ix. p. 94. pi. 4, f. 10. F. 1893 ,, ,, Pilsb., Man. of Conch, viii. p. 262. pi. 28, f. 2. D.F. Type in British Museum . Reference List of Soiith African Non-marine Mollusca. 155 Hob. LITTLE NAMALAND. Springbok (Lightfoot ; Day). Henkries (Lightfoot). 291. TKIGONEPHRUS NAMAQUENSIS (Melv. & Pons.). [S.A.M.] 1891 Helix (Dorcasia) namaquensis, M. & P., A.M.N.H. viii. p. 237. D. 1892 ix. p. 94. pi. 4, f. 12. F. 1893 ,, Pilsb.,Man.ofConch.viii. p.262.pl.28,f.l. D.F. 1910 Helix (Trigonephrus) namaquensis, M. & P., Bttg., Abh. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. Frankfurt, xxxii. p. 440. N. Type in British Museum. Hob. LITTLE NAMALAND (Peringuey). Muishond ; Meskiep ; Kamaggas (Schultze). 292. TEIGONEPHRUS PORPHYROSTOMA (Melv. & Pons.). [S.A.M.] 1891 Helix (Dorcasia} porphyrostoma,M-&~P; A.M.N.H. viii. p. 238. D. 1892 ix. p. 94. pi. 4, f. 11. F. 1893 ,, ,, Pilsb.,Man.ofConch.viii. p.262.pl.28,f.3. D.F. 1910 Helix (Trigonephrus) rosacea, Mull., var. porphyrostoma, M. & P., Bttg., Abh. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. Frankfurt, xxxii. p. 441. pi. 28, f. 6, 7. N.F. Type in British Museum. Hob. LITTLE NAMALAND (Miss Morris). Port Nolloth (Day). GREAT NAMALAND. Lower Orange River ; Gous (Schenck). Angra Pequena (Schneider). This coarse form of Trigonephrus is that most frequently found subfossil in old middens. Bottger is probably right in considering it to be a variety of rosaceiis, but as the latter is so nearly allied to globulus, it appears advisable to await fuller knowledge of the animal before bringing either into synonymy. 293. TRIGONEPHRUS ROSACEUS (Miiller). [S.A.M.] 1774 Helix rosacea, Mull., Verm. ii. p. 76. D. 1788 Gmel., Syst. Nat., Ed. 13. i, 6. p. 3636. D. 1817 Dillw., Descr. Cat. p. 921. D. 1838 Desh., Hist. nat. An. s. Vert. viii. p. 94. N. 1839 ,, ,, Jonas, Archiv. f. Naturg. v, 1. p. 339. pi. 9, f. 3, 4. D.F. 12 156 Annals of the South African Museum. 1841 Helix rosacca, Mull., Pfr., Conch. Cab. p. 40. pi. 4, f. 5, 6. pi. 55 (1849), f. 7, 8. D.F. 1859 Pfr., Mon. Hel. iv. p. 248. D. 1887 Helix (Dorcasia) rosacea, Miill., Tryon, Man. of Conch, iii. p. 213. pi. 49, f. 100. D.F. 1910 ,, (Trigonephrus) rosacea, Miill., Bttg., Abh. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. Frankfurt, xxxii. p. 440. pi. 28, f. 4. D.F. Specimen ex coll. Miiller in University Zool. Mus. Copenhagen. Hob. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Widely distributed along the western seaboard from the south as far as Namaland, often in company with, and apparently merging into, T. globulus, Miill., of which it is probably a variety. FAMILY HELICID^E, Gray, 1824. (Ann. of Philos. viii. p. 107.) GENUS EULOTA, Hartmann, 1842. (Erd-u. Sussw.-Gast. Schweiz, p. 179.) Type of Genus, E . fruticum (Miill.). 294. EULOTA SIMILAEIS (Ferussac). 1821 Helix similaris, F6r., Tabl. Syst. Moll. pt. 3. p. 47 (or 43). L. addita, Fer., Tabl. Syst. Moll. pt. 3. p. 71 (or 67). 1834 woodiana, Lea, Obs. G. Unio, i. p. 169. pi. 19, f. 69. D.F. 1835 ,, translucens, King, Zool. Journ. v. p. 339. D. 1836 ,, cestus, Bs., Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, v. p. 353. D. 1848 A.M.N.H. ii. pp. 160, 161. D.N. similaris, Fer., Pfr., Mon. Hel. i. p. S36. D. 1849 ,, ,, ,, ( = squalida, Zglr.), Mouss., Moll, von Java, p. 21. pi. 2, f. 4, 5. D.F. 1850 Pfr., Conch. Cab. p. 341. pi. 60 (1849), f. 13-16. D.F. Desh., Hist. nat. Moll. i. p. 171. pi. 25B, f. 1-4. pi. 27A, f. 1-5. D.F. 1851 Eve., Conch. Icon. pi. 34, f. 149. D.F., and pi. 127 (1852), f. 767. F. brardiana, Pfr., P.Z.S. p. 253. D. 1852 Eve., Conch. Icon. pi. 108, f. 604. D.F. cestus, Bs., Eve., Conch. Icon. pi. 125, f. 751. D.F. 1853 brardiana, Pfr., Mon. Hel. iii. p. 228. D. 1854 Conch.Cab.p.385.pl.l42(1852),f.7,8. D.F. Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 157 1854 Helix brardiana, Ph., A.M.N.H. xiii. p. 142. D. stimpsoni ,, P.Z.S., p. 149. D. Eve., Conch. Icon. pi. 195, f. 1370. D.F. 1859 ,, Mon. Hel. iv. p. 289. D. 1860 ,, similaris, Per. ( = addita, F6r., and brardiaim, Pfr.), Morel., Series Couch, ii. p. 58. N. 1861 ,, genulabris, von Mts., Mai. Blatt. vii. p. 33. D. 1863 ,, borbonica, Desh., Notes sur 1'Ile Eeunion, ii. E. p. 85. pi. 37, f. 9-11. D.F. ,, arcasiana, Crosse & Debeaux, J. de C. xi. p. 386. D. 1864 xii. p. 316. pi. 12, f. 4. D.F. 1867 ,, similaris, Per., von Mts., Ost-Asien, Zool. ii. pp. 7, 19, 43, 76, 270. D.N. 1868 ,, ,, ,, Cox, Mon. Austral. Landshells, p. 58. pi. 9, f. 14. D.F. borbonica, Desh., Pfr., Mon. Hel. v. p. 504. D. 1874 (Rhagada) similar is, Per., Jick., Fauna N.-O.-Afr. p. 70. D. 1875 ,, similaris, Per., Morel., Series Conch, iv. p. 251. N. 1887 ,, (Dorcasia) similaris, Per. ( = epixantha, Pfr., Conch. Icon. f. 454, and squalida, Zglr.), Tryon, Man. of Conch, iii. p. 205. pi. 46, f. 27-30. pi. 47, f. 33-37. D.F. 1895 Eulota similaris, Per., Pilsb., Man. of Conch, ix. p. 203. pi. 55, f. 19. N.F. pi. 65, f. 3, 4. pi. 66, f. 20. A. 1905 Helix (Eulota) similaris, F6r., Dautz. & Fischer, J. de C. liii. p. 95. N. and Synonymy. Type ubi ? Hab. NATAL. Durban (Plant ; Quekett). A species of almost world-wide distribution. GENUS COCHLICELLA, Ferussac, 1821. (Tabl. Syst. Moll. pt. 3. pp. 28 (or 24), 56 (or 52).) Type of Genus, H. conoidea (Drap.). 295. COCHLICELLA ACUTA (Miiller). [S.A.M.] 1774 Helix acuta, Mull., Verm. ii. p. 100. D. 1801 Bulimus ventricosus, Drap. ( = H. acuta, Mull.), Drap., Tabl. Moll. Fr. p. 68. D. !805 Hist. Moll. Fr.p.78.pl.4,f.31,32.D.^. 1821 Helix (Cochlicella) ventrosa, Per. ( = ventricosus, Drap., and acMto,Mull.),Fer.,Tabl.Syst.Moll.pt.3,pp.56(or52),74(or70). N. 158 Annals of the South African Museum. 1822 Bulimus ventricosus, Drap., Lam., Hist. nat. An. s. Vert, vi, 2. p. 125. D. 1826 Cochlicella ventrosa, Fer., Eisso, Hist. nat. Eur. merid. iv. p. 77. D. 1838 Bulimus ventricosus, Drap., Desh., Hist. nat. An. s. Vert. viii. p. 235. D. 1841 ,, ,, Kiist., Conch. Cab. p. 30. pi. 12, f. 10-12. D.F. 1848 ventrosus, Per., Pfr., Mon. Hel. ii. p. 215. D. 1849 ,, ,, ,, ( = variabilis, Hartm.), Eve., Conch. Icon. pi. 69, f. 499. D.F. 1855 Helix (Cochlicella) bulimoides, Moq.-TancL, Hist. Nat. Moll. Fr. ii. p. 277. pi. 20, f. 21-26. D.F.A. 1864 6ar6ara,Bgt.,Mal. Algerie, i. p. 286. pi. 32, f. 36-41. D.F. 1874 ,, (Cochlicella] ventricosa, Drap., Jick., Fauna N.-O.-Afr. p. 96. D. 1883 ,, acuta, Miill. ( = B. ventricosus, Drap.), Fagot, Glanages Malac. iii. p. 29. D.N. 1889 Westerl.,FaunaPalaarct.Eeg.ii,l.p.366. D. 1894 ,, ventricosa, Drap., Coutagne, Mem. Soc. Agr. Sci. et Ind. Lyon, ii. p. 454. N. 1895 Bulimus ventricosus, Drap., Locard, Ipsa Draparnaudi Conchylia, p. 100. N. 1908 Helix (Cochlicella) acuta, Miill., Germain, Voy. Zool. Khrou- mirie, p. 233. N. Originals of ventricosa in Naturh. Hofmus. Vienna ; acuta ubi ? Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. St. James (Connolly). A South European species, probably of recent introduction. Also recorded from North Africa, Cape Verde Islands, and West Indies. GENUS PUPISOMA, Stoliczka, 1873. (Journ. Asiatic Soc. Beng.al, xiii, 2. p. 32.) Type of Genus, P. lignicola, Stol. 296. PUPISOBIA JAPONICUM, Pilsbry. [S.A.M.J 1902 Pupisoma japonicum, Pilsb., Nautilus, xvi. p. 21. D. 1909 Hirase, Conch. Mag. iii, 4. pi. 9, f. 32, 33. F. 1912 Bnp., Proc. Mai. Soc. x, p. 46. N. Type in Academy of Natural Science, Philadelphia. Hab. NATAL. Pietermaritzburg ; Ntimbankulu ; Edendale ; Karkloof ; Game Pass (Burnup). Described from Japan. Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 159 The subjoined figure shows Track, microscopica (Krs.), which may very possibly belong to the present Genus, in the centre, with the larger orcula on the left and japonicum on the right. ( x 4f .) 297. PUPISOMA ORCULA (Benson). [S.A.M.] 1850 Helix orcula, Bs., A.M.N.H. vi. p. 251. D. 1853 Pfr., Conch. Cab. p. 357. pi. 136 (1852), f. 18- 20. D.F. Mon. Hel. iii. p. 42. D. 1855 Nanina orcula, Bs., Gray, Cat. Pulrn. p. 75. D. 1886 Pupisoma orcula, Bs., Tryon, Man. of Conch, ii. p. 177. pi. 53, f. 67. D.F. 1909 ,, Hirase,Conch.Mag.iii,4.pl.9,f.30,31. F. 1912 ,, ,, Bnp., Proc. Mai. Soc. x. p. 45. N. Co-types in British Museum. Hob. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Port Elizabeth (Crawford). Grahams- town (Farquhar). NATAL. Pietermaritzburg ; Ntimbankulu ; Dargle ; Edendale ; Game Pass (Burnup). Richmond (Wakefield; Cooper). Karkloof (Taynton). TEANSVAAL. Pretoria (Connolly). RHODESIA. Victoria Falls (Warren). Originally described from India. GENUS VALLONIA, Risso, 1826. (Hist. nat. Eur. rnerid. iv. p. 101.) Type of Genus, V. rosalia, Risso (pulchella, Miill.). 298. VALLONIA EXCENTBICA, Sterki. [S.A.M.] 1850 Helix pulchella, Mull., Bs., A.M.N.H. v. p. 217. L. 1864 Vallonia minuta, Say, Morse, Journ. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist. i, 1. p. 21 (pars.). 1893 ,, excentrica, Sterki, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. pp. 252, 278. pi. 8, f. B, M. D.A. ,, ,, ,, ,, Pilsb., Man. of Conch, viii. p. 249. pi. 32, f. 6-9. D.B.F. 1904 ,, ,, ,, B. B. Woodw., Journ. of Conch, xi. p. 82. D. 160 Annals of the South African Museum. Type in coll. Sterki. Hob. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. High Constantia (Benson, 1846). Cape Town (Layard). Wynberg (Lightfoot). Somerset East (Miss Bowker). King Williamstown (Miss Eoss). Grahamstown (Farqu- har). Port Elizabeth (Crawford). NATAL. Pietermaritzburg (Burnup). TRANSVAAL. Pretoria (McBean). Very widely distributed over most parts of the globe. Mr. B. B. Woodward has identified specimens from Wynberg, Pretoria, Grahamstown, Port Elizabeth, and Pietermaritzburg as excentrica, and it is probable that the other occurrences of Vallonia in South Africa refer to the same species. Of course, many early reports of pulchella, such as Benson's in 1850, were made long before excentrica was differentiated. GENUS HELIX, Linne, 1758. (Syst. Nat., Ed. 10. i. pp. 645, 768.) Type of Genus, H. pomatia, Lin. SUB-GENUS CEYPTOMPHALUS, Agassiz, 1837. (Nouv. M^m. Soc. Helv. Sci. Nat. i, 2. p. 5.) Type of Sub-Genus, H. aspersa, Mull. 299. HELIX ASPERSA, Miiller. [S.A.M.] 1774 Helix aspersa, Mull., Verm. ii. p. 59. D. 1777 hortensis, Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 136. pi. 84, f . 129. D.F. 1778 Cochlea vulgaris, Da Costa, Test. Brit. p. 72. pi. 4, f. 1. D.F. 1786 Helix aspersa, Mull., Chem., Conch. Cab. is, 2. p. 125. pi. 130, f. 1156-58. D.F. 1788 ,, Gmel, Syst. Nat., Ed. 13. i, 6. p. 3631. D. grisea, Gmel., Syst. Nat., Ed. 13. i, 6, p. 3649. D. 1797 ,, restitutoris, Humph., Mus. Calonn. p. 60. D. 1803 ,, aspersa, Gmel., Mont., Test. Brit. ii. p. 407. D. 1805 Mull.,Drap.,Hist.Moll.Fr.p.89.pl.5,f. 23. D.F. 1807 ,, hortensis, Penn., Mat. & Eack., Linn. Trans, viii. p. 208. D. 1815 ,, aspersa, Brard, Hist. Coq. Paris, p. 7. pi. 1, f. 1. D.F. 1826 ,, ,, Lin., Eisso, Hist. nat. Eur. m6rid. iv. p. 63. D. 1828 . ,, Lam., Stark, Elem. Nat. Hist. ii. p. 58. D. 1837 ,, (Pomatia) adspersa, Beck, Index Moll. p. 44. 1840 ,, (Acavus) aspersa, Mull., Gray, Turton's Man. p. 128. pi. 4, f. 35. D.F. Eeference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 161 1841 Helix aspersa, Miill., Pfr., Conch. Cab. p. 34. pi. 3, f. 6-10. D.F. 1846 ,, ,, ,, p. xi. D. 1848 Mon. Hel. i. p. 241. D. 1850 Desh., Hist. Nat. Moll. i. p. 269. pi. 18, f. 1-13. pi. 19, f. 1-9. pi. 2lB, f. 6, 7. pi. 24, f. 3. pi. 24A, f. 1-7. D.F. 1855 ,, ,, Moq.-Tand., Hist. Nat. Moll. Fr. ii.p. 174. pi. 13, f. 14-32. D.F.A. 1861 ,, spumosa, Lowe, A.M.N.H. vii. p. 111. D. 1879 ,, aspersa, Miill., Layard, The Field, Jan. llth. N. 1883 ,, (Pomatia) aspersa, Miill., Tayl., Journ. of Conch, iv. p. 89. D.N.A. 1898 Pomatia aspersa, Miill., Stur., S.A. Moll. p. 52. N. 1903 Helix (Helicogena) aspersa, Miill., Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 96. pi. 319, f. 14-20. pi. 320, f. 1-12. D.F. 1910 ,, (Cryptomphalus) aspersa, Miill., Tayl., Mon. Brit. Moll. p. 236. pi. 23 (1911). D.F.A.E. ' ,, ,, (Helicogena) aspersa, Miill., Bttg., Abh. Senckenb. Naturf . Ges. Frankfurt, xxxii. p. 456. N. Specimen ex coll. Miiller in University Zool. Mus. Copenhagen. Hob. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Port Elizabeth (in coll. Ponsonby). CAPE PENINSULA. Very common. Eobben Island (in coll. Pon- sonby). Several sinistral specimens have been found at Cape Town (Lightfoot). This species, said to have been introduced into Cape Town by Mons. Dastre, as a table delicacy, about 1870, has now become one of the greatest pests in gardens throughout the Cape Peninsula. It appears also to thrive on the peculiar local type of wild herbage, and thus threatens to oust many of the rarer, indigenous species from their last foothold, by eating them out of house and home. SUB-GENUS OTALA, Schumacher, 1817. (Essai d'un Nouveau Systeme des . . . Vers. p. 191.) ( = Archelix, Albers, 1850.) Type of Sub-Genus, H. atomaria, Schum. (lactea, Miill.) 300. HELIX LACTEA, Miiller. 1774 Helix lactea, Miill., Verm. ii. p. 19. D. 1786 Chem., Conch. Cab. ix, 2. p. 127. pi. 130, f. 1161. D.F. 162 Annals of the South African Museum. 1822 Helix lactea, Mull., Lam., Hist. nat. An. s. Vert, vi, 2. p. 75. D. 1848 Pfr., Mon. Hel. i. p. 272. D. 1850 Desh., Hist. Nat. Moll. i. p. 291. pi. 39A, f. 7, 8. pi. 45, f. 1-10. D.F. 1864 ,, Bgt., Mai. Algeria, i. p. 122. pi. 11, f. 1-9. D.F. 1888 ,, Tryon, Man. of Conch, iv. p. 130. pi. 39, f. 89-97. D.F. Type ubi ? Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Kowie (Barber, in coll. Layard). A well-known Mediterranean species, whose sole claim to inclu- sion in South African lists rests on a fine adult specimen, which was taken alive, together with a smaller, empty shell, in a garden on the bank of the Kowie Eiver in 1897. Tryon (1888) places in the synonymy irrora ta, Say ; punctatissima, Jeniss ; flatter siana, Ancey ; tatjina, Servain ; axia, Bgt. ; jacque- menbana, Bgt. ; and ? hispanica, Mich. SUB-GENUS EUPAEYPHA, Hartmann, 1842. (Erd-und-Sussw.-Gast. Schweiz, p. 204.) Type of Sub-Genus, H. rhodostoma, Drap. (pisana, Mull.). 301. HELIX PISANA, Miiller. [S.A.M.] 1774 Helix pisana, Miill., Verm. ii. p. 60. D. 1777 zonaria, Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 137. pi. 85, f. 133. D.F. 1792 petholata, Olivier, Zool. Adriat. p. 178. D. 1801 rhodostoma, Drap., Tabl. Moll. Fr. p. 74. D. 1803 cingenda, Mont., Test. Brit. ii. p. 418, & Suppl. (1808), pi. 24, f. 4. D.F. 1805 rhodostoma, Drap., Hist. Moll. Fr. p. 86. pi. 5, f. 13-15. D.F. 1807 ,, cingenda, Penn., Turton, Brit. Fauna, p. 188. D. 1827 Mont., Brown, Illustr. Conch. Gt. Brit. pi. 40, f. 27, 28, 33, 35, 58. F. 1840 ,, pisana, Miill., Gray, Turton's Man. p. 158. D. 1848 ,, i, Pfr., Mon. Hel. i. p. 152. D. Conch. Cab. p. 161. pi. 37, f. 1-12. pi. 22 (1843), f. 1-6. D.F. 1855 ,, Moq.-Tand., Hist. Nat. Moll. Fr. ii. p. 259. pi. 19, f. 9-20. D.F.A. 1864 ,, B g t.,Mal.Algerie,i.p.234.pl.26,f.l-10. D.F. 1874 ,, (Euparyplia) pisana, Miill., Jick., Fauna N.-O.-Afr. p. 85. D.N. Eeferencc List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 163 1895 Helix (Enparypha) pisana, Mtill, Pilsb., Man. of Conch, ix. p. 335. pi. 43, f. 37, 38. pi. 61, f. 1-5. D.F.A. 1902 Xerophila pisana, Mtill., Swanton, Journ. of Conch, x. p. 194. N. 1910 Helix (Euparyplia) pisana, Mull., Bttg., Abh. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. Frankfurt, xxxii. p. 456. N. 1911,12 ,, Mull., Tayl., Mon. Brit. Moll. p. 368. pl.30,f.l-21.pl.31,f.l-21.DJ^iJ?. Specimen ex coll. Miiller in University Zool. Mus. Copenhagen. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Cape Peninsula (very common). Stellenbosch (Miss Lightfoot). Somerset West ; Gordon's Bay (Connolly). Port Elizabeth (Crawford). Robben Island (in coll. Ponsonby). NATAL. Durban (Longstaff). The earliest recorded appearance of H. pisana in South Africa was in 1881, when Mr. W. G. Fairbridge took three specimens on the now demolished Gallows Hill, near Cape Town Docks. Since that date it has spread enormously along the seaboard of the Peninsula, and its arrival at Stellenbosch appears to denote that it is extending its travels inland. Taylor (1911) includes in its synonymy strigata, Dillw., 1817 ; maculata, Mke., 1828 ; catocypliia, Bgt., 1860 ; pisanopsis and hyper- platce, Bgt., 1880 ; agaroi, carpiensis, djerbanica, gergisensis, hama- danica, salemensis, monroi, zitanensis, Letourneux and Bgt., 1887 ; chambardi, Let., 1887 ; couturieri, cuttati, lenoleuca, subpisana, and tliinophila, Bgt., 1887 ; donatii and levesquei, Berthier, 1887 ; byrsce and radesiana, Mares, 1887 ; dervioi,pisanclla, andolivaresi, Servain, 1887 ; barbozana, bocagei, and macliadoi, Locard, 1899 ; while imma- ture examples appear to have been named cestivalis, Bgt. ; cina, Klett ; and leucostoma, Eisso. FAMILY ENLD^E, B. B. Woodward, 1903. (Journ. of Conch, x. pp. 354, 358.) ( = Buliminidae, Auctt.) GENUS ENA, Leach (Mss. 1820), 1831. (Turton's Manual, 1831, p. 80, and 1840, p. 181.) ( = Bulimina, Ehrenberg, 1831 (Bulimiims, Auctt.), nee d'Orbigny, in Foraminifera, 1826.) Type of Genus, E. montana (Drap.). The South African Enidcs can be divided, on form alone, into certain well-marked groups, in the following manner : 164 Annals of the South African Museum. (i) Pachnodus, Albers, 1860 (Die Helic. p. 230, Type, in error, velutina, Pfr. ; emend., Bgt., 1889, Moll, de 1'Afr. equat. p. 64, Type spadicea, Mke.). Bourguignat's rejection of velutina as type of Pachnodus seems perfectly sound. If spadicea is not acceptable, a new name is necessary for the group, which comprises arenicola, Bs. ; carinifera, M. & P. ; drakensbergensis, Smith ; mcbeaniana, Bnp. ; natalensis, Krs. and spadicea, Mke. ( = vitellina, Pfr.). (ii) Conulinus, von Martens, 1895 (Nachr. d. Deutsch. Mai. Ges. p. 180, Type, conulus, Eve.). conulus, Eve. ; metuloides, Smith ; transvaalensis, M. & P., and probably burnupi, dimera, and maritzburgensis, M. & P., and meridionalis, Pfr. (iii) Xerocerastus, Kob. & Mlldff., 1902 (Conch. Cab. p. 1021, Type, damarensis, Ad.). ( = Eburnea, Mousson, 1887 (J. de C. p. 295), nee Eburna, Lam., 1801, nee Eburnea, Flem., 1828). burchelli, Gray ; damarensis, Ad. ; hottentota, Gray ( =pygmcea, Ad.) ; layardi, M. & P. ; opposita, Mouss. ; psammophila, schultzei, and subteres, Bttg., and zuluensis, M. & P. (iv) Ehachisellns, Bourguignat, 1889 (Moll, de 1'Afr. equat. p. 68, as Eachisellus. Type punctata, Anton.) Thiele (Deutsch. Zent.-afr.-Bxp., 1911, p. 201) shows th&t punctata is not acceptable as type of Bhachis, Albers, but is rightly placed in Bhachisellus. Although possibly not belonging to the same Sub- genus, the following shells fall, roughly, into the same group : dubiosa, Stur. ; melanacme, mozambicensis, and petersi, Pfr. ; punctata, Ant. ( = jejuna, M. & P.) ; spilogramma and sticta, von Mts. Thiele (I.e.) has, on account of radular peculiarities, proposed to include melanacme and mozambicensis in a new Sub-genus Rhachi- dina, the type of which is the West African tumefacta (Eve.), (v) Ena pentheri (Stur.). (vi) Group of E. boiukeri (Sow.). bowkeri, Sow., and nuptialis, M. & P. (vii) Ena boivini (Morel.) ( = movenensis, Stur.). In the following pages the species are arranged in alphabetical order. NOTE. Eulimoides, Gray, and namibicus, Bttg., were described as EnidcB, but apparently belong to Zootecus, Westerl., a Genus of StenogyrincB. Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 165 302. ENA (PACHNODUS) ARENICOLA- (Benson). [S.A.M] . 1856 Buliimis arenicola, Bs., A.M.N.H. xviii. p. 433. D. 1859 Pfr., Mon. Hel. iv. p. 481. D. 1901 Bulimiiws (Pachnodcs) arenicola, Bs., Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 757. pi. Ill, f. 5, 6. D.F. Specimen ex auct. in University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Caffraria, near Waterloo Bay ; near Mossel Bay (Layard). NATAL. Durban ; Pietermaritzburg ; Lower Umkomaas ; Port Sbepstone ; Tongaat (Burnup). ZULULAND. Dukuduku (Toppin). 303. ENA BOIVINI (Morelet). 1860 Glandina boivini, Morel, Series Conch, ii. p. 72. pi. 5, f. 5. D.F. 1887 Bulimus Grandidier, Bull. Soc. Mai. Fr. iv. p. 187. N. 1890 ,, (Cerastus) mamboiensis, Smith, A.M.N.H. vi. p. 153. pi. 5, f. 7. D.F. 1897 Buliminus boivini, Morel., von Mts., D.-O.-Afr. p. 61. N. 1898 movenensis, Stur., S.A.Moll, p. 66. pi. 2, f. 44-51. D.F. 1899 ,, boivini, Morel. ( = mamboiensis), Smith, P.Z.S. p. 587. N. 1900 ,, (Cerastus) boivini, Morel., Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 635. pi. 97, f. 2. D.F. ,, (Pachnodes) movenensis, Stur., Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 632. pi. 96, f. 19-21. D.F. Type of boivini'm British Museum ; movenensis in Naturh. Hofrnus. Vienna. Hab. EASTERN ZULUDAND. Elscheleselwanhla (Toppin). LORENZO MARQUES. Delagoa Bay (Connolly). Movene (move- nensis, Penther). Also from several localities in East Africa, the type of boivini coming from Mombasa. There seems no reason for separating movenensis, Stur., from the present species. Until connecting links are known, E. ptychaxis, Smith (A.M.N.H. vi. 1890, p. 147), which von Martens has placed in the synonymy, appears separable by its more elongate shell and very distinct columellar fold, which is only just traceable in boivini. 304. ENA BOWKERI (Sowerby). [S.A.M.] 1889 Buliminus (Mesembrinus ?) boivkeri, Sow., P.Z.S. p. 581. pi. 56, f. 5. D.F. 166 Annals of the South African Museum. 1900 Buliminus (Pachnodes) boiukeri, Sow.,Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 657. pi. 101, f. 2. D.F. Originals in British Museum, type not specified. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Glen Avon Falls, Somerset East (Miss Bowker). 305. ENA (XEROCERASTUS) BUKCHELLI (Gray). [S.A.M.] 1834 Bulimm burchellii, Gray, P.Z.S. p. 66. D. 1848 ,, ,, Pfr., Mon. Hel. ii. p. 162. D. 1849 ,, ,, Eve., Conch. Icon. pi. 76, f. 548. D.F. 1902 ,, (Xerocerastus ?) burchellii, Gray, Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 962. D. Type in British Museum. Hab. BRITISH BECHUANALAND. Near Lattakoo (Takun), (fide Gray). Kuruman (Moffatt). BECHUANALAND. Kalahari (Penderill-Longlands). CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Prieska (Gibbons). Douglas (Miss Orpen). GRIQUALAND WEST. Blaauwbosch Poort, Hay District (Day). Griquatown (Barrett Hamilton). Griquatown (Gibbous). Riverton (Miss Wilman). The loc. " Natal," given by Sturany is improbable. 306. ENA (CONULINUS) BURNUPI (Melv. & Pons.). 1903 Buliminus (Pachnodus) burnupi, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xii. p. 605. pi. 31, f. 5. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. ZULULAND. Lower Umfolosi Drift (Burnup). Makowe (Crosly). 307. ENA (PACHNODUS) CARINIFERA (Melv. & Pons.). [S.A.M.] 1897 Buliminus (Pachnodus} carinifer, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xix. p. 637. pi. 17, f. 8. D.F. 1901 ,, (Pachnodes) carinifer, M. & P., Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 762. pi. Ill, f. 21. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Gordon Falls ; Pietermaritzburg (Burnup). CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Knysna (Purcell). Grahamstown ; Bed- ford ; Port Elizabeth (Farquhar). Pirie (Miss Eoss). Although perfectly distinct, this species is at times very closely Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 167 appi'oached by E. natalensis (Krs.), and it may possibly happen that localities given for it really refer to the latter. In carinifera the keel, especially in mature shells, is always more pronounced, and the whorls, convex below the suture, become concave both immediately above and beneath the keel. A pretty milk-white variety is found at Gordon Falls. 308. ENA (CONULINUS) CONULUS (Eeeve). 1849 Bulimus conulus, Eve., Conch. Icon. pi. 78, f. 577. D.F. 1853 Pfr., Mon. Hel. iii. p. 440. D. 1902 Buliminus (Conulinus) conulus, Eve., Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 952. pi. 133, f. 8. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. " Port Natal " (Mus. Cuming). LORENZO MARQUES. Eikatla (Junodj. ZULULAND. Entendweni (var. ; Toppin). 309. ENA (XEROCERASTUS) DAMARENSIS, H. Adams. 1870 Bulimus damarensis, H. Ad., P.Z.S. p. 9. pi. 1, f. 17. D.F. dammarensis, Pfr., Mai. Blatt. xvii. p. 93. D. Novit. Conch, iv. p. 3. pi. 109, f. 7, 8. D.F. 1877 ,, damarensis, Pfr., Mon. Hel. viii. p. 177. D. 1887 Buliminus (Eburnea) damarensis, H. Ad., Mouss., J. de C. xxxv. p. 295. N. 1889 ,, damarensis, H. Ad., von Mts., Sitz.-Ber. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berlin, p. 162. N. 1900 ,, (Zootecus) damarensis, H. Ad., Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 662. pi. 101, f. 17, 18. D.F. 1910 Ena (Eburnea) damarensis, H. Ad., Bttg., Abh. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. Frankfurt, xxxii. p. 443. N. Type in British Museum. Hab. DAMARALAND (coll. Adams). Ussab (fide von Martens) and Ubeb, on the Khan Eiver, N. of Tsoachaul (Schenck). Omaruru (Schinz). " Kurikaubmund am Swakop (Kurikop bei Otjikango) " (Eintelen). OVAMPOLAND. Ovambonde (Chapman, fide Layard). Grootfon- tein, near Upingtonia, and Epitonna, S.E. of Ondonga (Schinz). This species was described by H. Adams in January, 1870, and by Pfeiffer in July of the same year ; hence the English author has priority. 168 Annals of the South African Museum. var. MINOR, Pfeiffer. 1870 Bulimus dammar ensis, var. minor, Pfr., Mai. Blatt. xvii. p. 94. D. ,, ,, ,, ,, Novit. Conch, iv. p. 4. pi. 109, f. 5, 6. D.F. 1887 Buliminus (Eburnea) damarensis, H. Ad., var. exspectata, Mouss., J. de C. xxxv. p. 295. pi. 12, f. 4. N.F. 1904 damarensis, (?) var. exspectatus, Mouss., von Mts., Die Kalahari, p. 754. N. 1910 Ena (Eburnea) damarensis, H. Ad., var. minor, Pfr. ( = var. exspectata, Mouss.), Bttg., Abh. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. Frankfurt, xxxii. p. 443. Type in Stettin Museum. Hab. DAMARALAND (fide Pfeiffer). Ubeb on the Khan Eiver (Schenck). Omaruru (Schinz). OVAMPOLAND. Upingtonia (Schinz). BECHUANALAND. Meno a kwena (about 24 E. long, and 20 S. lat.), in marly sandstone (Passarge). var. SUBRADIATA, Bottger. 1910 Ena (Eburnea) damarensis, H. Ad., var. subradiata, Bttg., Abh. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. Frankfurt, xxxii. p. 443. D. Type in Senckenberg Mus. Frankfurt. Hab. DAMARALAND. " Kurikaubmund am Swakop (Kurikop bei Otjikango) " (Eintelen). 310. ENA (CONULINUS) DIMERA (Melv. & Pons.). [S.A.M.] 1901 Buliminus (Rhachis) dimerus, M. & P., A.M.N.H. viii. p. 320. pi. 2, f. 13. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Karkloof Bush (McBean). CAPE OP GOOD HOPE. King Williamstown (Godfrey). 311. ENA (PACHNODUS) DRAKENSBERGENSIS (Smith). 1877 Bulimus (Pachnodus] drakensberg ensis, Smith, A.M.N.H. xx. p. 538. D. 1879 Buliminus natalensis, Krs., var. draakensbitrg ensis, Smith, Binn., Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. i. p. 362. pi. 14, f. J. B. 1901 (Pachnodes) drakensbergensis, Smith, Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 758. pi. Ill, f. 7, 8. D.F. Type in British Museum. Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 169 Hab. TRANSVAAL. East slope of Drakensberg, near Lydenburg Goldfields (ex coll. Sowerby). Pilgrim's Eest (Craven). 312. ENA (? EHACHISELLUS) DUBIOSA (Sturany). 1898 Buliminus (Bhachis) dubiosus, Stur., S.A. Moll. p. 64. pi. 2, f. 45, 46. D.F. 1900 Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 632. pi. 96, f. 17, 18. D.F, Type in Naturh. Hofmus. \ 7 ienna. Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Matolla (Penther). 313. ENA (XEROCERASTUS) HOTTENTOTA (Gray). 1838 Bulimus hottentota, Gray, Alexander's Expedition, ii. p. 269. D. 1870 Bulimulus pygmceus, H. Adams, P.Z.S. p. 9. pi. 1, f. 18. D.F. 1877 Pfr, Mon. Hel. viii. p. 123. D. 1910 Ena (Eburnea) pygmaa, H. Adams, Bttg., Abb.. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. Frankfurt, xxxii. p. 442. N. Types in British Museum. Hab. GREAT NAMALAND. Near Great Pish Eiver (Alexander). DAMARALAND (in coll. H. Adams). Flats by the Khan Eiver, N. of Tsoachaul (Schenck). Ussab (fide von Mts.). 140 kilos from Swakopmund (Eintelen). OVAMPOLAND. Ovambonde (Chapman, fide Layard). 314. ENA (XEROCERASTUS) LAYARDI (Melv. & Pons.). 1892 Buliminus layardi, M. & P., A.M.N.H. ix. p. 90. pi. 5, f. 11. D.F. 1901 Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 793. pi. 117, f. 3. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. BECHUANALAND. Kobis, probably just S. of Lake Ngami (in coll. Layard). 315. ENA (PACHNODUS) MCBEANIANA, Burnup. [S.A.M.] 1905 Ena (Paclinodus] mcbeaniana, Bnp., Proc. Mai. Soc. vi. p. 302. pi. 16, f. 1, 2. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. TRANSVAAL. Pretoria District (McBean). Pietpotgieters- rust (Connolly). Bulimus spadiceus, var., quoted by Krauss (Siidafr. Moll, 1848, p. 79) from Mt. Mohapaani, is possibly referable to this species. 170 Annals of the South African Museum. 316. ENA (CONULINUS) MARITZBUEGENSIS (Melv. & Pons.). [S.A.M.] 1893 Buliminus (Pachnodus) maritzburgensis, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xii. p. 105. pi. 3, f. 5 D.F. 1901 Buliminus (Pachnodes) maritzburgensis, M. & P., Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 760. pi. Ill, f. 16, 17. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Thornybush, and other localities near Pieter- maritzburg (Burnup). 317. ENA (EHACHIDINA) MELANACME (Pfeiffer). 1855 Bulimus mclanacme, Pfr., P.Z.S. p. 96. pi. 31, f. 8. D.F. 1859 Mon. Hel. iv. p. 486. D. ,, (Rhachis) melanacme, Pfr., von Mts., Mai. Blatt. vi. p. 212. pi. 2, f. 8. N.F. 1860 Buliminus (Bhachis) melanacme, Pfr., von Mts., Die Helic. p. 231. (Err. Typ.} 1869 ,, ,, melanacme, Pfr., von Mts., Nachrichtsbl. d. Deutsch. Mai. Ges. p. 152. N. 1889 Pachnodus sesamorum, Ancey in Mss., Bgt., Moll, de 1'Afr. equat. p. 66. pi. 3, f. 2, 3. D.F. 1897 Buliminus (Rhachis) melanacme,Ph\,von^ / Li,s.,D.-O.-Ah.p.7 5. N. 1900 Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 623. pi. 95, f. 8. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. MOZAMBIQUE. Tette (Peters). Also found in East Africa. Pfeiffer's loc. Tette is of doubtful authenticity, von Martens (1897) remarks : Pfeiffer gives Tette, on the Zambesi, as the finding-place of the specimens found by Peters ; but on Peters' labels in the Berlin Museum only Querimba, not Tette, is written, while for B. punctatus both localities are vouched for in his handwriting." Melvill and Standen (1907) quote this species from Petauke, Northern Ehodesia. 318. ENA (CONULINUS) MEEIDIONALIS (Pfeiffer). [S.A.M.] 1847 Bulimus meridionalis, Pfr., P.Z.S. p. 231. D. 1848 ,, Mon. Hel. ii. p. 108. D. Eve., Conch. Icon. pi. 56, f. 370. D.F. 1898 Buliminus (Rhachis) meridionalis, Pfr., Stur., S.A. Moll. p. 64. N. 1901 ,, (Comdinus) meridionalis, Pfr., Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 759. pi. Ill, f. 14, 15. D.F. Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 171 Type in British Museum. Hob. " SOUTH AFRICA " (in coll. Cuming, fide Pfeiffer). CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Port Elizabeth (Crawford ; Farquhar). '? LORENZO MARQUES. Matolla (Penther, fide Sturany). 319. ENA (CONULINUS) METULOIDES, Smith. [S.A.M.] 1899 Buliminus (Conulinus) metuloides, Smith, P.Z.S. p. 587.pl. 33, f. 43. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hob. EHODESIA. Victoria Falls (Becker). Described from Zomba, Nyassaland. The Bhodesian specimens are a little stouter than the type, but do not appear separable. 320. ENA (EHACHIDINA) MOZAMBICENSIS (Pfeiffer). 1846 Bulimus mozambicensis, Pfr., Symb. iii. p. 85. D. 1848 Mon. Hel. ii. p. 177. D. 1849 ,, ,, ,, Kve.,Conch.Icon.pl.58,f.328.DJ* T . 1859 ,, mozambicensis, Pfr., Mon. Hel. iv. p. 473. D. 1869 ,, (Rhachis) mozambicensis, Ph., vou~klt$.,'N&chrichisbl. d. Deutsch mal. Ges. i. p. 150. D. 1879 Buliminus mozambicensis, Pfr., Gibbons, Journ. of Conch, ii. p. 144. Af. ,, spekei, Bgt., Moll, de 1'Egypte, p. 4. D. 1897 ,, (Bhachis) mossambicensis, Pfr. (cum var. spekei, Bgt.), von Mts., D.-O.-Afr. p. 74. N.D. 1899 ,, ,, mozambicensis, Pfr., Junod, Bull. Soc. Vaudoise, xxxv. p. 279. N. 1901 ,, ,, mozambicensis, Pfr., Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 748. pi. 110, f. 7, 8. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hob. LORENZO MARQUES. Eikatla (Junod). Originally described from Mozambique (coll. Cuming). 321. ENA (PACHNODUS) NATALENSIS (Krauss). [S.A.M.] 1846 Bulimus natalensis, Krs., Pfr., Symb. iii. p. 86. D. 1848 Siidafr. Moll. p. 78. pi. 5, f. 1. D.F. ,, Pfr., Mon. Hel. ii. p. 48. D. 1849 Eve., Conch. Icon. pi. 62, f. 430. D.F. (pessima). 13 172 Annals of the South African Museum. 1898 Buliminus (Pachnod2is)natalensis,Rrs.,$tni'., S.A.Moll. p. 63. N. 1899 (Pachnodes] ,, ,, Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 621. pi. 94, f. 14, 15. D.F. Type in Stuttgart Museum. Hab. NATAL. Near Natal Bay (Krauss). Drakensberg (Wahl- berg). Umkomaas ; Pietermaritzburg ; Tougaat ; Pinetown ; Krantz Kloof (Burnup). CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Port Elizabeth ; Springfields (Eeeve). Kowie (Farquhar). Port St. John's (Shortridge). Knysna (Layard). LORENZO MABQUES. Eikatla (Junod). Delagoa Bay (smaller var., fide Sturany). 322. ENA NUPTIALIS (Melv. & Pons.). [S.A.M.] 1894 Buliminus nuptialis, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xiv. p. 92. pi. 1, f. 5. D.F. 1901 ,, (Pachnodes) nuptialis, M. & P., Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 762. pi. Ill, f. 22. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Craigie Burn, Somerset East (Mrs. Barber). Elandsberg Mountain, Cradock (Farquhar). 323. ENA (XEROCERASTUS) OPPOSITA (Mousson). 1887 Helix (CochUcella) opposita, Mouss., J. de C. xxxv. p. 293. pi. 12, f. 2. D.F. 1900 Buliminus (Zootecus ?) oppositiis, Mouss., Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 661. pi. 101, f. 13. D.F. 1904 CochUcella opposita, Mouss., von Mts., Die Kalahari, p. 755. N. 1910 Ena opposita, Mouss., Bttg., Abh. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. Frankfurt, xxxii. p. 444. N. Hab. OVAMPOLAND. Upingtonia (subfossil, Schinz). BECHUANALAND. Meno a kwena (subfossil, Passarge). Described from a single specimen, compared to CochUcella ventri- cosa, Drap., and terveriana, Webb. 324. ENA PENTHERI (Sturany). 1898 Buliminus (Ehachis) pentheri, Stur., S.A. Moll. p. 65. pi. 2, f. 47, 48. D.F. 1900 Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 631. pi. 96, f. 15, 16. D.F. Type in Naturh. Hofmus. Vienna. Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Matolla (Penther). Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 173 325. ENA (? EHACHISELLUS) PETERSI, Pfeiffer. 1855 Bulimus petersi, Pfr., P.Z.S. p. 97. D. 1859 von Mts., Mai. Blatt. vi. p. 213. N. Mon. Hel. iv. p. 496. D. 1902 Buliminus (Rliacliis) petersi, Pfr., Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 986. D. Type in British Museum. Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Tette (Peters). 326. ENA (XEROCERASTUS) PSAMMOPHILA (Bottger). 1886 Buliminus (Mastus) psammophilus, Bttg., Ber. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. Frankfurt, p. 23. pi. 2, f. 2. D.F. 1887 ,, psamophilus, Bttg., Mouss., J. deC. xxxv. p. 295. N. 1900 (Zootecus) psammophilus, Bttg., Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 663. pi. 101, f. 19-21. D.F. 1910 Ena (Eburnea] psammophila, Bttg., Abh. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. Frankfurt, xxxii. p. 443. N. Type in Senckenberg Mus. Frankfurt. Hab. BECHUANALAND. Khuis, western border of Kalahari (Nolte). GREAT NAMALAND. Choarib (Hermann). 327. ENA (EHACHISELLUS) PUNCTATA (Anton). [S.A.M.] 1839 Bulimus punctatus, Ant., Verz. Conch. Samml. p. 42. D. 1848 Pfr., Mon. Hel. ii. p. 212. D. 1849 ,, Eve., Conch. Icon.pl. 55, f. 452. D.F. 1851 ,, Desh., Hist. Nat. Moll, ii, 2. p. 86. pi. 157, f. 7, 8. D.F. 1854, 55 ,, ,, ( = solatus, Bs. in Mss.), Pfr., Conch. Cab. p. 229. pi. 62, f. 22-24. D.F. 1859 Bulimus (Rhachis) punctatus, Ant., von Mts., Mai. Blatt. vi. p. 213. N. 1869 Buliminus (Rhachis) punctatus, Ant., von Mts., Nachrichtsbl. d. Deutsch. Mai. Ges. i. p. 153. N. 1876 Bulimus punctatus, Ant., Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Indica, p. 10. pi. 20, f.10. F. 1879 ,, Gibbons, Journ. of Conch, ii. p. 144. N. 1889 Rachisellus ledoulxi, Bgt., Moll, de 1'Afr. equat. p. 70. pi. 5, f. 10, 11. D.F. 1893 Buliminus (Pachnodus) jejunus, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xii. p. 106. pi. 3, f. 7. D.F. 1897 ,, (Rhachis) punctatus, Ant. (cum varr. ledoidxi, Bgt., and variolosus, Morel. ),von Mts. ,D.-0.-Afr.p.76. N. 174 Annals of the South African Museum. 1901 Buliminus (Pachnodes ?} jejunus, M. & P., Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 794. pi. 117, f. 5. D.F.N. Types in British Museum. Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Tette (Peters). Lebombo Mountains (Barber). EHODESIA. Near Gwelo (Dodds). NORTHERN TRANSVAAL (jejuna, Bowker). ?OVAMPOLAND. Upingtonia ; Epitonna (fide Sturany). ?DAMARALAND. Omaruru (fide Sturany). An Indian species imported through commerce, and rather widely distributed in East Africa. Very careful comparison has been made of the type set of jejuna, in the British Museum, with immature specimens of punctata from Daressalam, and no specific difference can be found between them. Ena (Rhachisellus) ferussaci (Dkr.), which some writers have included in the synonymy, appears to be a distinct species. 328. ENA (XEROCERASTUS) SCHULTZEI, Bottger. 1910 Ena (Eburnea) schultzei, Bttg., Abh. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. Frankfurt, xxxii. p. 442. pi. 28, f. 9. D.F. Type in Senckenberg Mus. Frankfurt. Hab. BECHUANALAND. Kooa ; Sekuma District : Kang ; Kakir and Lekututu Districts (Schultze). GRIQU ALAND WEST. Near Cypher Krantz (Day). 329. ENA (PACHNODUS) SPADICEA (Menke). [S.A.M.J 1846 Bulimus spadiceus, Mke., Pfr., Syrnb. iii. p. 87. D. ,, ,, ,, Phil., Abb. u.Beschr. ii. p. 123. pi. 13, 1. f. 3. D.F. 1848 ,, Krs., Siidafr. Moll. p. 79. D. Pfr., Mon. Hel. ii. p. 192. D. 1854, 55 ,, Conch. Cab. p. 223. pi. 61, f. 13, 14. D.F. 1854 ,, vitellinus, Pfr., P.Z.S. p. 57. D. 1859 ,, Mon. Hel. iv. p. 480. D. 1902 Buliminus (Pachnodes) vitellinus, Pfr., Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 997. D. Type of spaclicea in Stettin Museum ; mtellina in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. "In the forests" (Krauss). Umlaas Eiver (fide Sturany). Port Shepstone ; Durban (Burnup). CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Somerset East (Miss Bowker). Kentani (Kolbe). Port Elizabeth (Crawford). East London (fide Layard). Eeference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 175 TRANSVAAL. Barberton (Cregoe). Vitellina was described from " Natal." The type is simply an example of spadicca. var. MINOR, Pfeiffer. 1848 Bulimus spadtceus, Mke. var., Krs., Slidafr. Moll. p. 79. D. ,, ,, ,, var. minor, Pfr. (Bulimus caffer, Krs., in litt.), Pfr., Mon. Hel. ii. p. 192. D. Krauss' type in Stockholm Museum. If the above two quotations refer to the same shell, which is not quite certain, the Hab. is Mt. Mohapaani, probably in the Northern Transvaal, and the variety may possibly be identical with E. mcbeaniana, Bnp. 330. ENA (? RHACHISELLUS) SPILOGRAMMA (von Martens). 1859 Bw^w^spz%ramwws,vonMts.,Ma;l.Bla,tt.vi.p.214.pl.2,f.9. D.F. 1860 ,, (Pachnodus)spilogrammi(s,von~Mt l $.,Die~H.elic.p.'23Q. D. 1868 ,, spilogrammus, von Mts., Pfr., Mon. Hel. vi. p. 56. D. 1900 Buliminus (Pachnodus) spilogrammus, von Mts., Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 624.pl. 95, f. 9. D.F. Type in Zool. Mus. Berlin. Hab. LOBENZO MARQUES. Tette (Peters). 331. ENA (? EHACHISELLUS) STICTA (von Martens). [S.A.M.] 1859 Bulimus (Bhachis) stictus, von Mts., Mai. Blatt. vi. p. 211. pi. 2, f. 6. D.F. 1860 DieHelic.p. 232. D. 1868 ,, Pfr., Mon. Hel. vi. p. 131. D. 1899 Buliminus Smith, P.Z.S. p. 586. N. 1900 ,, ,, Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 623. pi. 95, f. 7. D.F. Type in Zool. Mus. Berlin. Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Tette (Peters). Manica Land (Selous). RHODESIA. Three miles east of Umtali (Dodds). ZULULAND. Umbonarnbi (Toppin). White Urnfolosi Flats (Gibson). Also reported from Angoni Land and other localities in Central Africa and Northern Rhodesia. 332. ENA (XEROCERASTUS) SUBTERES, Bottger. 1910 Ena (Eburnea) subtcres, Bttg., Abh. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. Frankfurt, xxxii. p. 444. pi. 28, f. 8. D.F. Type in Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt. 176 Annals of the South African Museum. Hab. DAMAKALAND. 140 kilos inland fromSwakopmund(Eintelen.) Founded on a single, dead specimen. 333. ENA (CONULINUS) TBANSVAALEKSIS (Melv. & Pons.). 1893 Buliminus transvaalensis, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xii. p. 105. pi. 3, f. 6. D.F. 1901 Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 794. pi. 117, f. 4. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. NOETHEEN TEANSVAAL (Bowker). 334. ENA (XEEOCEEASTUS) ZULUENSIS (Melv. & Pons.). 1898 Buliminus zuluensis, M. & P., A.M.N.H. ii. p. 127. pi. 7, f . 5. D.F. 1902 ,, (Xerocerastus] zuluensis, M. & P., Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 895. pi. 128, f. 3. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. ZULULAND. Inseyi Eiver (fide M. & P.). FAMILY VERTIGINID^, B. B. Woodward, 1903. (Journ. of Conch, x. pp. 354, 360.) ( = Pupidae, PupaB, &c., auctt.) GENUS LEUCOCHILOIDES, Pfeiffer, 1881. (Nomenclator, p. 292.) Type of Genus, L. lardeus (Pfr.). Adequate discussion of this Genus and the species attributed to it would fill far too much space for inclusion in the present work. Pilsbry and Vanatta, in their " Partial Eevision of the Pupae of the United States" (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1900, p. 582), con- sidered both Leucochila, Albers, 1860, and Leucochiloides to be dentical with the older Pupoides, Pfr. (Mai. Blatt. i. 1854, p. 192). There is, however, an earlier Pupoides, proposed by Ferussac (Tabl. Syst. pt. 3. 1821, p. 61) as a section of Cochlodina, but on an equal footing with Clausilia, Pupa, and Cyclostoma. Hence there is room for doubt both as to the validity of Pupoides, Pfr., and as to whether it is actually equivalent to Leucochiloides, so that it may be advisable to retain for the present the later name, which is applied by most continental authorities to the species which follow. With regard to the South African representation, specimens Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 177 attributable to calaharicus, Bttg., have often been identified with the West African senegalensis, Morel., which was described from Goree. In my opinion, they very possibly are that species; but senegalensis was admitted by Morelet himself to be identical with the East Indian ccenopictus, Hutton, while the latter, with some twenty other names, has been placed by various authors in varying synonymy, including that of the American marginatus, Say (=fallax, auctt., nee Say). It will hence be seen that the whole question of the synonymy of senegalensis is an extremely difficult one, and, as it is not yet settled, I prefer to leave this West Coast species altogether out of calculation, and restrict the South African list to the narrowest possible limits, as set forth below. 335. LEUCOCHILOIDES CALAHAKICUS, Bottger. 1886 Buliminus (Leucochiloides) calaharicus, Bttg., Ber. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. Frankfurt, p. 24. pi. 2, f. 3. D.F. 1900 Buliminus (Leucochiloides} calaharicus, Bttg., Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 664. pi. 101, f. 22, 23. D.F. Type in Senckenberg Mus. Frankfurt. Hab. BRITISH BECHUANALAND. Ghous (Nolte). GBIQUALAND WEST. Blaauwbosch Poort, Hay District (Day). Hartz Eiver, Taungs (Miss Wilman). DAMAEALAND (Geale, in British Museum). EHODESIA. Victoria Falls (Connolly). CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Jansenville (Farquhar ; Crawford). Prieska (Gibbons). Karroo (in British Museum) A variable species, both as to size and form. 336. LEUCOCHILOIDES MINUSCULUS, Mousson. 1887 Buliminus (Leucochiloides) minusculus, Mouss., J. de C. xxxv. p. 295. pi. 12, f. 5. D.F. 1902 ,, (Pupoides) minusculus, Mouss., Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 956. pi. 133, f. 18, 19. D.F. 1904 ,, (Leucochiloides) minusculus, Mouss., von Mts., Die Kalahari, p. 754. N. 1910 Leucochiloides minusculus, Mouss., Bttg., Abb.. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. Frankfurt, xxxii. p. 445. N. Type in Zurich Museum. Hab. OVAMPOLAND. Kn-Ganab, S.E.of Ondonga_(Schinz). Hoeis (Hermann). Sodanna (Passarge). 178 Annals of the South African Museum. BECHUANALAND. Meno a kwena (fossil, Passarge). Separable by its smaller size, if a constant feature, from calaharicus, Bttg. SUB-GENUS MICEOSTELE, Bottger, 1886. (Ber. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. Frankfurt, p. 26.) Type of Sub-Genus, L. noltei, Bttg. 337. LEUCOCHILOIDES NOLTEI, Bottger. 1886 Pupa (Microstele) noltei, Bttg., Ber. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. Frankfurt, p. 25. pi. 2, f. 4. D.F. 1908 noltei, Bttg., M.. &P.,A.M.N.H.i.p.78.pl.2,f.l4,15. D.F. N.B. The height line, which should be 3'75 mm., is omitted on this plate. Type in Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt. Hab. BEITISH BECHUANALAND. Ghous (Nolte). Founded on a single specimen. 338. LEUCOCHILOIDES OBLONGUS, Bottger. 1910 Leucochiloides (Microstele) oblongiis, Bttg., Abh. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. Frankfurt, p. 445. pi. 28, f. 11. D.F. Type in Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt. Hab. DAMABALAND. 140 kilorn. inland from Swakopmund (Eintelen). Founded on a single, live specimen, which, as the author recog- nises, may be a local form of noltei. GENUS JAMINIA, Leach in Eisso, 1826. (Hist. nat. de 1'Europe merid. iv. p. 88.) ( = Pupa, Drap., 1801, nee Pupa, Bolten, 1798, nee Lam., 1801.) Type of Genus,./, muscorum (Mull.). I have adopted the nomenclature suggested by B. B. Woodward in Journ. of Conch, x. 1903, p. 358 et seq. On p. 361 he points out that the Sub-genus Pupilla, Leach in Turton, 1831, by the adoption of Jaminia, becomes a synonym for Jaminia s.s. 339. JAMINIA BISULCATA (Jickeli). [S.A.M.] 1872 Pupa bisulcata, Jick., Mai. Blatt. xx. p. 107. D. 1874 Fauna N.-O.-Afr. p. 119. pi. 5, f. 10. D.F. 1877 Pfr., Mon. Hel. viii. p. 380. D. Type in Zool. Mus. Berlin. Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 179 Hab. KHODESIA. Victoria Falls (Connolly). Described from Abyssinia. It has not been possible to compare the Rhodesian shells with Jickeli's type, but they agree very well with his figure and descrip- tion of bisulcata. 340. JAMINIA CORRUGATA, Preston. 1912 Jaminia corrugata, Prest., A.M.N.H. ix. pp. 70, f. 4 ; 71. F.D. Type in coll. Preston. Hab. RHODESIA. Victoria Falls (Connolly). 341. JAMINIA CRAWFORDIANA (Melv. & Pons.). 1903 Fauxulus craivfordianus, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xii. p. 605. pi. 31, f. 6. D.F. 1908 Pupa crawfordiana, M. & P., A.M.N.H. i. p. 71. N. 1911 Bnp., A.M.N.H. vii. p. 402. pi. 10, f. 1, 2. N.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Mossel Bay (Crawford). 342. JAMINIA CRYPTOPLAX (Melv. & Pons.). [S.A.M.] 1899 Pupa cryptoplax, M. & P., A.M.N.H. iv. p. 198. pi. 3, f. 11. D.F. 1908 i. p. 71. pi. 1, f. 1,2. N.F. 1911 Bnp., A.M.N.H. vii. p. 402. N. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Kragga Kama, Port Elizabeth (Crawford ; Reeve). 343. JAMINIA DADION (Benson). [S.A.M.] 1864 Pupa dadion, Bs., A.M.N.H. xiii. p. 495. D. 1868 Pfr., Mon. Hel. vi. p. 320. D. 1908 M. & P., A.M.N.H. i. p. 72. pi. 1, f. 3. N.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Simonstown ; Ravine near New- lands (Layard). Bedford (Farquhar). NATAL. Umvoti Country (Lightfoot). Karkloof ; Nottingham Road; Inhluzani Mountain; Game Pass (Burnup). 344. JAMINIA DAMARICA (Ancey). [S.A.M.] 1888 Pupa damarica, Ancey, Le Naturaliste, x. p. 200. D. 1892 ovampoensis, M. & P., A.M.N.H. ix. p. 91. pi. 6, f. 11. D.F. 180 Annals of the South African Museum. 1901 Pupa ridibunda, M. & P., A.M.N.H. viii. p. 320. pi. 2, f. 11. D.F. 1908 damarica, Ancey, M. & P., A.M.N.H. i. p. 72. D. ,, ovampoensis, M. & P. ( = ridibunda), M. & P., A.M.N.H. i. p. 79. pi. 2, f. 16. D.F. 1910 Leucochilus damaricum, Ancey ( = ovampoensis, M. & P.),Bttg., Abh. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. Frankfurt, xxxii. p. 446. N. 1911 Pupa damarica, Ancey, Bnp., A.M.N.H. vii. p. 403. N. Type of damarica ubi ? ; ridibunda and ovampoensis in British Museum. Hob. OVAMPOLAND (ovampoensis , in coll. Layard). Disappoint- ment Vlei (damarica, Andersson & Chapman). TRANSVAAL. Eustenberg (McBean). Potchefstroom (Miss Living- ston). Pretoria ; Heidelberg ; Buiskop ; Pietersburg ; Pruizen (Connolly). ORANGE FREE STATE. Bloernfontein (Connolly). CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Prieska (Gibbons). Elandsberg Mountain, Cradock (ridibunda) ; Port Elizabeth (Farquhar). 345. JAMINIA DYSORATA (Melv. & Pons.). 1893 Pupa dysorata, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xi. p. 20. pi. 3, f. 4. F. and faulty description. ,, ,, ,, xii. p. 111. (Emend. Descr.) 1898 dysorota Stur., S.A. Moll. p. 71. (Err. typ.} 1908 dysorata A.M.N.H. i. p. 73. pi. 1, f. 4. D.F. 1911 Bnp., A.M.N.H. vii. p. 403. N.D. Type in coll. Sykes. Hob. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Griqualand East (in coll. Sykes). 346. JAMINIA FARQUHARI (Melv. & Pons.). [S.A.M.] 1898 Pupa far quhari, M. & P., A.M.N.H. ii. p. 128. pi. 7, f. 7. D.F. 1908 i. p. 74. pi. 1, f. 7. N.F. Type in British Museum. Hob. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Elandsberg Mountain, Cradock (Farquhar). 347. JAMINIA FONTANA (Krauss). [S.A.M.] 1841 Pupafontana, Krs., Kust., Conch. Cab. p. 122. pU6,f. 9-12. D.F. 1848 ,, Siidafr. Moll. p. 80. pi. 5, f. 6. D.F. Pfr., Mon. Hel. ii. p. 355. D. 1866 von Mts., Mai. Blatt. xiii. p. 96. N. 1870 ,, Blanf., Obs. Geol. & Zool. Abyss, p. 477. N. 1874 Jick., Fauna N.-0.-Afr.p.l20.pl.5,f.ll. D.F. Reference List of South African Non-marine Molhisca. 181 1894 Pupa charybdica, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xiv. p. 94. pi. 1, f. 13. D.F. ,, custodita ,, xiv. p. 93. pi. 1, f. 9. D.F. frustillum xiv. p. 94. pi. 1, f. 14. D.F. keroea xiv. p. 94. pi. 1, f. 12. D.F. omicronaria ,, ,, xiv. p. 93. pi. 1, f. 11. D.F. 1896 amphodon xviii.p.317.pl.l6,f.6,7. D.F. 1898 fontana, Krs., Stur., S.A. Moll. p. 69. D. 1901 endoplax, M. & P., A.M.N.H. viii. p. 319. pi. 2, f. 10. D.F. 1908 ,, fontana, Krs. ( elizabethensis, charybdica, custodita, frustillum, keroea, omicronaria, amphodon and endo- plax), M. & P., A.M.N.H. i. p. 74. N. 1910 Pupilla fontana, Krs., Bttg., Abh. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. Frankfurt, xxxii. p. 445. N. 1911 Pupa fontana, Krs., Bnp., A.M.N.H. vii. p. 404. N. Types of amphodon, charybdica, custodita, endoplax, frustillum, keroea, and omicronaria in British Museum ; fontana in Stuttgart Museum. Hab. TRANSVAAL. Source of Mooi Eiver (Wablberg). Pretoria District (custodita, keroea, omicronaria, &c., very plentiful). Johan- nesburg (McBean ; Johnson). Potchefstroom ; Heidelberg (Miss Livingston). Buiskop (Connolly). ORANGE FREE STATE. Bloemfontein ; Eustfontein (Connolly). NATAL. Karkloof (McBean). Edendale ; Tongaat (Burnup). CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Prieska (Lightfoot). Cradock (endoplax, Farquhar). Port Elizabeth (amphodon, charybdica, frustillum, Crawford ; Pentber). East London (Miss Bowker). Victoria East ; Pirie Forest (Godfrey). GRIQU ALAND WEST. Blaauwbosch Poort, Hay District (Day). DAMARALAND. Gobabis (sub-fossil, Hermann). Also known from Abyssinia and other countries. Nevill cites a variety of this species as collected by Blanford at Agula, Adignat, and Meshek, in North-East Africa. Jickeli (1874) describes and figures a var. globulosa, which he collected in Abyssinia in company with the typical form. var. ELIZABETHENSIS (Melv. & Pons.). 1892 Pupa elizabethensis, M. & P., A.M.N.H. ix. p. 91. pi. 5, f. 13. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Port Elizabeth (Crawford). The albino form of fontana, and, as such, entitled to varietal rank. 182 Annals of the South African Museum. 348. JAMINIA GEIQUALANDICA (Melv. & Pons.). S.A.M.] 1893 Pupa griqualandica, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xi. p. 22. pi. 3, f. 9. D.F. 1908 ,, i.p.76.pl.l,f.8-10. D.F. 1911 Bnp., A.M.N.H. vii. p. 405. N. Type in coll. Sykes. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Griqualand Bast (Sykes). Cradock (Farquhar). Port Elizabeth (in coll. Ponsonby). NATAL. Pietermaritzburg ; Dargle ; Tongaat ; Edendale (Burnup). ZULULAND. Dukuduku (Toppin). TRANSVAAL. Pretoria District (Farquhar). Heidelberg (Miss Livingston) . Buiskop^ (Connolly) . 349. JAMINIA IOTA (Melv. & Pons.). [S.A.M.] 1894 Pupa iota, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xiv. p. 93. pi. 1, f. 10. D.F. 1908 ,, i. p. 77. pi. 1, f. 11. D.F. 1911 Bnp., A.M.N.H. vii. p. 406. N. Type in British Museum. Hab. TRANSVAAL. Pretoria (Farquhar ; McBean). Heidelberg (Miss Livingston). Standers Kop (Connolly). ZULULAND. Dukuduku Forest (Toppin). var. LIVINGSTONE, Burnup. 1908 Pupa iota, M. & P., var. livingstona, Bnp., M. & P., A.M.N.H. i. p. 77.pl. 1, f. 12. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. TRANSVAAL. Pretoria; Standerton (Connolly). 350. JAMINIA LAYABDI (Benson). [S.A.M.] 1856 Pupa layardi, Bs., A.M.N.H. xviii. p. 435. D. 1859 Pfr., Mon. Hel. iv. p. 674. D. 1864 A.M.N.H. xiii. p. 496. N. 1868 Pfr., Mon. Hel. vi. p. 318. D. 1876 Sow., Conch. Icon. pi. 15, f. 141. D.F. 1908 M. & P., A.M.N.H. i. p. 78. pi. 2, f. 13. N.F. 1911 Bnp., A.M.N.H. vii. p. 407.pl. 10, f. 3,4. N.F. Originals in University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Cape Point (Layard). Herrnanus (Lightfoot). var. MINOB, Benson. 1864 Pupa layardi, var. minor, Bs., A.M.N.H. xiii. p. 496. D. 1868 ,, ,, Pfr., Mon. Hel. vi. p. 318. D. Eeference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 183 Pupa stoaphora,~Ba., in litt. 1889 ,, Paetel, Catalog, ii. p. 305. 1908 layardi, var. minor, Bs., M. & P., A.M.N.H. i.p.78. N. 1911 Bnp., A.M.N.H. vii. p. 408. pi. 10, f. 5, 6. N.F. Originals of var. minor in University Museum of Zoology, Cam- bridge ; stoaplwra in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE . Bredasdorp, at the roots of grasses among stones (stoapkora, Layard). 351. JAMINIA PERPLEXA (Burnup). [S.A.M.] 1908 PMpa_perpZea;a,Bnp.,M.&P.,A.M.N.H.i.p.80.pl.2,f.l7 J 18. D.F. 1911 A.M.N.H. vii. p. 408. D. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Cradock ; Port Elizabeth (Far- quhar). TRANSVAAL. Johannesburg (McBean). Pretoria (in coll. Pon- sonby). Potchefstroom (Miss Livingston). Heidelberg (Connolly) . ORANGE FREE STATE. Bloemfontein (Connolly). 352. JAMINIA PRETORIENSIS (Melv. & Pons.). [S.A.M.] 1893 Pupa pretoriensis, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xi. p. 21. pi. 3, f. 8. D.F. 1908 ,, i.p.81. .V. ,, ,, dysorata, M. & P., var. intradentata, Bnp., M. & P., A.M.N.H. i. p. 73. pi. 1, f. 5, 6. D.F. 1911 ,, intradentata, Bnp., A.M.N.H. vii. p. 405. D. Types in British Museum. Hab. TRANSVAAL. Pretoria and District (Farquhar ; Connolly). The type of pretoriensis, which was not available when the revision of the South African Pupidce, was being prepared (1908), proves to be a slightly immature example of the species better known as intradentata, Bnp. Pretoriensis, of course, has priority. 353. JAMINIA QUANTULA (Melv. & Pons.). 1893 Pupa quantula, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xi. p. 20. pi. 3, f. 5. D.F. 1908 i.p.81. pi. 2, f. 19. N.F. 1911 Bnp., A.M.N.H. vii. p. 409. N. Type ubi ? Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Port Elizabeth, South of Baakens Eiver to Schoenmakers Kop (Crawford). 184 Annals of the South African Museum. 354. JAMINIA SYKESI (Melv. & Pons.). [S.A.M.] 1893 Pupa sykesii, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xi. p. 21. pi. 3, f. 6. F. & faulty description. ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, xii.p. 111. (Emend. Descr.) 1898 pentheri, Stur., S.A. Moll. p. 70. pi. 2, f. 34-36. D.F. 1908 ,, M. & P., A.M.N.H. i. p. 80. N. sykesii, M. & P., ibid. p. 81. pi. 2, f. 20. N.F. 1911 ,, sykesi ,, (=pentheri, Stur.), Bnp., A.M.N.H. vii. p. 410. N. Type of sykesi in coll. Sykes ; pentheri in Naturh. Hofmus. Vienna. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Griqualand East (in coll. Sykes). Port Elizabeth (Eeeve). Pirie (Godfrey). Grahamstown (Farquhar). NATAL. Majuba (Connolly). Durban ; Umbilo Eoad (pentheri, Penther). Edendale ; Game Pass ; Ntimbankulu (Burnup). ZULULAND. Dukuduku (pentheri, Toppin). var. INCONSPICUA, Burnup. 1908 Pupa sijkesii, M. & P., var. inconspicua, Bnp., M. & P., A.M.N.H. i.p.81.pl.2,f.21. D.F. 1911 Bnp.,A.M.N.H.vii.p.410. N. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Dargle (Miss Livingston). 355. JAMINIA TABULABIS (Melv. & Pons.). [S.A.M.] 1893 Pupa tabularis, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xi. p. 20. pi. 3, f. 3. D.F. 1908 i. p. 82. pi. 2, f. 22. N.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. Cape Town (Lightfoot). Eondebosch (Connolly). 356. JAMINIA TETEODUS (Bottger). [S.A.M.] 1870 Pupa tetrodus, Bttg., Ber, Offenbach. Ver. f. Naturk. xi. p. 46. pi. 1, f. 1. D.F. 1880 (Vertigo) sinistrorsa, Crvn., P.Z.S.p. 618. pi. 57, f. 8. D.F. 1891 thaumasta, M. & P., A.M.N.H. viii. p. 239. D. 1892 ix. p. 94. pi. 6, f. 7. F. 1898 ,, ,, ,, ,, and sinistrorsa, Crvn., Stur., S.A. Moll. p. 68. N. 1908 sinistrorsa, Crvn.( = thaumasta),M..&P.,A.M.N.H.. i. p. 83.pl. 2, f. 26. N.F. Reference List of South African Non-Marine Mollusca. 185 1910 Pupilla tetrodus, Bttg. ( = sinistrorsa and thaumasta}, Bttg., Abh. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. Frankfurt, xxxii. p. 446. N. Types of sinistrorsa and thaumasta in British Museum ; tetrodus in Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt. Hab. BECHUANALAND. Gokwe Eiver, 22 S. lat. and 28 E. Ion., about 30 miles N. of Palapye Road (sub-fossil, Hiibner). CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Cape Eecif; Klein Setjes Bosch, near Beaufort (sinistrorsa, Craven). Port Alfred (Penther). King Williamstown ; Lovedale ; Burns Hill (Godfrey). Port Elizabeth (thaumasta, Crawford). Prieska (Gibbons). Grahamstown ; Cradock ; Jansenville; Somerset East (Farquhar). Coega (Miss Hickey). BRITISH BECHUANALAND. Hartz Eiver, Taungs (Miss Wilman). TRANSVAAL. Pretoria (Connolly). Potchefstroom (Miss Livingston). ORANGE FREE STATE. Bloernfontein (Godfrey). Kroonstad (Miss Hickey). OVAMPOLAND. Disappointment Vlei (in coll. Layard). SUB-GENUS FAUXULUS, Schaufuss, 1869. (Paetel's Catalog, p. 15.) (-Faula, H. & A. Adams, 1855, nee Blanchard, 1850.) Type of Sub-Genus, J. capensis (Kurr) . 357. JAMINIA (FAUXULUS) CAPENSIS (Kurr). [S.A.M.] 1841 Pupa capensis, Kurr, Kiist., Conch. Cab. p. 10. pi. 1, f. 19, 20. D. F. ovularis ibid. p. 10. pi. 1, f. 16-18. D.F. pottebergensis, Krs., Kiist., ibid. p. 17. pi. 2, f. 20-22. D.F. kurrii, Krs. ( = ovularis, Kurr, nee Oliv.), Kiist. , ibid. p. 111. pi. 15, f. 5, 6. D.F. 1842 ,, capensis, Kurr, Pfr., Symb. ii. p. 53. D. ,, kurrii and pottebergensis, Krs., Pfr., ibid. p. 54. D. 1848 capensis, Kurr, kurrii and pottebergensis, Krs., Pfr., Mon. Hel. ii. p. 331. D. 1851 fonticola, Desh., Hist. nat. Moll. ii. p. 220. pi. 156, f. 26- 28. D.F. 1878 ,, pottebergensis, Krs., Sow., Conch. Icon. pi. 18, f. 166. D.F. ,, kurrii, Krs. (= fonticola), Sow., ibid. pi. 19, f. 182. D.F. 1898 pottenbergensis, Krs., Stur., S.A. Moll. p. 67. (Err. typ.) 1908 ,, capensis, Kurr (cum varr. kurri and pottebergensis, Krs.), M. & P., A.M.N.H. i. p. 83. 1911 ,, ,, ( = kurri and pottebergensis), Bnp., A.M.N.H. vii. p. 411. N. 186 Annals of the South African Museum. Types of capensis, Icurrii, and pottcbergensis in Stuttgart Museum. Hob. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Zoetendals Valley and Potteberg, Swellendam District (Krauss). Port Elizabeth (Crawford). Gor- don's Bay (Connolly). St. Helena Bay ; recent and fossil at Saldanha Bay (Lightfoot). BRITISH BECHUANALAND. Kuruman (Moffatt, fide Layard). CAPE PENINSULA. Widely distributed. A pretty variety with bright yellow brown band below the suture and yellow base comes from Buffelsfontein, Cape Point, where shells of uniform pale orange colour are also found. Fonticola was described from " Cape of Good Hope " (Verreaux). 358. JAMINIA (FAUXULUS) FRYANA (Benson). 1864 Pupa fryana, Bs., A.M.N.H. xiii. p. 495. D. 1868 Pfr., Mon. Hel. vi. p. 319. D. 1908 Pupa (Fauxulus) fryana, Bs., M. & P., A.M.N.H. i. p. 83. N. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Bredasdorp (Fry; At the roots of grasses among stones, Layard). 359. JAMINIA (FAUXULUS) GLANVILLEANA (Ancey). 1888 Pupa glanvilliana, Ancey, Le Naturaliste, x. p. 200. D. 1908 ,, (Fauxulw)glanvilleana t AiiGey,M..&l?.,A.M.N.H.i.ip.83. D. 1911 Bnp., A.M.N.H. vii. p. 411. N. Type ubi ? Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. East London (Miss Glanville ; Miss Bowker); var. DARGLENSIS, Burnup. 1908 Pupa (Fauxulus) glanvilleana, Ancey, M. & P., A.M.N.H. i. pi. 2, f. 23. F. 1911 ,, Ancey,var.fZar^e7ws,Bnp., A.M.N.H. vii. p. 412. D. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Dargle ; Game Pass, near Giant's Castle, Drakens- berg ; Inhluzani Mountain ; Karkloof ; Ntimbankulu (Burnup). var. TOMLINI, Burnup. 1911 Pupa (Fauxulus) glanvilleana, Ancey, var tomlini, Bnp., A.M.N.H. vii. p. 413. pi. 10, f. 7. D.F. Type in British Museum. Reference List of South African ^on-marine Moll/t*c. 187 Hab. CAPE OP GOOD HOPE. Albany (Miss Glanville). East London (Eadforcl). Gamtoos (Keeve). 360. JAMINIA (FAUXULUS) MCBEANIANA, Melv. & Pons. [S.A.M.] 1901 Fauxn.his (Anisoioma) incbeanianus, M. & P., A.M.N.H. viii. p. 319. pi. 2, f. 9. D.F. 1911 Pupa (Fauxulus) mcbcaniana, M. & P., Bnp., A.M.N.H. vii. p. 414. pi. 10, f. 8. N.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Karkloof Bush (McBean). Majuba (Connolly). Dargle; Nottingham Eoad (Burnup). 361. JAMINIA (PAUXULUS) PAMPHORODON (Benson). [S.A.M;] 1864 Pupa pamphorodon, Bs., A.M.N.H. xiii. p. 495. D. 1868 Pfr., Mon. Hel. vi. p. 320. D. 1876 ,, Sow., Conch. Icon. pi. 13, f. 120. D.F. 1908 ,, (Fauxulus) pamphorodon, Bs., M. & P., A.M.N.H. i. p. 84. pi. 2, f. 24. N.F. 1911 ,, ,, Bnp.,A.M.N.H.vii.p.414.Y. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. Simonstown (Layard). Kalk Bay ; Slang Kop ; Paul Berg ; Cape Point (Connolly). 362. JAMINIA (FAUXULUS) PEEEXIMIA (Melv. & Pons.). 1897 Pupa (Faula) pere.i-imi, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xix. p. 638. pi. 17, f. 3. D.F. 1908 ,, (Fauxulus) pere.ciinia, M. & P., A.M.N.H. i. p. 85. pi. 2, f. 25. N.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Buffalo River (fide M. & P.). 363. JAMINIA (FAUXULUS) PONSONBYANA (Morelet). 1889 Pupa (.FaMZa)jj>ow.so7i%ana,Morel.,J.deC.xxxvii.p.9.pl.l,f.5. D.F. 1901 ,, (Anisoioma) ponsonbyana, Morel., Ancey, J. de C. xlix. p. 140. iY. 1908 ,, (Fauxiilus)23onsonbyana,Morel.,'M..&P.,AM.N.H.}.p.85. N. 1911 ,, ,, ,, Bnp , A.M. N.H. vii. p. 415. pi. 10, f. 9-12. N.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Port Elizabeth (Crawford; Reeve). 14 188 Annals of the South African Museum. Somerset East (Miss Bowker). Grahamstown ; Bathurst ; Kowie (Farquhar). Alexandria District (Crawford). Pirie (Godfrey). NATAL. Hilton Eoad ; Zwaart Kop, near Pietermaritzburg (Burnup). FAMILY CLAUSILIID^, B. B. Woodward, 1903. (Journ. of Conch, x. pp. 355, 361.) GENUS BALE A (Prideaux MSS.), Gray, 1824. (Zool. Jonni. i. p. 61.) Type of Genus, B. fragilis, Drap. (perversa, Lin.). 364. BALEA AFRICANA, Melv. & Pons. [S.A.M.] 1899 Balea a/ricana, M. & P., A.M.N.H. iv. p. 198. pi. 3, f. 10. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hob. NATAL. Van Eeenen (Quekett). Karkloof (Burnup). GATE OF GOOD HOPE. Bedford (Farquhar). Pirie Forest (Godfrey). FAMILY ACHATINID^, von Martens, 1879. (Zoological Record, Moll. p. 65.) ( - Achatinida, Pfr., 1879, Nomenclator, p. 260.) SUB-FAMILY ACHATININ^E. H. & A. Adams, 1855. (Gen. rec. Moll. ii. p. 131.) GENUS METACHATINA, Pilsbry, 1904. (Man. of Conch, xvi. p. 307.) Type of Genus, M. kraussi (Pfr.). 365. METACHATINA KRAUSSI (Pfeiffer). [S.A.M.] 1846 Bulimus kraussi, Pfr., Symb. iii. p. 85. D. 1848 ,, Krs., Siidafr. Moll. p. 78.pl. 5, f. 4. D.F. ,, Mon. Hel. ii. p. 184. D. 1849 ,, Eve., Conch. Icon. pi. 63, f. 436. D.F. 1860 Achatina fuscolabris, von Mts., Die Helic. pp. 202, 204. JV. 1889 ,, (Bulimus kraussi, Pfr.), von Mts., Sitz.- Ber. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berlin, p. 163. N. Livinhacia kraussi, Pfr. ( fuscolabris, von Mts.), Crosse, J.de C xxxvii. p. 111. D. Reference List of South African Non-marine Mt>llu*ctt. 189 1893 Livmliacia kraussi, Pfr., Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 7. pi. 2, f. 1. D.F. 1899 ,, ,, Junod, Bull. Soc. Vaudoise, xxxv. p. 279. N. 1904 Mctachatina kraussi, Pfr., Pilsb., Man. of Conch, xvi. p. 308. pi. 23, f. 46, 48. D.F. Type in Stuttgart Museum. Hab. NATAL. Natal Bay (Krauss ; Penther). Woods near the Umlaas River (fide Pfeiffer). Tongaat ; Alexandra (now renamed Kelso) Junction (Burnup). LORENZO MARQUES. Eikatla (Junod). EASTERN ZULULAND (Toppin). var. PLANTI, Pfeiffer. 1861 Achatina planti, Pfr., P.Z.S. p. 25. pi. 3, f. 6. D.F. Novit. Conch, ii. p. 160. pi. 42, f . 1 , 2. D.F. 1868 ,, Mon. Hel. vi. p. 218. D. 1898 Livinhacia kraussi,v&i\planti, Ph. ,M.&~P.,'Proc.Wa,\.Soc.m.p.l78. 1904 Metachatina planti, Pfr., Pilsb., Man. of Conch, xvi. p. 309. pi. 37, f. 10, 11. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Cape Natal (Plant). ZULULAND. Kosi Bay (Toppin). GENUS BUETOA, Bourguignat, 1889. (Moll, de 1'Afr. equal, March, 1889, p. 88.) ( Livinhacia, Crosse, April, 1889). Type of Genus, B. nilotica (Pfr.). 366. BURTOA NILOTICA (Pfeiffer). [S.A.M.] 1861 Bulimus niloticus, Pfr., P.Z.S. p. 24. D. ,, ,, ,, Mai. Bliitt. viii. p. 14. D. 1868 ,, Mon. Hel. vi. p. 86. D. 1870 Limicolarianiloticaftr.^ovit. Conch. iv. p. 5. pi. 110, f. 1-3. D.F. ,, Achatina nilotica, Pfr., von Mts., Mai. Bliitt. xvii. p. 32. N. 1874 Jick., Fauna N.-O.-Afr. p. 151. D.N. 1889 Burtoa Bgt., Moll, de 1'Afr. equat. p. 89. N. ,, Livinhacia ,, ,, Crosse, J. de C. xxxvii. p. 109. D. 1891 Achatina (Livinhacia) nilotica, Pfr., von Mts., Sitz.-Ber. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berlin, p. 14. N. 1893 Livinhacia nilotica, Pfr., Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 5. pi. 1, f. 1 . D.F. 1895 Burtoa Smith, Proc. Mai. Soc. i. p. 323. N. 190 Annals of the South African Museum. 1897 Limicolaria (LivinJiacia) nilotica, Pfr., von Mts., D.-O.-Afr. pp. 94-98. D.F. Varr. and Synonymy. 1898 Livinhacia arnoldi, Stur., S.A. Moll. p. 59. pi. 2, f. 41. D.F. 1904 Burtoa arnoldi, Stur., Pilsb., Man. of Conch, xvi. p. 307. pi. 26, f. 14. D.F. nilotica, Pfr., Pilsb., ibid. p. 300. pi. 26, f. 15, 16. pi. 27, f. 5, 6. pi. 29, f. 7, 8. pi. 30, f. 18. pi. 35, f. 22, 23. D.F. 1906 ,, nilotica, Pfr., Eeynell, Proc. Mai. Soc. vii. p. 197. pi. 17, f. 1-3. A.R. 1907 Burtoa nilotica, Pfr. (arnoldi, Stur.), Melv. & Standen, Man- chester Memoirs, li, 4. p. 11. N. Type of nilotica in British Museum ; arnoldi in Naturh. Hofmus. Vienna. Hab. MATEBILILAND. Near the Amanze Inyama River (arnoldi, Penther). RHODESIA. Salisbury (Oakley). Victoria Falls (Soper). Insiza (French). A most variable form, originally described from The Source of the White Nile (Petherick), and occurring in many parts of Eastern Africa. Crosse (1889) places Bui. giraiidi, Bgt., in the synonymy, to which von Martens (1897) adds jouberti, sebasmia, bridouxiana, and laviyeriana, Bgfc. The last-named author also identifies pethericki, Bgt., with var. schweinfurthi, von Mts., and describes varr. cmini, crassa, obliqua, and oblong a. Pilsbry (1904) brings in as further varieties reymondi, Bgt., and grandidieri, Pilsb. ( = Limicolaria bourguignati, Grandidier). GENUS ACHATINA, Lamarck, 1799. (Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, p. 75.) ( Onccea, Gistel, 1850; Urcens (Klein), Jousseautne, 1884, and Parachatina, Serpcea, and Pintoa, Bourguignat, 1889.) Type of Genus, A. achatina (Lin.). Pilsbry (1904) places most of the South African forms previously attributed to this Genus in Cochlitoma, Fer. (Tabl. Syst. Moll. pt. 3, 1821, pp. 28, 52 (or 24, 48), Type A. zebra, Chem.), and Kobelt (1909) follows his example. Apparently there are no anatomical grounds for the subdivision, which rests on a very fragile conchological basis. As many of the leading British and South African authorities are averse to the change, I prefer to retain the older classification. Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 191 367. ACHATINA AMPULLACBA, Bdttger. 1910 Achatina ampullacea, Bttg., Abh. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. Frank- furt, xxxii. p. 447. pi. 28, f. 13. D.F. Type in Senckenberg Mus. Frankfurt. Hub. BECHUAN ALAND. Banks of the Epukiro-Onmramba, 15 kilom. from Komeduve, south of Lake Ngami (Hermann). A single specimen, likened by Bottger to A. damarc.nsis, which, as he says, is found only 5 miles distant from it. 368. ACHATINA AUBOEA, Pfeiffer. 1854 Achatina aurora, Pfr., P.Z.S. p. 294. D. 1859 Mon. Hel. iv. p. 602. D. 1904 Cochlitoma aurora, Pfr., Pilsb., Man. of Conch, xvii. p. 102. D.N. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Durban (coll. Cuming). The type, and only known specimen, is a semi-bleached, beach- rolled shell, recalling a West African rather than South African form, which may quite possibly have been dropped at Durban in ballast. It has not yet, however, been identified with any other known species. 369. ACHATINA BISCULPTA, Smith. 1878 Achatina bisculpta, Smith, Quart. Journ. of Conch, i. p. 349. D. 1902 ,, Ancey, J. de C. 1. p. 280, f. 8. N.F. 1904 Cochlitoma ,, ,, Pilsb., Man.of Conch. xvii. p.94.pl.!3, f. 44. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. " SOUTH AFRICA " (in British Museum). 370. ACHATINA BURNUPI, Smith. [S.A.M.] 1890 Achatina burn up!, Smith, A.M.N.H. vi. pp. 392, 393. D. 1904, 5. Cochlitoma burnupi, Smith, Pilsb Man. of Conch, xvii. p. 97. pi. 32, f. 5. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Van Eeenen's Pass, Drakensberg (Burnup). Giant's Castle (Mann). TRANSVAAL. Carolina District (Horsbrugh). 371. ACHATINA CHURCHILLIANA, Melv. & Pons. 1895 Achatina c/wuV,Cuv.,Desh.,Hist.nat.An.s.Vert.vii.p.709. N. ,, ,, tonganum, Quoy & Gaim., Desh., ibid. p. 709. D.N. 1848 ,, peronii, Cuv., Krs., Siidafr. Moll. p. 72. N. 1870 ,, tonganum, Quoy & Gaim .(? 0. peronii, Cuv.), Semp., Eeis. im Arch. Philippin. ii, 3. p. 258. pi. 19, f. 2, 9. pi. 22, f. 1, 2, 10. D.F.A. Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 225 1893 Oncidium peroni, Cuv. (=0. melanopneumon, Bergh, and ton- ganum, Q. & G.), Plate, Zool. Jahrb. Jena, vii, 1. p. 172. pi. 12, f. 85. D.F. 1910 ,, tonganum, Cunningham, Encycl. Brit, llth Ed. xi. p. 525, f. 62. F. Type ubi ? Hab. NATAL coast (Krauss). Congella, near Durban (Burnup). LOEENZO MARQUES. Inhambane (Peters). CAPE PENINSULA. Green Point (Purcell). Described from Mauritius. 473. ONCHIDIUM SAVIGNYI, Semper. 1870 Onchidium savignyi, Semp., Reis. im Arch. Philippin. ii, 3. p. 260. pi. 19, f. 6. pi. 20, f. 1. pi. 22, f . 5-9. D.F.A. 1903 Onchidium savignyi, Semp., Smith, Proc. Mai. Soc. v. p. 401. N. 1910 Cllge.,Ann. Natal Mus. ii. p. 172. i. Type ubi ? Hab. NATAL. Scottburgh (Burnup). GENUS ONCHIDELLA, Gray, 1850. (Fig. Moll. Anirn. iv. p. 117.) Type of Genus, 0. nigricans (Q. & G.). 474. ONCHIDELLA MACULATA, Plate. 1893 Oncidiella maculata, Plate, Zool. Jahrb. Jena, vii, 1. p. 201. pi. 7, f . 4. pi. 9, f. 43, 44. pi. 10, f. 45-49, 52. pi. 11, f. 68. pi. 12, f. 101. D.F.A. Type ubi ? Hab. GREAT NAMALAND. Angra Pequena (fide Plate). SUB-ORDER BASOMMATOPHORA, Keferstein, 1865. (Bronn's Thier-reichs, iii. p. 1246.) TRIBE GEHYDBOPHILA, Ferussac, 1821. (Tabl. Syst. Moll. pt. 3. p. 95 (or 91), as Gehydrophiles.) FAMILY AUKICULID^, Gray, 1824. (Ann. of Philos. viii. p. 107, as Auriculadae, emend. 1840, Turton's Manual, p. 101.) ( = Ellobiidte, H. & A. Adams, 1855.) UB-FAMILY MEL AMPINS, H. & A. Adams, 1855, (Gen. rec. Moll. ii. p. 242.) 226 Annals of the South African Museum. GENUS MELAMPUS, de Montfort, 1810. (Conch. Syst. ii. p. 319.) ( = Conovulus, Lamarck, 1812, &c.) Type of Genus, M. coniformis (Brug.). Recent classification of this Genus is somewhat unsatisfactory : species from widely distant localities can, certainly, be placed together in well-marked groups, members of which have of late years been placed in synonymy ; but it appears almost impos- sible that these inoperculate, brackish-water pulmonates can travel such immense distances as, say, from the Sandwich Islands to Natal, and it is in the highest degree unlikely that the union of shells from such localities under the same name can be correct. On these grounds I have preferred to retain, as far as possible, names of species described by the older writers from South Africa for specimens recently collected there, although faulty figures and lack of authentic examples render their correct identification by no means certain. 475. MELAMPUS ACINOIDES, Morelet. [S.A.M.] 1889 Melampus acinoides, Morel., J. de C. xxxvii. p. 14. pi. 1, f. 9. D.F. 1898 Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 205. pi. 23, f. 12, 13. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Zwartkops River, near Port Eliza- beth (Crawford). Kalk Bay (Lightfoot). 476. MELAMPUS CAFFEE (Kiister). 1844 Auricula caffra, Ktist., Conch. Cab. p. 36. pi. 5 (1843), f. 7. D.F. 1854 Melampus atcr, Miihlf. ( = ca/er, Kiist.), H. & A. Ad., P.Z.S. p.10. 1856 caffer, Kiist. ( = ater, Miihlf.), Pfr.,Mon. Auric. p.40. D. 1857 ,, ,, Pfr., Cat. Auric, p. 29. D. 1871 ,, ,, ,, von Mts. & Langkavel, Siidsee-Conch. p. 56. pi. 3, f. 11. F. 1878 Auricula caffra ,, Sow., Conch. Icon. pi. 7, f. 53. D.F. 1884 Melampus caffer ,, Garrett, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. ix. p. 89. D.N. 1890 ,, Krs., Mlldff., Ber. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. Frankfurt, p. 254. N. Type in Stuttgart Museum. Hab. NATAL. Mouth of Umlaas River (Krauss). Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 227 It is doubtful whether many of the foregoing references, which record M. caffer from all parts of the Indian and Pacific Oceans, really relate to Kuster's species. var. MINOR, Kiister. 1839 Conovulus ater, Miihlf., Anton, Verz. Conch. Samml. p. 48 (without characters). 1844 Auricula caff r a, var. minor, Kiist., Conch. Cah. p. 36. pi. 5 (1843), f. 6, 8. D.F. Described from Ohetaroa, and probably quite distinct from the South African form. 477. MELAMPUS KUSTERI (Krauss). 1842 ?? Auricula mo/7e,Lam.,Eve., Conch. Syst.ii.p.l06.pl.l87,f.8. F. 1844 ,, kusteri, Krs., Kiist., Conch. Cab. p. 34. pi. 4 (1843), f. 10-13. D.F. 1856 Melampus Pfr., Mon. Auric, p. 33. D. 1857 ,, Cat. Auric, p. 23. D. Type in Stuttgart Museum. Hab. NATAL. Mouth of Umlaas Eiver (Krauss). var. OBLONGUS, Kiister. 1844 Auricula kusteri, Krs., var. oblonga, Kiist., Conch. Cab. p. 34. D. Hab. NATAL. Mouth of Umlaas Eiver (Krauss). 478. MELAMPUS LIVIDUS (Deshayes). 1830 Auricula livid a, Desh., Enc. Meth. Vers, ii. p. 91. D. 1838 ,, Hist. nat. An. s. Vert. viii. p. 338. D. 1844 ,, Kiist., Conch. Cab. p. 44. pi. 6 (1843), f. 21. D.F. 1848 ,, Krs., Siidafr. Moll. p. 81. A r . 1854 Melampus liddus, Lin. ( = Zu-zWa, Desh.),H.A. Ad.,P.Z.S.p.lO. 1856 Desh., Pfr., Mon. Auric, p. 40. D. 1857 ,, Cat. Auric, p. 29. D. 1878 Auricula livid a, Lin., Sow., Conch. Icon. pi. 7, f. 58. D.F. 1882 Melampux liridus, Desh., Morel., J. de C. xxx. p. 101. N. 1897 von Mts., D.-O.-Afr. p. 264. D. Specimens ex auct. in Ecole des Mines, Paris. Hab. NATAL. Mouth of Umlaas Eiver (Krauss ; Burnup). '? juv. in Durban Bay (Burnup). Also chronicled from Mayotte, Eeunion, Mauritius, Seychelles, &c. 228 Annals of the South African Museum. It is impossible to regard this species as in any way connected with Sulla livida, Lin. (Syst. Nat., Ed. 10. i. p. 729) & Gault. (Index Test. pi. 25, f. B), which appears to represent a different Genus. varr. Cfirvnlus, Nutt., Pfr., Mai. Blatt. i. p. 147 (without characters). 1856 ,, Mon. Auric, p. 24. D. 1857 Cat. Auric, p. 16. D. 1871 ,, ,, von Mts. & Langkavel, Siidsee- Conch. p. 56. pi. 3, f. 10. F. 1898 Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 220. pi. 26, f. 5. D.F. Originals in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Durban Bay; mouths of Umlaas and Umkomaas Rivers (Burnup). Owing to the diverse geographical distribution, it is most unlikely that these Natal specimens are conspecific with the true parvulus, which was described from Oahu ; but, in the series examined, I have been unable to find valid conchological grounds for their separation. Is it possible that the species can have been introduced alive in ballast '? 481. MELAMPUS SEMIARATUS, sp. nov., pi. 2, f. 8. [S.A.M.] 1898 Melampus gfram/er,"Mouss.,"M.&P.,Proc.Mal.Soc.iii.p.l80. L. Shell small, conic-ovate, sublimate, solid, rather glossy, of uniform dark brown colour, the upper and lower portions covered with spiral grooves which are crossed by faint transverse strias ; the middle portion is destitute of sulcation, and thus has a comparatively smooth appearance, Spire short, conical; apax acute. 6 flat Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 229 whorls, the last comprising practically the entire shell. Aperture long and narrow, furnished with one receding white rib half-way up the outer lip ; a fold of medium size at the base of the columella ; and three sharp white parietal plaits at almost equal, but gradually decreasing distances between the columellar fold and the top of the aperture. Peristome acute, of paler colour. Columellar margin thickly reflexed, almost adnate. Shell 9'6x5 - 5 ; aperture 7'5 ; last whorl 8'8 mm. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Durban Bay ; mouths of Umlaas and Umkornaas Elvers (Burnup). A member of the group comprising M. granifer, Mouss., from Java; sulculosus, von Mts., from Amboina ; corticinus, Morelet, from Mauritius ; striatns, Pease, from Tahiti, and scmisulcatus , Mouss., from Samoa, to the last two of which it must be very nearly allied. The half-furrowed appearance of the new species, though usual, is not always constant, some shells being covered all over with spiral grooving, in which state they much resemble striatus ; but owing to the widely divergent distribution, it is most improbable that the three species can be the same. 482. MELAMPUS UMLAASIANUS (Krauss). 1844 Auricula umlaasiana, Krs., Kiist., Conch. Cab. p. 43. pi. 6 (1843), f. 16-18. D.F. 1856 Mclampus uiiilaasianus, Krs., Pfr., Mon. Auric, p. 34. D. 1857 Cat. Auric, p. 24. D. Not Auricula umlassiana, " Krs.," Sow., Conch. Icon. pi. 6, f. 48. Type in Stuttgart Museum. Hab. NATAL. Mouth of Umlaas Eiver (Krauss). var. OBSCUKUS, Kiister. [S.A.M.] 1844 Auricula umlaasiana, Krs., var. obscura, Kiisfc., Conch. Cab. p. 44. pi. 6 (1843), f. 19, 20. D.F. Hab. NATAL. Mouth of Umlaas Eiver (Krauss). Isipingo (Burnup). Specimens from Isipingo, apparently referable to this variety, have of late years been erroneously attributed to M. castaneus, Miihlf. ( = A. fusca, Phil.), a Sandwich Island species. M. avellana, Morelet, from Mauritius, is also near akin, but it appears inadvisable to place either of the three in synonymy. 230 Annals of the South African Museum. GENUS MAEINULA, King, 1835. (Zool. Journ. v. p. 343.) Type of Genus, M. pepita, King. 483. MABINULA, ? Sp. [S.A.M.] Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Camps Bay (McBean). Dassen Island (Lightfoot). Two specimens only of Marinula have so far been collected in South Africa. They closely resemble a form from Tristan da Cunha, which has been attributed in the British Museum and elsewhere to M. pepita, King ( = nigra, Phil., & marinella, "King," Kiister). More material is required before they can be determined. GENUS PEDIPES, Ferussac, 1821. (Adanson, Hist. nat. du Senegal, 1757, pt. 2, p. 11 (pre-Linnean), and Ferussac, Tabl. Syst. Moll., 1821, pt. 3. p. 103 (or 99).) Type of Genus, P. afer (Grnel.). 484. PEDIPES APFINIS, Ferussac. 1821 Pedipes affims, Fer., Tabl. Syst. Moll. pt. 3. p. 113 (or 109). D. 1856 Pfr., Mon. Auric, p. 72. D. 1857 ,, ,, ,, Cat. Auric, p. 54. N. 1863 ,, ,, Desh., Notes sur 1'Ile Eeunion, ii, E. p. 83. pi. 37, f. 5, 6. D.F. 1874 Lcemodonta a^?ws,Fer.,Jick.,FaunaN.-0.-Afr.p.l81.pl.7,f.6. D.F. 1887 Pedipes affinis, Fer., Ancey, Bull. Soc. Mai. France, iv. p. 285. N. 1898 Mclampus (Laimodonta) affinis, Fer., Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 202. pi. 23, f. 7, 8. D.F. 1900 Pedipes affinis, Fer., Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 259. D. Type ubi ? Hab. NATAL. Durban (Burnup). Described from Mauritius, and known from the Eed Sea. SUB-FAMILY AUBICULIN^E, Pfeiffer, 1857. (Cat. Auric, p. 54.) GENUS AUEICULASTEA, von Martens, 1880. (Meeresfauna Mauritius, p. 207.) Type of Genus, A. elongata (Parr.), Reference, List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 231 485. AURICULASTEA CATONis (Melv. & Pons.). [S.A.M.] 1899 Auricula catonis, M. & P., A.M.N.H. iv. p. 199. pi. 3, f. 13. D.F. 1900 Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 265. pi. 31, f. 14. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Cato's Creek, Durban ; mouths of Umlaas and Umkomaas Kivers (Burnup). 486. AUBICULASTRA RADiOLATA (Morelet). [S.A.M.] 1848 Auricula peUuccns, " Mke.," Krs., Siidafr. Moll. p. 82. N. 1860 Melampus radiolatus, Morel. ,SeriesConch.ii.p.93.pl.6,f.ll. D.F. 1876 Auriculus radiolatus, Morel., Pfr., Mon. Pneurn. iv. p. 359. D. 1877 Auricula radwlata, Morel., Nev., Hand List, i. p. 226. L. 1897 Auriculastra radiolata, Morel., von Mts., D.-O.-Afr. p. 264. N. 1899 AuriculadurbaMica,M..&P.,AiM.NMiv.pp.l93,199.pl.3,i.l4:.D.F. 1900 Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 264. pi. 31, f. 13. D.F. Types of radiolata and durbanica in British Museum. Hab. NATAL (? pellucens, Wahlberg; radiolata, Nevill). Cato's Creek, Durban ; mouths of Umlaas and Umkomaas Rivers (dur- banica, Burnup). Radiolata was described from Zanzibar, durbanica from Natal; the type of the former has not attained fullest dimensions, but seems inseparable from similar specimens of durbanica. GENUS CASSIDULA, Ferussac, 1821. (Tabl. Syst. Moll. pt. 3. p. 109 (or 105).) ( = Rlwdostoma, Swainson, and Sidula, Gray, 1840.) Type of Genus, C. auris felis (Brug.). 487. CASSIDULA LABRELLA (Deshayes). [S.A.M.] 1830 Auricula labrella, Desh., Enc. Meth. Vers, ii. p. 92. D. Mag. de Zool. p. 14. pi. 14, f. 1-3. D.F. 1838 ,, ,, ,, Hist. nat. An. s. Vert. viii. p. 337. D. 1841 ,, ,, Kiist., Conch. Cab. p.22.pl.2,f. 4,5. D.F. kraussii, Kiist., ibid. p. 24. pi. 3, f. 6-8. D.F. 1848 Krs., Siidafr. Moll. p. 82. N. 1856 Cassidula kraussi, Kiist. , Pfr., Mon. Auric, p. 113. D. lutescens, Pfr., Mon. Auric, p. 113. D. ,, labrella, Desh., Pfr., Mon. Auric, p. 112. D. 1857 Cat. Auric, p. 86. D. 232 Annals of Hie, South African Museum. 1857 Cassidula kratissi, Kiist., Pfr., Cat. Auric, p. 86. D. 1874 ,, labrella, Desb. ( = kraussi and lutescens), Jick., Fauna N.-O.-Afr. p. 186. D. 1878 Auricula kraussii, Kiist., Sow., Conch. Icon. pi. 5, f. 32. D.F. 1883 Cassidula labrella, Desh., Bgt., Ann. Sci. nat. Paris, xv. p. 124. N. Type of kraussi in Stuttgart Museum ; labrella ubi ? Hab. NATAL. Mouth of Umlaas Elver (kraussi, Krauss). Dur- ban (Burnup). CAPE OP GOOD HOPE. Zwartkops Elver marshes, near Port Elizabeth (Crawford). Labrella was described from Mauritius, kraussi from Natal, and the Hab. of lutescens was unknown. GENUS PHYTIA, Gray, 1821. (London Medical Repository, xv. p. 231.) ( = Alexia, Leach in Gray, 1847, nee Stephens, in Coleoptera 1835.) Type of Genus, P. denticulata, Mont, (myosotis, Drap.). 488. PHYTIA ACUMINATA, Morelet. [S.A.M.] 1889 Alexia acuminata, Morel., J. de C. xxxvii. p. 15. pi. 1, f. 11. D.F. ,, ,, pulcliella ,, ,, ,, p. 15. pi. 1, f. 10. D.F. 1898 Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 133.pl. 19,f.7,8. D.F. ,, acuminata ,, Kob., ibid. p. 133.pl. 19, f. 13,14. D.F. Types in British Museum . Hab. CAPE OP GOOD HOPE. Port Elizabeth (Crawford; Par- quhar). The above species were founded on very immature shells, and, in a large series, merge into one another. The type of acuminata measures 4'5 x 2 mm., while the largest examples that I have examined from Port Elizabeth are 20x4 and 19'5x5 mm. respec- tively ; there seems no doubt, however, that these are the adult of Morelet's species. They are closely allied to the variable European Phytia myosotis (Draparuaud). TRIBE HYGEOPHILA, Ferussac, 1822. (Tabl. Syst. Moll., pt. 1. p. xxxiii, as Hygrophiles.) FAMILY LIMN^ID^, Gray, 1824. (Ann. of Philos. viii. p. 108, as Lymneadse, emend. Brodeiip, 18B9, Penny Cyclopaedia, xiii. p. 497.) Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 233 GENUS LIMN^EA, Lamarck, 1799. (Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, p. 75, as Lymnsea, aneiul. Eang, 1829, Man. de 1'Hist. nat., Moll. p. 176.) Type of Genus, L. stagnalis (Lin.). 489. LIMN^A DAKAENSIS, Sturany. 1898 Limnceus dakaensis, Stur., S.A. Moll. p. 74. pi. 3, f. 55, 56. D.F. Type in Naturh. Hofmus. Vienna. Hob. EHODESIA. Daka (Panther). 490. LIMN^A DAMARANA, Bottger. 1910 Limncea damarana, Bttg., Abh. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. Frank- furt, xxxii. p. 450. pi. 28, f. 16. D.F. Type in Senckenberg Mus. Frankfurt. Hab. DAMAEALAND. Gobabis (subfossil, Hermann). Founded on two specimens only. 491. LIMN^BA NATALENSIS, Krauss. [S.A.M.] 1848 Limnceus natalensis, Krs., Siidafr. Moll. p. 85. pi. 5, f. 15. D.F. 1862 Kiist., Conch. Cab. p. 31. pi. 6, f. 1-3. D.F. 1870 Limncea ,, ,, Blanford, Obs. Geol. & Zool. Abyss. p. 472. N. 1872 ,, ,, Sow., Concb. Icon. pi. 7, f . 46. D.F. 1874 ,, Jick., Fauna N.-O.-Afr. p. 190. D. 1881 Smith, P.Z.S. p. 295. N. 1904 Proc. Mai. Soc. vi. p. 98. N. Type in Stuttgart Museum. Hab. NATAL. " Common " (Krauss). An unusually large form is known from the Botanical Gardens, Durban. TRANSVAAL. Pretoria District (McBean). Zoutpansberg (Cregoe). LORENZO MARQUES. Itschonogove (fide von Martens). Eikatla (Junod). ORANGE FREE STATE. Valsch River, Lindley ; Rhenoster River, near Heilbron (Connolly). Kroonstad (Eckersley). CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Port Elizabeth (Crawford). GRIQUALAND WEST. Modder and Vaal Rivers, near Kimberley (Miss Wilman). BECHUANALAND. Lake Ngami (Woosman). RHODESIA. Zambesi River, above Victoria Falls (Connolly). Recorded from most parts of Africa. 234 Annals of the South African Museum. Smith (1904) remarks that L. africana, alexandrina, debaizei, jouberti, laurcnti, and lavigeriana, Bgt., are probably all forms of natalensis, but Pallary (Mem. Inst. Egypt., 1909, vi, 1. p. 47) con- siders alexandrina ( = natalensis, Auctt., nee Krs.) to be distinct. var. EXSEETA, von Martens. 1866 Limnceus natalensis, Krs., var. exsertus, von Mts., Mai. Bliitt. xiii. p. 101. pi. 3, f. 8, 9. D.F. 1874 Liinncea natalensis, Krs., var. exserta, von Mts., .Tick., Fauna N.-O.-Afr. p. 191. D. 1883 ,, exserta, Bgt., Ann. Sci. nat. Paris, xv. pp. 1)0, 125. N. Described from Abyssinia. var. OROPHILA, Morelet. 1868 Limncca orophila, Morel.,Voy.Welwitsch,Moll.p.87.pl.7,f.4. D.F. 1874 ,, natalensis, Krs., var. orophila, Morel., Jick., Fauna N.-O.-Afr. p. 191. pi. 3, f. 1. DM. Described from Benguela, and also recorded from Abyssinia. 492. LlMN^A SUBTRUNCATULA, Bottger. 1910 Linmcea subtruncatula, Bttg., Abb. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. Frankfurt, xxxii. p. 451. pi. 28, f. 17. D.F. Type in Senckenberg Mus. Frankfurt. Hab. DAMARALAND. Gobabis (subfossil, Hermann). Founded on three specimens. 493. LIMN^A TRUNCATULA (Miill.). [S.A.M.] 1774 Buccinum truncatulum, Miill., Verm. ii. p. 130. D. 1789 Bulimus truncatus, Brug., Enc. Meth. Vers, i. p. 310. D. 1801 Limneus minuta, Drap., Tabl. Moll. Fr. p. 51. D. 1803 Helix fossaria, Mont., Test. Brit. ii. p. 372. pi. 16, f. 9. D.F. 1821 Limnceus minutus, Drap., C. Pfr., Syst. Anordn. d. deutsch. L. u. W.-Schneck. p. 93. pi. 4, f. 27. D.F. 1829 Lymncea minuta, Drap., Schubert & Wagner, Conch. Cab. xii. p. 182. pi. 235, f. 4134, 5. D.F. 1840 Limnceus truncatulus, Miill., Gray, Turton's Manual, p. 240. D. and Synonymy. 1855 Limncea truncatula, Miill., Moq.-Tand., Hist. Nat. Moll. Fr. ii. p. 473. pi. 34, f. 21-24. D.F. 1862 Limnceus truncatulus, Miill., Kiist., Conch. Cab. p. 17. pi. 3, f. 24-27. D.F. Reference List of South African Xon-nuo'inc Mollusca. 235 1862 Liinnceus umlaasianm, Kiist., ibid. p. 32. pi. 6, f. 4, 5. D.F. 1872 Limncea tnmcatula, Miill., Sow., Conch. Icon. pi. 1, f. 3. D.F. 1883 ,, ,, ,, (=umlaasianus, Kiist.), Bgt., Ann. Sci.nat. Paris, xv. pp. 86,97, 123. N. 1897 ? tnmcatula von Mts., D.-O.-Afr. p. 137. N. 1898 Limnceus umlaasianus, Kiist. , Stur., S.A. Moll. p. 74. X. 1899 Limnaa umlaasiana, Kiist. , M. & P., A.M.N.H. iv. p. 193. N. Type ubi ? Hab. NATAL. Umlaas River (umlaasiana, in coll. Kiister). TRANSVAAL. Pretoria (McBean). CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Stellenbosch (P^ringuey). GENUS PLANORBIS, Geoffrey, 1767. (Coquilles de Paris, pp. 12, 81.) ( Planorbis, Guettard, 1756, pre-Linnean.) Type of Genus, PL. corneus (Lin.). 494. PLANORBIS ANDERSSONI, Ancey. [S.A.M.] 1890 Planorbis anderssoni, Ancey, Bull. Soc. Mai. Fr. vii. p. 161. D. 1898 Stur., S.A. Moll. p. 77. N.D. Type in coll. Putzeys. Hab. OVAMPOLAND. Ovambonde (Andersson ; Chapman). NATAL. Durban (Penther). CAPE OP GOOD HOPE. Burnt Kraal, near Grahamstown (Farquhar). 495. PLANORBIS COSTULATUS, Krauss. [S.A.M.] 1848 Planorbis costulatus, Krs., Siidafr. Moll. p. 83. pi. 5, f. 8. D.F. 1874 (var.), Jick., Fauna N.-O.-Afr. p. 219. pi. 7, f. 22, 23. D.N.F. 1877 Sow., Conch. Icon. pi. 4, f. 26. D.F. 1884 Cless., Conch. Cab. p. 131. pi. 21 (1883), f. 2. D.F. Type in Stuttgart Museum. Hab. NATAL. Umgeni Valley (Krauss). Equeefa (Burnup). ZULULAND. Enseleni River (var., Burnup). Also reported from Abyssinia. 496. PLANORBIS CRAWFORDI, Melv. & Pons. 1893 Planorbis craicfordi, M.&P., A.M.N.H.xii.p.lll. pi. 3, f.20. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Van Staaden's River; Zwartkops River, Port Elizabeth (Crawford). 17 236 Annals of the South African Museum. TRANSVAAL. Eanjesfontein ; Potchefstroom (Connolly). Also recorded from Victoria Nyanza. 497. PLANOKBIS GIBBONSI, Nelson. [S.A.M.] 1878 Planorbis f/ibbonsi, Nels., Quart. Journ. of Conch, i. p. 379. pi. 4, f. 3. D.F. 1897 ,, von Mts., D.-O.-Afr. p. 150. N. 1908 ,, Neuville & Anthony, Ann. Sci. nat. Paris, viii. p. 260. N. Type in coll. Nelson. Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. Black Eiver, Maitland (Connolly). Described from Zanzibar, and known from Central Africa. None of the original specimens of PL gibbonsi have been available for comparison, while the original description and figure do not appear to quite fit the single representative of this species (ex coll. von Martens) in the British Museum, or similar shells in my collection from South and Central Africa. I have, however, submitted a set of the latter to Mr. J. W. Taylor, who kindly replied : " I have carefully examined the Planorbes you sent, and am of opinion that they do represent the PL gibbonsi of Nelson. I find the lithographic artist made the shape of the mouth in the original figure more angular than I am sure it was. I was much interested in these shells when Gibbons sent them, and gave them considerable attention." 498. PLANOBBIS HEBMANNI, Bottger. 1910 Planorbis (Coretus) hermanni, Bttg., Abh. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. Frankfurt, xxxii. p. 452. pi. 28, f. 18. D.F. Type in Senckenberg Mus. Frankfurt. Hab. DAMABALAND. Okaputa Pan (several dead shells, Hermann). " Very like P. pfcifferi, Krs." (Bttg.). 499. PLANOBBIS LEUCOCHILUS, Melv. & Pons. 1903 Planorbis leucochUus,M-&'P., A.M.N.H.xii.p.607.pl.31,f.3. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Killarney Lake, Pieterrnaritzburg (Burnup). 500. PLANORBIS NATALENSIS, Krauss. 1848 Planorbis natalensis, Krs., Siidafr. Moll. p. 83. pi. 5, f. 9. D.F. 1877 natalis, Krs., Sow., Conch. Icon. pi. 4, f. 32. D.F. 1883 ,, natalensis, Krs., Cless., Conch. Cab. p. 109. pi. 17 (1882), f. 3. D.F. Reference List of SoiitJi African Non-marine Mollusca. 237 1910 Planorbis (Gijranlus) natalensis, Krs., Bttg., Abh. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. Frankfurt, xxxii. p. 451. A 7 . Type in Stuttgart Museum. Hab. NATAL. Umgeni Valley (Krauss). CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Port Elizabeth (fide Morelet). DAMAEALAND. Gobabis (subfossil, Hermann). BEITISH BECHUANALAND. Witkop (subfossil, Schultze). 501. PLANOEBIS PFEIFFERI, Krauss. [S.A.M.] 1848 Planorbis pfeifferi, Krs., Siidafr. Moll. p. 83. pi. 5, f. 7. D.F. 1877 ,, Sow., Conch. Icon. pi. 4, f. 33. D.F. 1882 Cless.. Conch. Cab. p. 87. pi. 10 (1850), f. 26-28. D.F. 1893 Planorbis bowkcri, M. &P., A.M.N.H. xii. p. 111. pi. 3, f. 19. D.F. 1910 "c.f. pfeifferi, Krs.," Bttg., Abh. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. Frankfurt, xxxii. p. 451. N. Co-type of pfeifferi in Stockholm Museum ; type of boivkeri in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Umgeni Valley (Krauss). Clairmont ; Umbogin- twini Eiver (Burnup). ZULULAND (Burnup). LORENZO MARQUES. Itschongove (fide von Martens). EHODESIA. Daka Eiver (Penther). Salisbury (Miss Weineck). TRANSVAAL. " Northern Transvaal " (boivken, Bowker). Ranjes- fontein and Crocodile Eiver, Pretoria District (Connolly). BRITISH BECHUANALAND. Witkop (subfossil, Schultze). Melvill and Standen (Manchester Memoirs, li, 4. 1907, p. 7) apparently refer to some other species under the name of boivkeri ; the type appears inseparable from pfeifferi, Krs. I am not sufficiently well acquainted with PI. riippelli, Dkr., or salinarum, Morel., to confirm the synonymy suggested elsewhere by von Martens and Jickeli. 502. PLANORBIS RUPPELLI, Dunker. 1848 Planorbis rilppellii, Dkr., P.Z.S. p. 42. D. 1850 riippelli Conch. Cab. p. 41. pi. 5, f. 10-12. D.F. 1866 ,, riippellii ,, von Mts., Mai. Blatt. xiii. p. 4. N. 1869 ,, ,, ,, ( = salinannn, Morel.), von Mts., Mai. Blatt. xvi. p. 211. D. 1870 ,, Blanf., Obs. Geol. and Zool. Abyss. p. 473. N. 238 Annals of the South African Museum. 1872 Planorbis riippelli, Dkr., Morel., Ann. Mus. Geneva, iii. p. 207. N. 1874 ,, Jick., Fauna N.-O.-Afr. p. 211. pl.7, f. 17, 18. D.F. 1883 ,, Bgt., Ann. Sci. nat. Paris, xv. pp. 100, 127. D. 1900 ,, Krs., Junod, Bull. Soc. Vaudoise, xxxv. p. 279. L. 1908 ,, ,, Dkr., Neuville & Anthony, Ann. Sci. nat. Paris, viii. pp. 249-253. N.F. Type in Zool. Mus. Berlin. Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Eikatla (Junod). Described from Abyssinia. Jickeli (1874) remarks : " I could not unite Plan, salinarum, Morel., from West Africa, with riippellii ; according to the figure in Voy. Wellwitsch, the former differs through less height combined with greater diameter. On the other hand, our Abyssinian Planorbis appears to me very nearly allied to Plan. i pfeiffe,ri, Krs. ; comparison with examples of this species, which I do not possess, ought to produce synonymy of the two." 503. PLANORBIS SALINARUM, Morelet. 1868 Planorbis salinarum, Morel., Voy. Welwitsch, Moll. p. 85. pi. 5, f. 4. D.F. 1904 von Mts., Die Kalahari, p. 756. N. Type in British Museum. Hab. BECHUANALAND. Lake Ngami ; Sodanna (subfossil, Pas- sarge). Described from Dungo saltings, Angola. GENUS SEGMENTINA, Fleming, 1818. (Encyc. Brit., Suppl. to 4th, 5th, and 6th editions, iii. p. 309.) Type of Genus, Nautilus lacustris, Lightfoot (nitida, Miill.). 504. SEGMENTINA EMICANS, Melv. & Pons. 1892 Planorbis (Segmentina) emicans, M. & P., A.M.N.H. x. p. 241. pi. 3, f. 13. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Port Elizabeth (Farquhar). Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 239 505. SEGMENTINA PLANODISCUS, Melv. & Pons. [S.A.M.] 1897 Planorbis (Scgmentind) planodiscus, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xix. p. 638. pi. 17, f. 10. D.F. 1898 M. & P., Stur., S.A. Moll. p. 77. N. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Umgeni Valley, near Durban (Burnup). GENUS ANCYLUS, Geoffrey, 1767. (Coquilles de Paris, pp. 13, 122.) Type of Genus, A. flumatilis (Lin.). SECTION BUENUPIA, Walker, 1912. (Nautilus, xxv. p. 139.) Type of Section, A. caffer, Krs. 506. ANCYLUS CAFFER, Krs. 1848 Ancylus caffer, Krs., Siidafr. Moll. p. 70. pi. 4, f. 13. D.F. 1859 ,, gaulus, Gould, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. vii. p. 40. D. 1862 ,, Otia Conch, p. 106. D. ,, ,, caffer, Krs., Bgt., Spicil. malac. p. 193. D. 1872 caffra Sow., Conch. Icon. pi. 1, f. 5. D.F. 1882 caffer Cless., Conch. Cab. p. 36. pi. 4, f. 11. D.F. Type of caffer in Stuttgart Museum; gaulus in U.S. Nat. Mus. Washington. Hab. NATAL. Pietermaritzburg (Krauss). Umkomaas ; Ton- gaat ; Equeefa Eiver ; Imputyni and Inkwalini streams near Pieter- maritzburg (Burnup) . CAPE OF GOOD HOPE (gaulus, Stirnpson). var. NAN us, Walker. 1912 Ancylus caffer, Krs. , var. nanus, Walker, Nautilus, xxv. p. 139. D. Type in coll. Walker. Hab. NATAL. Karkloof stream (Taynton). Pietermaritzburg (in coll. Ponsonby). var. GORDONENSIS, Melv. & Pons. 1903 Ancylus gordonensis, M.&P., A.M.N.H.xii.p.606.pl.31,f.2. D.F. 1912 caffer, Krs., var. gordonensis, M. & P., Walker, Nautilus, xxv. p. 140. L, 240 Annals of the South African Museum. Type in British Museum . Hab. NATAL. Gordon Falls ; Town Bush Valley and Sweet- water streams, near Pietermaritzburg ; Edendale Falls ; Nottingham Koad ; Dargle ; Karkloof ; Howick Falls and Aasvogel Krantz, Umgeni River (Burnup). NORTHERN TRANSVAAL. Zoutpansberg (Cregoe). var. FARQUHARI, Walker. 1912 Ancylus cajfer,Krs.,var./a,rg'zJiari,Walker,Nautilus,xxv.p.l40. D. Type in coll. Walker. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. York, East Griqualand (Farquhar). Teko Eiver, Transkei (Miss Hickey). var. STENOCHORIAS, Melv. & Pons. 1855 Ancylus obliquus, Krs., Kiist., Conch. Cab. pi. 1, f. 18-20. F. (non A. obliquus, Brod. & Sow., 1832.) 1903 steoc/iorms,M.&P.,A.M.N.H.xii.p.607.pl.31,f.l. D.F. 1912 ,, caffer, Krs., var. stenochorias, M. & P., Walker, Nautilus, xxv. p. 140. L. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Ebb en Vloed, Bog Farm and Van Staadens River, Port Elizabeth (in coll. Ponsonby). Baakens River, Port Elizabeth ; King Williamstown Road Dam and Kowie River, Grahamstown (Farquhar). Upper Retreat and Klipplatz River, Cathcart (Miss Hickey). Kaser River, Montagu (Connolly). var. CAPENSIS, Walker. [S.A.M.] 1912 Ancylus caffer, Krs., var. capensis, Walker, Nautilus, xxv. p. 141. D. Type in coll. Walker. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Lakeside and Hout Bay, Cape Peninsula (Connolly). Woost Hill and Blaauwkraatz Rivers, Grahamstown (Farquhar). var. TRAPEZOIDEUS, Bottger. 1897 ? Ancylus caffer, Krs., von Mts., D.-O.-Afr. p. 151. pi. 1, f. 19 a, c, d. D.F. 1907 Ancylus trapezoideus, Bttg. in Schultze, Aus Namalaud u. Kalahari, p. 708. N. 1910 ,, ,, ,, Abh. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. Frankfurt, xxxii. p. 450. pi. 28, f. 15. D.F. Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 241 1912 Ancylus caffer, Krs., var. trapezoideus, Bttg., Walker, Nautilus, xxv. p. 141. L. Type in Senckenberg Mus. Frankfurt. Hab. BRITISH BECHUANALAND. Witkop (subfossil, Schultze). ORANGE FREE STATE. Valsch Eiver, Lindley (Connolly). TRANSVAAL. Pretoria District (McBean). Zoutpansberg (Cregoe). Apparently also found in Central Africa. 507. ANCYLUS MOOIENSIS, Walker. 1912 Ancylus mooiensis, Walker, Nautilus, xxv. p. 141. D. Type in coll. Walker. Hab. TRANSVAAL, Mooi Eiver, Potchefstroom (Miss Livingston). var. DUBIOSUS, Walker. 1912 Ancylus mooiensis, var. dubiosus, Walker, Nautilus, xxv. p. 142. D. Type in coll. Walker. Hab. TRANSVAAL. Pienaars Poort (Connolly). CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Woost Hill Kiver, Grahamstown (Farquhar). 508. ANCYLUS TRANSVAALENSIS, Craven. 1880 Ancylus transvaalensis, Crvn., P.Z.S. p. 617. pi. 57, f. 11. D.F. 1910 ? stenochorias, M. & P., Bttg., Abh. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. Frankfurt, xxxii. p. 450. N. Type in British Museum . Hab. TRANSVAAL. Mooi Eiver (Craven). Pretoria District (Connolly). ORANGE FREE STATE. Vereenigung (Johnson). CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Prieska (in coll. Ponsonby). ? BRITISH BECHUANALAND. Witkop (subfossil, Schultze). 509. ANCYLUS VERREAUXI, Bourguignat. 1853 Ancylus verreauxii, Bgt., Eev. et Mag. Zool. p. 351. D. 1854 pi. 1, f. 1-8. F. 1856 ,, Amen, malac. i. p. 12. pi. 1, f. 1-8. D.F. 1862 ,, verreauxi Spicil. malac. p. 194. N. 1882 verreauxii ,, Cless.,Conch.Cab.p.60. pi. 5, f.4. D.F. Type in Geneva Museum. Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. " Ville de Constance " (? Constantia) (Verreaux). Eetreat (Connolly), 242 Annals of the South African Museum. SECTION FEEEISSIA, Walker, 1903. (Nautilus, xvii. p. 15.) Type of Section, A. rivularis^^j. 510. ANCYLUS BUENUPI, Walker. 1912 Ancylus burnupi, Walker, Nautilus, xxv. p. 142. D. Type in coll. Walker. Hab. NATAL. Equeefa (Burnup). CAPE OP GOOD HOPE. Brack Kloof, Grahamstown (Farquhar). 511. ANCYLUS CONNOLLYI, Walker. 1912 Ancylus connollyi, Walker, Nautilus, xxv. p. 143. D. Type in coll. Walker. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Black Eiver, Maitland (Connolly). King Williamstown Eoad Dam, Grahamstown (Farquhar). 512. ANCYLUS EQUEEFENSIS, Walker. 1912 Ancylus cquecfensis, Walker, Nautilus, xxv. p. 143. D. Type in coll. Walker. Hab. NATAL. Equeefa (Burnup). 513. ANCYLUS FONTINALIS, Walker. 1912 Ancylus fontinalis, Walker, Nautilus, xxv. p. 144. D. Type in coll. Walker. Hab. TRANSVAAL. Eanjesfontein ; Pienaars Poort (Connolly). ORANGE FREE STATE. Morgendal (Connolly). 514. ANCYLUS VICTORIENSIS, Walker. 1912 Ancylus victoriensis, Walker, Nautilus, xxv. p. 144. D. Type in coll. Walker. Hab. EHODESIA. Victoria Falls (Connolly). 515. ANCYLUS ZAMBESIENSIS, Walker. 1912 Ancylus zambesiensis, Walker, Nautilus, xxv. p. 144. D. Type in coll. Walker. Hab. EHODESIA. Victoria Falls (Connolly). I am deeply indebted to Mr. Bryant Walker for the whole of the classification and distribution of this Genus. Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 243 GENUS ISIDOKA, Ehrenberg, 1831. (Symb. Phys., Evertebrata.) Type of Genus, I. hemprichii, Ehrn. (contorta, Mich.). Kobelt (1909) is probably correct in placing in this Genus all South African species formerly ascribed to Physa. Every one, whose animal has been examined, has proved to belong to Isidora, and it seems unlikely that Physa exists in the subcontinent. The Genus has suffered severely for a long time from misidenti- fication. It is the merest truism to remark that the speed of a stream and the nature of its soil have so great an effect on the shell of its rnolluscan inhabitants that colour, epidermal sculpture, and even substance or contour are of little account in the determination of fresh-water species ; yet many have been identified, and others founded, on these features alone, without reference to the form of the parietal and columellar regions, which appear to offer the only moderately stable basis for comparison. I regret that the results of my investigation so far have been of a purely destructive nature, but fear that even more of this will be necessary before it is advisable to describe the one or two new species which possibly exist in South Africa. Mr. E. A. Smith has kindly assisted me in the examination of such species as are now, for the first time, brought into synonymy. 516. ISIDORA ANGOLENSIS (Morelet). 1866 Physa angolensis, Morel., J. de C. xiv. p. 162. D. 1868 Voy. Welwitsch, Moll. p. 88. pi. 9, f. 8. D.F. 1873 ,, algoensis ,, Sow., Conch. Icon. pi. 7, f. 53. D.F. (Err. tijp.) 1886 ,, angolensis ,, Cless., Conch. Cab. p. 334. pi. 47 (1885), f. 2. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. DAMARALAND (Geale). Described from Angola. Specimens of angolensis received by the British Museum from Geale in 1869 were incorrectly labelled algoensis, which gave rise to Sowerby's use of the latter name. Judging from the figure, /. parietalis (Mouss.), from Ovampoland, must be nearly allied to this species. It agrees in form, and the parietal plate, from which Mousson derived the name, is a frequent, and inconstant, feature in other members of the Genus. 244 Annals of the South African Museum. 517. ISIDOBA COMPTA, Melv. & Pons. [S.A.M.] 1903 Isidora compta, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xii. p. 606. pi. 32, f. 14. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. TRANSVAAL. Boksburg (McBean, per Burnup). ORANGE FREE STATE. Kopjes ; Morgendal ; Valsch Eiver, Lind- ley (Connolly). MASHONALAND. Enkeldoorn District (Miss Sharpe-Young). Near /. tropica (Krs.), from which it can be distinguished by the curve of the outer lip, which may be called normal and regular in tropica, but in compta is usually distinctly flattened and almost incurved for a short way below the suture. 518. ISIDORA CONTORTA (Michaud). 1829 Pliysa contortus, Mich., Bull. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, iii. p. 268. plate, f. 15, 16. D.F. 1831 ,, contorta, Mich., Complement Hist. Moll. Fr. p. 83. pi. 16, f. 21, 22. D.F. 1838 Desh., Hist. nat. An. s. Vert. viii. p. 403. D. 1841, 3 Kiist., Conch. Cab. (Limn.) p. 8. pi. 1, f. 9-11. D.F. 1864 Bgt., Mai. Algerie, ii. p. 171. pi. 10, f. 38-40. D.F. 1870 Blanf., Obs. Geol. and Zool. Abyss. p. 472. N. 1874 Isidora ,, ,, Jick. ( = tropica, Krs., and cyrtonota, Bgt.), Fauna N.-O.-Afr. p. 203. pi. 3, f. 4. pi. 7, f. 14. D.B.F. Physa contorta, Mich., Sow., Conch. Iccn. pi. 11, f. 92. D.F. 1886 Cless., Conch. Cab. p. 314. D.N. 1908 Isidora ,, ,, ( = sericina, Jick.), Neuville & Anthony, Ann. Sci. nat. Paris, viii. pp. 274, 275. N.F. Typeubi ? Hab. CAPE OP GOOD HOPE. Quarry near Fort England, Grahamstown (Farquhar). A set of hardly mature shells from the above locality appeal- inseparable from Michaud's variable species, which is widely diffused through the South of Europe and North Africa, and recorded from West Africa and the Euphrates. Jickeli (1874) was very possibly right in placing tropica in the synonymy ; but I have so far been unable to confirm his views, and as the last-named species is, typically, a well-marked one in South Africa, with a Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 245 special synonymy of its own, it appears advisable to allow it to maintain an individual existence until further material is available for examination. Jickeli further included, under contorta ; truncata and harpula, Fer. ; brocchii and hemprichi, Ehrn. ; rivularis, Phil. ; mareotica and spiracea, Parr, in coll. ; pi/rum, Poro ; and scalata, Merian. 519. ISIDORA DIAPHANA (Krauss). 1848 Physa diaphana, Krs., Siidafr. Moll. p. 84. pi. 5, f. 11. D.F. 1856 ,, Bgt.,Eev.etMag. Zool. viii. p. 236. D. ,, ,, ,, ,, Amen, malac. i. p. 175. D. 1866 ,, von Mts., Mai. Blatt. xiii. p. 100. N. 1873 ,, Sow., Conch. Icon. pi. 10, f. 81. D.F. 1885 ,, Cless., Conch. Cab. p.282. pl.40,f.!2. D.F. Type in Stuttgart Museum. Hab. NATAL. Umgeni Valley (Krauss). 520. ISIDORA FOKSKALI, Ehrenberg. [S.A.M.] 1831 Isidora forskalii, Ehrn., Symb. Phys., Evert. 3rd Sp. D. 1848 Physa wahlbergi, Krs., Siidafr. Moll. p. 84. pi. 5, f. 13. D.F. 1856 Bgt., Eev.etMag. Zool. viii. p. 240. D. ,, ,, forskalii, Ehrn. ,, ,, viii. p. 235. D. ,, ,, ,, ,, Amen, malac. i. p. 174. D. ,, wahlbergi, Krs. ,, ,, i. p. 180. D. 1863 ,, ,, ,, Kiist., Conch. Cab. (Limn.) p. 71. pi. 12, f. 23, 24. D.F. 1866 von Mts., Mai. Blatt. xiii. p. 100. N. 1869 Dohrn, Mai. Blatt. xvi. p. 15. N. ,, ,, (Isidora) forskalii, Ehrn. ,vonMts., Mai. Bliitt. xvi. p. 213. N. 1873 ,, walbcryii, Sow., Conch. Icon. pi. 8, f. 58. D.F. 1874 Isidora forskuli, Ehrn., Jick., Fauna N.-O.-Afr. p. 198. pi. 3, f. 3. pi. 7, f. 13. D.R.F. and Synonymy. 1886 Physa forskalii, Ehrn., Cless., Conch. Cab. p. 320. pi. 39(1884), f. 2. D.F. 1897 Isidora forskali, Ehrn., von Mts., D.-O.-Afr. p. 141. pl.l, f .15. D.F. 1898 Physa gradata, M. & P., A.M.N.H. ii. p. 129. pi. 7, f. 8. D.F. 1899 Isidora forskali^hrn. ( = gradate), M.& P., A.M.N.H.iv.p.l93. N. 1908 ,, ,, Neuville & Anthony, Ann. Sci. nat. Paris, viii. pp. 271-273. N.F. Type of forskali in Zool. Mus. Berlin ; wahlbergi in Stuttgart Museum ; gradata in British Museum. 246 Annals of the South African Museum. Hab. TRANSVAAL. Eiver Limpopo (ivahlbergi, Wahlberg). Pre- toria (Farquhar). CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Brickfields, Grahamstown (cjradata, Far- quhar). NATAL Pietermaritzburg ; Durban ; Thornville (Burnup). Also said to be found in North and East Africa, Aden, Cape Verde Islands, Angola and Benguela. Jickeli (1874) includes in the synonymy ivahlbergi, Krs. ; lamellosa, Eoth ; scalaris and schmidti, Dkr. ; fischeriana, Bgt. ; capillacea, claviUata, scmiplicata, turriculata and apiculata, Morelet ; beccarii, Paladilhe ; vitrea, Parr. ; and jickelii, Krs. 521. ISIDORA. NATALENSIS (Krauss). [S.A.M.] 1841, 43 Physa natalensis, Krs., Kiist., Conch. Cab. (Limn.) p. 8. pi. 1, f. 12-14. D.F. 1848 Physa natalensis, Krs., Siidafr. Moll. p. 84. pi. 5, f. 10. D.F. 1856 Bgt., Eev. et Mag. Zool. viii. p. 237. D. ,, ,, Amen, malac. i. p. 176. D. 1869 von Mts., Mai. Blatt. xvi. p. 214. N. 1873 Sow., Conch. Icon. pi. 10, f. 79. D.F. 1874 Isidora natalensis ,, Jick., Fauna N.-O.-Afr. p. 196. N. 1883 'Physa natalica, Bgt., Ann. Sci. nat. Paris, xv. pp. 98, 126. N. 1903 zuluensis, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xii. p. 606. pi. 32, f. 4. D.F. 1910 Isidora natalensis, Krs., Bttg., Abh. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. Frankfurt, xxxii. p. 453. N. Type of natalensis in Stuttgart Museum ; zuluensis in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Umgeni Valley (Krauss). Durban (Burnup). EAST ZULULAND (zuluensis, Burnup). Lake Sibayi (Toppin). LORENZO MARQUES. Bikatla and Monguane Lakes (Junod). BRITISH BECHUANALAND. Witkop (subfossil, Schultze). Taking into consideration the great range of variation to be found in South African fresh-water shells, it appears impossible to separate zuluensis, which was likened by its joint authors to natalensis, from the last-named species. 522. ISIDORA PARIETALIS (Mousson). 1887 Physa parietalis, Mouss., J. de C. xxxv. p. 298. pi. 12, f. 8. D.F. 1904 ,, von Mts., Die Kalahari, p. 756. N. 1910 Isidora ,, ,, Bttg., Abh. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. Frankfurt, xxxii. p. 452. N. Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 247 Type in Zurich Museum. Hab. OVAMPOLAND. Ondonga (Schinz). DAMABALAND. Okosongoho (Hermann). BECHUANALAND. Lake Ngarni ; Garu ; fossil, south of Hardeko Drift, Botletle Eiver (Passarge). BRITISH BECHUANALAND. Witkop (subfossil, Schultze). ?CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Port Elizabeth (fide Morelet). Considered by Bottger to be very near diaphana ; Mousson's figure, however, closely resembles angolensis, which is known from Angola and Daruaraland. 523. ISIDOEA SERICINA, Jickeli. [S.A.M.] 1874 Isidora sericina, Jick., Fauna N.-O.-Afr. p. 194. pi. 3, f. 2. pi. 7, f. 11. D.E.F. 1886 Physa Cless., Conch. Cab. p. 325. pi. 39 (1884), f. 12. D.F. 1898 M. & P., Proc. Mai. Soc. iii. p. 182. L. schackoi 1908 Isidora sericina Neuville & Anthony, Ann. Sci. nat. Paris, viii. pp. 274, 275. N.F. Type in Zool. Mus. Berlin. Hab. " SOUTH AFRICA" (in coll. Ponsonby). CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Forty-eight miles from Port Elizabeth (" schackoi," in coll. Ponsonby). Described from Abyssinia. Careful examination of the two large series, on which the record of sericina and schackoi from South Africa was originally based, proves them to contain only one species. Professor Thiele has kindly compared this with Jickeli's types, and informs me that it is distinct from schackoi, but nearly allied to sericina, with which it may be identical. I have therefore removed schackoi from the South African list. Neuville and Anthony place sericina in the synonymy of contorta, Mich. The shells are certainly very similar, and might merge into one another, but Jickeli differentiated the two species by their radula, and, under these circumstances, it may be inadvisable to unite them without more extended investigation. 524. ISIDORA TROPICA (Krauss). [S.A.M.] 1848 Physa tropica, Krs., Sudafr. Moll. p. 84. pi. 5, f. 12. D.F. 1856 ,, Bgt., Eev. et Mag. Zool. viii. p. 236. D. ,, ,, Amen, malac. i. p. 175. D. 248 Annals of the South African Museum. 1856 Physa cyrtonota, Bgt., Eev. et Mag. Zool. viii. p. 238. pi. 15, f. 1, 2. D.F. Amen, malac.i. p. 177. pi. 21, f. 1,2. D.F. 1873 ,, tropica, Krs., Sow., Conch. Icon. pi. 5, f.32. D.F. 1874 Isidora Jick., Fauna N.-O.-Afr. p. 205. N. 1880 Physa lirata, Crvn., P.Z.S. p. 617. pi. 57, f. 10. D.F. 1885 iro^ca,Krs.,Cless. ) Conch.Cab.p.288.pl.41,f.8,ll. D.F. 1886 cyrtonata, Bgt.,Cless.,i&zd.p.323.pl.39(1884),f.5. D.F. ,, craveni, Ancey ( = lirata, Crvn., 1880, nee Tristram, 1863), Ancey, Le Naturaliste, viii. p. 358. 1889 lirata, Crawf., Morel., J. de C. xxxvii. p. 20. (Err. typ.) 1897 Isidora tropica, Krs., von Mts., D.-O.-Afr., p. 140. D. 1898 Physa craveni, Stur., S.A. Moll. p. 76. Emend. Norn. 1899 Ancey, M. & P., A.M.N.H. iv. p. 193. N. 1910 Isidora tropica, Krs., Bttg., Abh. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. Frank- furt, xxxii. p. 453. N. Type of tropica in Stuttgart Museum ; cyrtonota in Geneva Museum; lirata in British Museum. Hab. TRANSVAAL. Eiver Lepenula (tropica, Wahlberg). Mooi Eiver (lirata, Craven). NATAL. Examples recorded, but require verification. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Port Elizabeth (lirata, fide Morelet). Stellenbosch (Peringuey). Montagu ; Black Eiver, Maitland (Con- nolly). Olifant Eiver (cyrtonota, Verreaux). DAMARALAND. Okaputa Pan (subfossil, Hermann). Jickeli remarks that cyrtonota " agrees perfectly with tropica." I have not seen an authentic example of Bourguignat's species, but judging from his description and figure, it certainly does so. The type set of lirata are slightly immature specimens of tropica, of which there is a fine co-type available for comparison in the British Museum. Krauss mentions that the young of tropica have a ribbed epidermis, the feature on which Craven founded his species. 525. ISIDORA VERREAUXI (Bourguignat). 1856 Physa verreauxii, Bgt., Eev. et. Mag. Zool. viii. p. 237. pi. 15, f. 3, 4. D.F. Amen. malac.i. p. 176. pi. 21, f.3,4. D.F. 1886 ,, Cless., Conch. Cab. p. 317. pi. 39 (1884), f. I. D.F. Type ubi ? Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Olifant Eiver; Knysna (Verreaux). Reference. List of South African Non-marine Molhisca. 249 526. ISIDORA ZANZIBARICA (Clessin). [S.A.M.] 1886 Physa zanzebarica, Cless., Conch. Cab. p. 362. pi. 51, f. 5. D.F. 1889 cornea, Morel., J. de C. xxxvii. p. 16. pi. 1, f. 8. D.F. 1897 Isidora zanzibarica, Cless., von Mts., D.-O.-Afr. p. 140. N. Type of zanzibarica in Zool. Mus. Berlin ; co-types of cornea in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Port Elizabeth (Crawford). von Martens infers that the loc. Zanzibar, originally quoted for zanzibarica by Clessin, is incorrect, and that the species is the same as that which was subsequently described by Morelet as cornea. It is nearly allied to contorta. I. zanzibarica has recently been recorded by Thiele from Central Africa. GENUS PHYSOPSIS, Krauss, 1848. (Sudafr. Moll. p. 85.) Type of Genus, Ph. africana, Krs. 527. PHYSOPSIS AFRICANA, Krauss. [S.A.M.] 1848 Physopsis africana, Krs., Sudafr. Moll. p. 85. pi. 5, f. 14. D.F. 1855 H. & A. Ad., Gen. rec. Moll. iii. pi. 83, f. 10. F. 1856 Bgt.,Eev.etMag.Zool.viii.p. 241. D. ,, ,, ,, ,, Amen, malac. i. p. 180. D. 1863 Kiist, Conch. Cab. p. 72. pi. 12, f. 29, 30. D.F. 1866 ,, ,, von Mts., Mai. Blatt. xiii. p. 8. N. 1874 Physa africana, Krs., Sow., Conch. Icon. pi. 1, f. 3. D.F. Physopsis africana, Krs., Jick., Fauna N.-O.-Afr. p. 209. D. 1879 Bgt., Moll, de 1'Egypte, p. 12. N. 1886 Physa Cless., Conch. Cab. p. 409. pi. 41 (1885), f. 12. D.F. 1897 Physopsis von Mts., D.-O.-Afr. p. 142. N. 1907 Melv. & Standen, Manchester Me- moirs, li, 1. p. 8. N. 1908 ,, ,, ,, Neuville & Anthony, Ann. Sci. nat. Paris, viii. pp. 266-270. N.F. Type in Stuttgart Museum. Hab. NATAL. Port Natal (Wahlberg). Pietermaritzburg ; Pine- town ; Lower Umkomaas (Burnup). ZULULAND (Burnup ; Toppin). TRANSVAAL. Pretoria District (Connolly). Middelburg (Crawford). 250 Annals of the South African Museum. EHODESIA. Gwelo (Dodds). Enkeldoorn District, Mashonaland (Miss Sharpe- Young). LORENZO MARQUES. Eiver Zambesi (Peters ; Kirk ; Penther). CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Port Elizabeth (Crawford). Knysna (Purcellj. Also distributed up the eastern side of the Continent. Melvill and Standen, in chronicling this species from Northern Ehodesia, remark : " Our specimens seem intermediate between the type and ovoidea, Bgt., which surely can be but a variety." Jickeli places werneana, Troschel, in the synonymy of africana, and expresses doubt whether " globularis, Morel." (globosa, Morel., Voy. Welwitsch, p. 93. pi. 9, f. 6, and J. de C., 1866, p. 162), is separable therefrom, while Neuville and Anthony consider that abyssinica, von Mts., and eximia, Bgt., as well as ovoidea, Bgt., merge into Krauss' species. SUB-CLASS STREPTONEURA, Spengel, 1881. (Zeitschr. f. wissens. Zool. Leipzic, p. 372.) OEDER PECTINIBRANCHIA, Cuvier, 1817. (Regne Animal, ii. pp. 388, 415, as Pectinibranches.) SUB-ORDER T.ffiNIOGLOSSA, Troschel, 1847. (Arch. f. Naturg. xiii, 2. p. 382, and Wiegmann's Handbuch der Zool., Ed. 3. 1848.) TRIBE PLATYPODA, Fischer, 1883. (Man. de Conch, p. 445.) FAMILY CYCLOPHOEID^, Gray, 1847. (P.Z.S. p. 181.) SUB-FAMILY CYCLOPHOBIN^E, Fischer, 1885. (Man. de Conch, p. 739.) GENUS CYCLOPHOKUS, de Montfort, 1810. (Conch. Syst. ii. p. 290.) Type of Genus, C. volvulus (Mull.). SUB-GENUS MAIZANIA, Bourguignat, 1889. (Moll, de 1'Afr. e'quat. p. 148.) ( = Aferulus, von Mts., 1897; Natalia, G.-Aust., 1897; Hijabia, G.- Aust., 1898 ; Austrocyclus, Ancey, 1898 ; and Cyclophoropsis, Dautzenberg, 1908.) Type of Sub-Genus, C. olivaceus, Bgt. Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 251 528. CYCLOPHORUS (MAIZANIA) WAHLBERGI (Benson). [S.A.M.] 1848 Cyclostoma translitcnlum, " Sow.," Krs., Siidafr. Moll. p. 83. N. 1852 wahlbergi, Bs., A.M.N.H. x. p. 271. D. ,, Pfr., Mon. Pneum. i. p. 416. D. 1854 Conch. Cab. p. 386. pi. 50, f. 17- 19. D.F. 1861 Cyclopliorus Eve., Conch. Icon. pi. 17, f. 81. D.F. 1881 Smith, P.Z.S. p. 277. N. 1902 ,, (Maizania) luahlbergi, Bs., Kob., Tierreich, xvi. pp. 148, 152. F.D. Specimens ex auct. in University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge. Hab. NATAL (Wahlberg, per Stevens). Durban; Isipingo (Pen- ther). Generally in the bush fringing the coast (Burnup). CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Pondoland (Beyrich). Port Grosvenor (Bachmann). Also known in German East Africa and Nyassaland. Smith (1881) considers that C. magilensis, Craven, from Magila, may prove to be only the young state of this species. GENUS CHONDKOCYCLUS, Ancey, 1898. (Bull. Mus. Marseille, i. p. 136.) Type of Genus, C. convexiusculus (Pfr.). 529. CHONDROCYCLUS CONVEXIUSCULUS (Pfeiffer). [S.A.M.] 1855 Cyclostoma (Cyclophorus} convexiusculum, Pfr., P.Z.S. p. 104. D. 1858 Cyclophorus convexiusculus, Pfr., Mon. Pneum. ii. p. 68. D. 1861 Eve., Conch. Icon.pl. 19, f. 92. D.F. 1880 Cyclotus alabastris, Craven, P.Z.S. p. 619. pi. 57, f. 9. D.F. 1899 Chondrocyclus alabastris, Crvn., M. & P., A.M.N.H. iv. p. 193. N. 1902 ,, convexiusculus, Pfr., Kob., Tierreich, xvi. p. 230. D. ,, Cyclophorus (Maizania] alabastris, Crvn., Kob., ibid. p. 149. D. Types in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE (Macgillivray). George District; Tharfield ; Camps Bay; Simonstown (Layard). Montagu (Con- nolly). Port Elizabeth (Crawford). Grahams town ; Bedford (Far- quhar). Cape Kecif, Algoa Bay (alabastris, Craven). Pirie Forest (Godfrey). As Crawford writes, alabastris is a beach-rolled and polished specimen of convexiusculus, in the synonymy of which it must be placed. 18 252 Annals of the South African Museum. var. MINOE, Benson. [S.A.M.] Cyclopkorus plicicutis, Bs., in litt. 1856 ,, convexiiisculus, Pfr., var. minor, Bs., A.M.N.H. xviii. p. 438. D. 1858 ,, convexiusculns, Pfr., var. minor, Bs., Pfr., Mon. Pneum. ii. p. 68. D. Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. Table Mountain (Layard). The form most commonly found in the Cape Peninsula, but hardly worthy of varietal rank. 530. CHONDROCYCLUS EXSERTUS, Melv. & Pons. [S.A.M.] 1903 Chondrocyclus exsertus, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xii. p. 608. pi. 32, f. 11. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Umkomaas ; Umbogintwini ; Equeefa (Burnup). 531. CHONDROCYCLUS ISIPINGOENSIS (Sturany). [S.A.M.] 1898 ? Cyclotus isipingoensis, Stur., Anz. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien. xvi. Sonderabdruck, p. 9. D. Cydophorus minimus, M. & P., A.M.N.H. ii. p. 129. pi. 7, f. 9. D.F. ? Cyclotus isipingoensis, Stur., S.A.Moll, p. 81. pi. 2, f. 37-39. D.F. 1899 Cyclophorusminimm,M..&P.,AM.l^.Il/iv.pl.BJ.l5(Operculum). 1902 ,, (Maizania) isipingoensis, Stur., Kob., Tierreich, xvi. p. 149. D. ,, ,, minimus, M. & P., Kob., ibid. p. 150. D. Type of miniums in British Museum ; isipingoensis in Naturh. Hofmus. Vienna. Hab. NATAL. Durban; Isipingo (Penther). Pietermaritzburg, and in bush generally, from the coast to Dargle and Karkloof (Burnup). CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Maestrom Forest, Bedford (Farquhar). It seems more natural to place this species in the same Genus as convexiusculus, which it resembles in miniature, than in Maizania. FAMILY POMATIID^, B. B. Woodward, 1903. (Journ. of Conch, x. p. 356.) ( = Cyclostomatidse, Auctt.) GENUS TEOPIDOPHOEA, Troschel, 1847. (Zeitschr. f. Malak. iv. p. 44.) Type of Genus, T. cuvieriana (Petit). Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 253 SUB-GENUS LIGATELLA, von Martens, 1880. (Meeresfauna Mauritius, p. 186.) ( = Rochebnmia, Bourguignat, 1881.) Type of Sub-Genus, T. listcri (Gray). 532. TROPIDOPHOKA CALCAEEA (Sowerby). [S.A.M.] 1822 Cyclostoma sulcata, Lam., Hist. nat. An. s. Vert, vi, 2. p. 144. D. 1838 ,, Desh., Hist. nat. An. s. Vert. viii. p. 354. D. 1841 ,, ,, ,, Delessert, Eecueil de Coquilles decrites par Lamarck, pi. 29, f 9. D.F. 1847 ,, calcareum, Sow. (-^ sulcata, Lam., 1822, nee Drap., 1805), Sow., Thesaurus Conch, i. p. 118. pi. 26, f. 113. D.F. 1848 Cyclostoma calcareum, Sow., Pfr., Conch. Cab. p. 88. pi. 11 (1847), f. 11, 12. D.F. 1852 Cyclostomus calcareus, Sow., Pfr., Mon. Pneuni. i. p. 201. D. 1858 ,, sulcatus, Lam. ( = calcareus, Sow.), Pfr., Mon. Pneuni. ii. p. 115. 1861 Cyclostoma calcareum, Sow., Eve., Conch. Icon. pi. 3, f. 13. D.F. 1879 ,, ,, ,, Gibb., Journ.of Conch.ii. p. 145. N. 1881 insulare (var.), Smith, P.Z.S. p. 277. pi. 32, f. 1. N.F. 1897 ,, calcareum, Sow., von Mts., D.-O.-Afr. p. 3. N. Originals of calcarea in British Museum. Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Tette (Kirk ; Thomson). Also known from East and Central Africa. 533. TROPIDOPHORA COMBURENS, Melv. & Pons. [S.A.M.] 1903 Tropidoplwra combnrcns, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xii. p. 60S. pi. 32, f. 12. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. ZULULAND. Makowe (Burnup). 534. TROPIDOPHORA FOVEOLATA (Melv. & Pons.). 1895 Cyclostoma fovcolatum,M..&P.,AM.'N.~K.\v.p.I64:.pL12,iA. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. " S. AFRICA " (fide M. & P.). CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Port Alfred (Farquhar). ? NATAL (fide Sturany). 254 Annals of the South African Museum. 535. TROPIDOPHORA HAETVIGIANA (Pfeiffer). 1862 Cyclostomus Jiartvigianus, Pfr., Mai. Blatt. ix. p. 203. D. 1863 ,, Novit. Conch, ii. p. 225. pi. 59, f. 1, 2. D.F. 1865 ,, ,, Mon. Pneum. iii. p. 131. D. Originals in British Museum. Hab. " SOUTH AFRICA" (Hartvig). 536. TROPIDOPHORA INSULARIS (Pfeiffer). [S.A.M.] 1852 Cydostoma insulare, Pfr., P.Z.S. p. 64. D. ,, Cyclostomus insularis, Pfr., Mon. Pneum. i. p. 215. D. 1854 Cydostoma insulare, Pfr., Conch. Cab. p. 351. pi. 45, f. 5, 6. D.F. 1861 ,, Eve., Conch. Icon. pi. 8, f. 41. D.F. ,, ,, kraussianum, Pfr., Eve., Conch. Icon. pi. 9, f. 52. D.F. 1897 insulare, Pfr., von Mts., D.-O.-Afr. p. 5. N. The species figured by E. A. Smith (P.Z.S., 1881, p. 277. pi. 32, f. 1) is attributed by von Martens to calcarea. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Generally, on the coast and in the Midlands (Burnup). TRANSVAAL. Pietpotgietersrust (Connolly). GRIQUALAND WEST. Modder Eiver, near Kiniberley (Miss Wilman). CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Alexandria District (Crawford). Originally described as from Mauritius. 537. TROPIDOPHORA KRAUSSIANA, Pfeiffer. 1852 Cydostoma (Tropidophora} kraussianum, Pfr., P.Z.S. p. 64. D. ,, Gyclostomus kraussianus, Pfr., Mon. Pneum. i. p. 204. D. 1854 Cydostoma kraussianum ,, Conch. Cab. p. 334. pi. 43, f. 17, 18. D.F. 1881 Smith, P.Z.S. p. 278. N. 1897 von Mts., D.-O.-Afr. p. 5. N. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Cape Natal (coll. Cuming). TRANSVAAL. Pilgrim's Eest (Craven). LORENZO MARQUES. Inhambane (Gibbons). CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Port Elizabeth (fide Morelet). Pondoland (Beyrich), and Port Grosvenor (Bachrnann), fide von Martens. The type, from the Cuming collection, appears to be a deformed shell, and the other localities quoted should be accepted with due reservation. Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 255 538. TROPIDOPHORA LIGATA (Miiller). [S.A.M.] 1774 Nerita ligata, Mull., Verm. ii. p. 181. D. 1786 Turbo ligatus, Miill., Chem., Conch. Cab. ix, 2. p. 60. pi. 123, f. 1071, 1072 ; 3, 4. D.F. 1822 Cyclostomaligata, Miill., Lam., Hist. nat. An.s.Vert.vi,2.p.l47. D. 1831 ligatum, Miill., Sow., Genera of Shells, pi. 176, f. 4. F. 1838 ligata, Lam., Desh., Hist. nat. An. s. Vert. viii. p. 359. D.N. 1847 ligatum, Miill., Pfr., Conch. Cab. p. 33. pi. 4 (1843), f. 12, 13. pi. 8, f. 3, 4. D.F. ,, ,, ,, Lam., Sow., Thesaurus Conch, i. p. 98. pi. 23, f. 24. D.F. 1848 Lam., Krs., Siidafr. Moll. p. 82. D.N. 1852 Cyclostomus ligatus, Miill., Pfr., Mon. Pneum. i. p. 221. D. 1859 Cyclostoma ligatum ,, von Mts., Mai. Blatt. vi. p. 215. N. 1861 Eve., Conch. Icon. pi. 9, f. 54. D.F. 1897 von Mts., D.-O.-Afr. p. 5. N. Original in University Zool. Mus. Copenhagen. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Simon's Bay (McGillivray). Port Elizabeth ; Alexandria District; Uitenhage; Addo (Crawford). Thar- field(Layard). Mossel Bay ; Port Alfred (Farquhar). Knysna(O'Connor). NATAL. Coast and Midlands, generally (Burnup). Kamiesberg (Zeyher). TRANSVAAL. Lydenburg ; Barberton (fide Sturany). LORENZO MARQUES. Tette (Peters). Eikatla (Junod). var. CAFFRA, Beck. [S.A.M.] 1861 Cyclostoma caffrum, Beck, Eve., Conch. Icon. pi. 11, f. 67. D.F. 1865 Cyclostomus caffer ,, Pfr., Mon. Pneum. iii. p. 129. D. Originals in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE (Ecklon, in British Museum). Merely a white form of ligata. var. MINOR, Pfeiffer. [S.A.M.] 1828 Turbo ligatus, Wood, Index Test. p. 15]. pi. 32, f. 122. F. 1847 Cyclostoma affine, Sow. ( = Turbo ligatus, Wood), Sow., Thesaurus Conch, i. p. 98. pi. 23, f. 25, 26. D.F. 1848 Cyclostoma affine, Sow., Pfr., Conch. Cab. p. 62. pi. 8 (1847), f. 17, 18. D.F. Krs., Siidafr. Moll. p. 82. N. 256 Annals of the South African Museum. 1852 Cyclostomus ligatus, Miill., var. minor, Pfr. ( = C. affine, Sow.) Pfr., Mon. Pneum. i. p. 222. N. Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. Generally distributed. 539. TROPIDOPHOKA LINEATA (Pfeiffer). 1852 Cyclostoma lineatiim, Pfr., P.Z.S. p. 65. D. ,, Cyclostomus lineatus ,, Mon. Pneum. i. p. 222. D. 1854 Cyclostoma lineatum ,, Conch. Cab. p. 350.pl. 45, f. 3,4. D.F. 1881 Smith, P.Z.S. p. 278. N. Type in British Museum, from " ? Madagascar. Coll. Cuming." Hab. NATAL (coll. Cuming, in British Museum). 540. TROPIDOPHORA OCHRACEA (Melv. & Pons.). 1896 Cyclostoma ochraceum, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xviii. p. 318. pi. 16, f. 8, 9. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. " SOUTH AFRICA " (fide M. & P.). 541. TROPIDOPHORA PLURILIRATA, Fulton. [S.A.M.] 1903 Tropidophora plurilirata, Fulton, Journ. of Malac. x. p. 103. pi. 9, f. 8. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Grahamstown (Miss Leppan ; Far- quhar). NATAL. Pinetown ; Pietermaritzburg (Burnup). 542. TROPIDOPHORA SARCODES (Pfeiffer). 1856 Cyclostoma sarcodes, Pfr., P.Z.S. p. 339. D. 1858 Cyclostomus ,, ,, Mon. Pneum. ii. p. 120. D. 1861 Cyclostoma ,, ,, Eve., Conch. Icon. pi. 10, f. 61. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Knysna (Cox ; O'Connor). The type-locality Madagascar (coll. Cuming) is probably erro- neous. 543. TROPIDOPHORA TRANS VAALENSIS (Melv. & Pons.). [S.A.M.] 1891 Cyclostoma transvaalense, M. & P., A.M.N.H. viii. p. 237. D. 1892 ix. p. 94. pi. 5, f. 6. N.F. ' Type in British Museum. Hab. TRANSVAAL. Pretoria (Farquhar). Reference List of South African Non-marine MoUusca. 257 FAMILY AMPULLARIID/E, Gray, 1840. (Syn. Brit. Mus. p. 115, as Ampullariadse, emend. d'Orbigny, 1842, Paleont. Fran?., Terr. Cretaces, ii. p. 30.) GENUS AMPULLAEIA, Lamarck, 1799. (Mein. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, p. 76.) Type of Genus, A. ampullacea (Lin.). 544. AMPULLARIA OCCIDENTALIS, Mousson. 1887 Am2mUariaoccidentalisMoviss.J.deC.xxxv.p. l 299.p\.I'2,t.9. D.F. 1904 vonMts.,DieKalahari,p.756. N. 1910 Bttg., Abb. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. Frankfurt, xxxii. p. 453. N. Type in Zurich Museum. Hab. OVAMPOLAND. Kunene Kiver (Geale ; Schinz). DAMARALAND. Okosongobo (Hermann). BECHUANALAND. Nauscbe, or Nausib, Eiver ; Okavango marsbes ; Lake N garni ; Botletle District (Passarge). Also chronicled from Angola. GENUS LANISTES, de Montfort, 1810. (Conch. Syst. ii. p. 122.) Type of Genus, L. olivieri, de Montf. SUB-GENUS MELADOMUS, Swainson, 1840. (Treatise on Malac. p. 340.) Type of Sub-Genus, L. bulimoides, Swains, (purpureus, Jonas). 545. LANISTES ELLIPTICUS, von Martens. 1866 Lanistcs ellipticus, von Mts., Novit. Conch, ii. p. 294. pi. 70, f. 9, 10. D.F. 1877 ,, solidus, Smith, P.Z.S. p. 716. pi. 74, f. 10, 11. D.F. 1886 ,, 2aw&eszanMs,Furtado,J.deC.xxxiv.p.l48.pl.7,f.l. D.F. 1897 ,, ellipticus, von Mts. ( = solidus, Smith), von Mts., D.-O.-Afr. p. 168. N. 1898 ,, ,, ,, ( = zambesianus, Furt.), Stur., S.A. Moll. p. 87. .V. Type of ellipticus in Zool. Mus. Berlin ; solidus in British Museum. Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Tette (Peters ; Ivens ; Capello). BHODESIA. Mouth of Tschobe Eiver (Holub). 258 Annals of the South African Museum. L. solidus was recorded from Quilimane and Nyassa, and zam- besianus from below Tette. var. TRAPEZIFORMIS, Furtado. 1886 Lanistes ellipticus, von Mts., var. trapeziformis, Furtado, J. de C. xxxiv. p. 150. D. Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Eiver Zambesi, below Tette (Capello & Ivens). 546. LANISTES OLIVACEUS, Sowerby, var. AMBIGUUS, von Martens. 1851, 2 Ampiillariaovum (pars), Phil., Conch. Cab. p. 22. pi. 7, f.7. D.F. 1866 Lanistes olivaceus, Sow., var. ambiguus, von Mts., Novit. Conch, ii. p. 292. pi. 71, f. 3, 4. D.F. 1879 Meladomus ambiguus, von Mts., Bgt., Moll, de 1'Egypte, p. 34. 1897 Lanistes olivaceus, Sow., var. ambiguus, von Mts., D.-O.-Afr. p. 165. D.N. Type in Zool. Mus. Berlin. Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Tette (Peters). Delagoa Bay (Junod ; native name, Chibyabya). Gorongozo District (Wells-Cole). 547. LANISTES OVUM, Peters. [S.A.M.] 1845 Lanistes ovum, Ptrs., Trosch., Archiv. f. Naturg. xi, 1. p. 215. D. 1851, 2 Ampullariaovum, Ptrs., Phil., Conch. Cab. p. 22. pi. 6, f. 2. F. 1857 Lanistes ovum, Ptrs., Trosch., Gebiss der Schnecken, i. p. 90. pi. 6, f. 11. E. 1866 von Mts., Novit. Conch, ii. p. 290. N. 1870 Mai. Blatt. xvii. p. 35. N. 1874 Jick., Fauna N.-O.-Afr. p. 230. D. 1877 affinis, Smith, P.Z.S. p. 716. pi. 74, f. 7. D.F. 1881 * ,, p. 290. pi. 34, f. 23. N.F. 1891 ,, ,, ,, von Mts., Sitz.-Ber. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berlin, p. 17. N. 1897 ,, ovum, Ptrs. ( = affinis, Smith), von Mts., D.-O.-Afr. p. 166. D.N. 1898 Stur., S.A.Moll. p. 86. pi. 3, f. 62, 63. N.F. 1904 von Mts., Die Kalahari, p. 756. N. 1907 ,, affinis, Smith, Melv. & Standen, Manchester Memoirs, Ii, 4. p. 6. N. Type of affinis in British Museum ; ovum in Zool. Mus. Berlin. Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Tette (Peters). Itschongove, Dela- goa Bay (Schenck). Reference List of South African Non-marine Hollusca. 259 BECHUANALAND. Ngami River (Passarge). TRANSVAAL. " Libonibo " (? Lebombo) (Wilms). MATEBILILAND. Meno's Kraal (Feather). RHODESIA. Victoria Falls (Connolly). Also known from North, West, and East Africa, and Northern Rhodesia. von Martens (1897) places affinis, Smith, in the synonymy of ovum, while Melvill and Standen (1907) remark that affinis seems a distinct species. References to both are given above for purpose of comparison. var. ELATIOK, von Martens. 1866 Lanistes ovum, Ptrs., var. elatior, von Mts., Novit. Conch, ii. p. 291. pi. 70, f. 7, 8. D.F. 1879 Meladomus elatior, Bgt., Moll, de 1'Egypte, p. 35. Described from Niebohr River, 8 N. lat. (Heuglin). var. INGENS, Ancey. 1894 Meladomus ovum, Ptrs., var. ingens, Ancey, Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. vii. p. 223. D. Described from Karonga, B.C. A. 548. LANISTES PURPUEEUS (Jonas). 1839 Ampullaria purpurea, Jonas, Archiv. f. Naturg. v, 1. p. 342. pi. 10, f. 1. D.F. Bulimus tristis, Jay, Catalogue of Shells, p. 121. pi. 7, f. 1. N.F. 1840 Mela'lomus bulimoides, Swainson, Treatise on Malac. p. 340. D. 1845 Lanistes purpurea, Jon. ( = tristis, Jay), Trosch., Archiv. f. Naturg. xi, 1. p. 216. D. 1851, 2 .4;./jWarm J ; J ;7J/Y ) ,Jon.,Phil.,Conch.Cab.p.22.pl.6,f.l. D.F. 1854 Meladomus olivaceus, " Sow.," H. & A. Ad., Gen. rec. Moll. i. p. 349, and iii. pi. 37, f. 6. F. 1859 Lanistes purpureus, Jon., von Mts., Mai. Blatt. vi. p. 216. N. 1860 Ampullaria oliracca, " Sow." (=purpureus, Jonas), Morel., Series Conch, ii. p. 108. N. 1866 Lanistes purpureus, Jon., von Mts., Novit. Conch, ii. p. 293. N. 1881 Smith, P.Z.S. p. 290. N. 1897 von Mts., D.-O.-Afr. p. 163. D.N. Type of purpureus in Zool. Mus. Berlin ; tristis in American Museum of Natural History, New York. Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Tette (Peters). Also found in East Africa and Zanzibar. 260 Annals of the South African Museum. Originally described as from the Swan Eiver, Australia, von Martens (1897) considers M. bloyeti and nitidissimus, Bgt., to be merely varieties of purpureus. FAMILY VIVIPAKID^, Gray, 1847. (P.Z.S. p. 155.) ( = Paludinidas, Auctt.) GENUS VIVIPAEA, de Montfort, 1810. (Conch. Syst. ii. p. 247, as Viviparus, emend. Dupuy, 1851, Hist. nat. des Moll. . . . qui vivent en France, p. 534.) (=Vivipare, Lam., 1809, and Palud ina, Lam., 1812.) Type of Genus, V. fluviorum, de Montf. (vivipara, Lin.). 549. VIVIPARA CAPILLATA, von Frauenfeld. 1865 Vivipara capillata, Frnfd., P.Z.S. p. 659. D. Verb. Zool. Ges. Wien, xv. p. 533. pi. 22. D.F. 1877 Paludina Smith, P.Z.S. p. 717. pi. 74, f. 3, 4. F. 1907 Vivipara Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 174. pi. 34, f. 5-8. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. ZULULAND. Lake Sibayi (Toppin). RHODESIA. ? Victoria Falls (Morrell, fide Preston ; Dixey and Longstaff) . LORENZO MARQUES. Rikatla (Junod). Originally described from Lake Nyassa. 550. VIVIPARA PASSARGEI, von Martens. 1904 Vivipara passargei, von Mts., Die Kalahari, pp. 757 ; 755, f . 3. D.F. Type ubi ? Hab. BECHUANALAND . In marly sandstone at the Letter Tree, Botletle (subfossil, Passarge). Founded on a single specimen, " similar to the East African V. unicolor." 551. VIVIPARA SAMBESIENSIS, Sturany. [S.A.M.] 1898 Vivipara unicolor, Oliv., var. sambesicnsis, Stur., S.A. Moll. p. 85. pi. 3, f. 57-61. D.F. 1905 ,, densestriata, Prest., Proc. Mai. Soc. vi.p.300,f.2. D.F. 1907 ,, sambesiensis, Stur., Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 172. pi. 33, f. 15, 16. D.F. Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 261 1907 Viripara densestriata, Prest., Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 173. pi. 33, f. 17. D.N.F. 1909 ,, sambesiensis, Stur. (cum var. densestriata, Prest.), Kob., Abb.. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. Frankfurt, xxxii. p. 79. Type of sambesiensis in Naturh. Hofrnus. Vienna ; densestriata in British Museum. Hab. EHODESIA. Victoria Falls (sambesiensis, Penther ; dense- striata, Morrell). I adopt Kobelt's synonymy, in the belief that only one variable species of Vivipara inhabits the Zambesi at the Victoria Falls. It seems probable that the reported occurrence of V. capillata, Frnfd., in the same locality also refers to sambesiensis. GENUS CLEOPATRA, Troschel, 1857. (Gebiss cler Schnecken, i. p. 100.) Type of Genus, C. bulimoides (Oliv.). 522. CLEOPATRA FEBEUGINEA (Lea). 1850 Melania ferruginea, Lea, P.Z.S. p. 182. I). 1851 ,, zangucbarcnsiis, Petit, J. de C. ii. p. 263. pi. 7, f. 1. D.F. amana, Morel., J. de C. ii. p. 192. pi. 5, f. 9. D.F. Eev. et Mag. Zool. p. 220. D. 1860 ,, ,, ,, Series conch, ii. p. 117. D. ,, ferruginea, Lea, Eve., Conch. Icon. pi. 21, f. 1-47. D.F. 1878 Paludomus africana, von Mts., Monats.-Ber. K. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 297. pi. 2, f. 11-13. D.F. 1879 Cleopatrakynganica&ndcamercmi,13gk.,M^o]l.&Gl'l&gypte,p.%l. D. 1881 PoZM Lea > Smith l P.Z.S.p.294.pl.34 t f.29. N.F. 1894 Cleopatra ferruginea ,, ( = africana, von Mts.), Smith, Proc. Mai. Soc. i. p. 167. N. 1897 ,, von Mts., D.-O.-Afr. p. 188. N. Kincena, Morel., von Mts., D.-O.-Afr. p. 187. D. 1899 ,, ferruginea, Lea ( = amcena, Morel.), M. & P., A.M.N.H. iv. p. 193. N. 1909 ,, ,, Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 401. pi. 76, f. 22. D.F. ,, ,, amcena, Morel., Kob., ibid. p. 396. pi. 76, f. 15. D.F. 1911 ,, ferruginca, Lea, Smith, Proc. Mai. Soc. ix. p. 240. N.F. Types of ferruginea and amcena in British Museum. Hab. ZULULAND. Manuan Creek (Anderson). LORENZO MARQUES. River Quaqua, near the mouth of the Zam- besi (Stuhlinann). Itschongove (fide Sturany). 262 Annals of the South African Museum. CAPE OP GOOD HOPE. Prieska (Gibbons, fide M. & P.). This species, origina.lly founded on a single specimen collected at Zanzibar, is rather widely distributed in East Africa, and has apparently been described under various different names. Melvill and Ponsonby, after comparison of the types, place C. amcena in the synonymy, and von Martens cannot separate cameroni and kyngauica, JBgt., from ferruginea ; while Smith (1881) remarks that " Melania zanguebarica of Petit appears to be the same as this species ; and P. africanus of Martens, if not identical, offers but slight distinctions." 553. CLEOPATRA MOBBELLI, Preston. 1905 Cleopatra morrelli, Prest., Proc. Mai. Soc. vi. p. 300, f. 3. D.F. 1909 morelli, " Smith," Kob., Conch. Cab. p. 391. pi. 76, f. 6, 7. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. EHODESIA. Victoria Palls (Morrell). var. COSTATA, Preston. 1905 Cleopatra iitorrclli, var. costata, Prest., Proc. Mai. Soc. vi. pp. 300, f. 4; 301. F.D. Type in British Museum. Hab. EHODESIA. Victoria Falls (Morrell). FAMILY MELANILDJE, d'Orbigny, 1837. (Moll. Canar. p. 77, as Melanidffi.) SUB-FAMILY MELANIIN^, H. & A. Adams, 1854. (Gen. rec. Moll. i. p. 294.) GENUS MELANIA, Lamarck, 1799. (Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, p. 75.) Type of Genus, M. amarula (Lin.). 554. MELANIA AMARULA (Linne). 1758 Helix amarula, Lin., Syst. Nat., Ed. 10. i. p. 774. D. 1764 Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 672. D. 1767 Syst. Nat., Ed. 12. p. 1249. D. 1774 Buccinum amarula, Miill., Verm. ii. p. 137. D. 1786 Helix Lin., Chern., Conch. Cab. ix, 2. p. 157. pi. 134, f. 1218, 19. D.F. 1788 Gmel.,Syst.Nat.,Ed.l3.i,6.p.3656. D. Reference. List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 263 1824 Melania amarula, Lin., Sow., Genera of Shells, pi. 180, f. 1. F. 1828 ,, Lam., Stark, Elem. Nat. Hist. ii. p. 53. D. 1838 ,, ,, Desh., Hist. nat. An. s. Vert. viii. p. 431. D. 1839 ,, moreleti, Desh., Traite Elem. Conch, pi. 74, f. 13, 14. F. 1854 Tiara amarula, Lin., H. & A. Ad., Gen. rec. Moll. i. p. 294, and iii. pi. 31, f. 3. F. I860 Melania Eve., Conch. Icon. pi. 25, f. 177. D.F. 1877 ,, Brug.,Brot, Conch. Cab. p. 289. pi. 29, f.l. D.F. moreleti,- Desh., Brot, ibid. p. 291. pi. 30, f. 2. D.F. 1880 (Tiara) amarula, 'Li\n., von Mts., Meeresfauna Mauritius, p. 210. N. 1884 Tiara amarula, Lin. ( moreleti, Desh.), Nev., Hand List, ii. p. 278. N. Type ubi ? Hab. NATAL. Izezela (Sweeney). Umkomaas (Burnup). Also known from Mauritius and Madagascar. Nevill (1884) writes : "I think 1 may state positively that Deshayes' If. moreleti is the young of the typical form " (amarula), " notwithstanding the remarkable ' quasi ' adult appearance that it invariably presents." It is questionable whether the Natalian examples should be attri- buted to amarula or to the following species. 555. MELANIA COACTA (Meuschen). 1780 Helix amarula, " Lin.," Born, Test. Mus. Caes. Vindobone, p. 391. pi. 16, f. 21. D.F. 1787 Strombus coactus, Meuschen, Museum Geversianum, p. 294. D. 1877 Melania thiarella, Lam. ( = coactus, Meusch.), Brot, Conch. Cab. p. 291. pi. 29, f. 3. D.F. 1897 coacta, Meusch., von Mts., D.-O.-Afr. p. 197. pi. 6, f. 36. D.F. Type ubi ? Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Eikatla ; Nkornati River, near Mora- kouene (Junod). von Martens mentions several localities in Zanzibar and East Africa. 556. MELANIA CBAWFORDI, Brot. [S.A.M.] 1894 Melania crawfordi, Brot, J. de C. xlii. p. 473. pi. 9, f. 5. D.F. Type in British Museum. 264 Annals of the South African Museum. Hab. TRANSVAAL. Middelburg (Crawford). Hennop's Eiver and Crocodile River, Pretoria District (McBean ; Connolly). CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Sundays Eiver, Port Elizabeth (Crawford). 557. MELANIA TUBERCULATA (Muller). [S.A.M.] 1774 Nerita tuberculata, Miill., Verm. ii. p. 191. D. 1786 Chem., Conch. Cab. ix, 2. p. 189. pi. 136, f. 1261, 1262. D.F. 1842 Melania Phil., Abb. u. Beschr. i. p. 4. pi. I, 1. f. 14. D.F. 1849 ,, ,, Mouss., Moll, von Java, p. 73. pi. 11, f. 6, 7. D.F. 1859 ,, ,, Eve., Conch. Icon. pi. 13, f. 87. D.F. ,, ,, inhambanica, von Mts., Mai. Blatt. vi. p. 216. pi. 2, f. 10. D.F. 1874 tuberculata, Miill., Jick., Fauna N.-O.-Afr. p. 251. pi. 3, f. 7. pi. 7, f. 36. D.R.F. 1875 ,, inhambanica, von Mts., Brot, Conch. Cab. p. 66. pi. 7, f. 6. D.F. 1877 tuberculata, Miill., Brofc, ibid. p. 247. pi. 26, f. 11. D.F. 1881 ,, Crosse, J. de C. xxix. p. 282. N. 1884 ,, Nev., Hand List, ii. p. 239. N. 1897 von Mts., D.-O.-Afr. p. 193. D. 1904 ,, ,, ,, Die Kalahari, p. 757. N. 1908 ,, ,, ,, Dautz., J.de C. lvi.p.23. References. 1909 ,, ,, ,, Kob., Abb. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. Frankfurt, xxxii. p. 39. pi. 10, f. 5, 6. N.F. Original in University Zool. Mus. Copenhagen. Hob. LORENZO MARQUES. Inhambane ; Tette (Peters). Quaqua Eiver (inhambanica, Stuhlmann). TRANSVAAL. Komati District (inhambanica, Schenck). Middel- burg (Crawford). ZULULAND EAST (Burn up). NATAL. Umgeni Lagoon (Burnup). BECHUANALAND. Makarrikarri Pan ; Lake Ngami ; Botletle Dis- trict ; Mori Mossetla, Ngami Eiver (fossil, Passarge). Described from Coromandel, and very widely distributed over Africa and parts of Asia, the coasts of the Mediterranean, Java, Borneo, and other islands of the Pacific Ocean. Jickeli (1874) includes in its synonymy : S trombus costatus and transversim striatus, Schrot. ; S trombus vibex and H. acicula, Gnielin ; M. fasciolata, Oliv. ; ? Nerita lacustris, Brocchi; M. aspersa, Trosch. ; porcata, Reference List of South African Non-marine Molhisca. 265 Jonas ; tamsii and flammigera, Dkr. ; rivularis, Phil. ; unifasciata and rothiana, Mouss. ; indefinita, Lea; zengana and comersoni, Morel. ; ?newc.ombii, Lea ; judaica, Eoth ; tigrina, Hutt. ; pyramis, Bs. ; exusta and wallacei, Eve. ; punctulata, Grat. ; abyssinica, Eiippell ; beryllina, Brot ; layardi, Dohrn ; and rubropunctata, Tristram. Brot (1877) adds to the above M. suturalis, Phil. ; truncatula, Lam. ; mauricia, Less.; and incontaminata, muricata, and biscarce, Parreyss. 558. MELANIA VICTORIA, Dohrn. 1865 Melania victories, Dohrn, P.Z.S. p. 234. D. 1877 Brot, Conch. Cab. p.257.pl.26,f.2. D.F. Originals in British Museum. Hab. EHODESIA. Victoria Falls (Kirk ; Morrell). FAMILY PALUDESTKINIDJE, B. B. Woodward, 1908. (Journ. of Conch, x. p. 355.) ( = Hydrobiidae, Auctt.) GENUS PALUDESTEINA, d'Orbigny, 1840. (Voy. Amer. Merid., Moll. p. 381.) ( = Hydrobia, Hartmann, 1821, nee Leach, in Coleoptera 1817.) Type of Genus, P. auberiana, D'Orb. 559. PALUDESTRINA ALABASTRINA (Morelet). 1889 Hydrobia alabastrina, Morel., J. de C. xxxvii. p. 19. pi. 2, f. 5. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Port Elizabeth (Crawford). 560. PALUDESTRINA TRISTIS (Morelet). [S.A.M.] 1889 Hydrobia tristis, Morel., J. de C. xxxvii. p. 18. pi. 2, f. 4. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Port Elizabeth (Crawford). NATAL. Lower Umkomaas ; Winkel Spruit (Burnup). 561. PALUDESTRINA ZWELLENDAMENSIS (Kiister). 185'J, 3 Paludina zwellendamensis, Krs., Kiist., Conch. Cab. p. 53. pi. 10, f. 19, 20. D.F. Type ubi ? Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Zoetendals Valley, Swellendam District (Krauss). Kiister wrongly ascribes this species to Krauss' Siidafr. Mollusken. The description in Conch. Cab. is from a shell in coll. Kiister. 266 Annals of the South African Museum. FAMILY TKUNCATELLIMl, Gray, 1840. (Syn. Brit. Mus. pp. 117, 148.) GENUS TEUNCATELLA, Eisso, 1826. (Hist. nat. Europe mcrid. iv. p. 124.) ( = Truncatula, Leach, 1818 (incd.) ; Erpetrometra, Lowe, 1831 ; and Choristoma, de Cristofori and Jan, 1832.) Type of Genus, T. Icsvigata, Eisso. 562. TEUNCATELLA TEEES, Pfeiifer. [S.A.M.] 1856 Truncatella teres, Pfr., P.Z.S. p. 336. D. ,, ,, Mon. Auric, p. 188. D. 1857 Cat. Auric, p. 136. D. 1868 ,, ,, Cox, Mon. Austral. Landshells, p. 92. pi. 15, f. 9. D.F. 1874 Jick., Fauna N.-O.-Afr. p. 188. D. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Port Elizabeth (Crawford ; Penther ; Farquhar). First recorded from Mauritius and Australia ; also known from the Eed Sea. GENUS TOMICHIA, Benson, 1851. (A.M.N.H. vii. p. 378.) Type of Genus, T. ventricosa (Eve.). 563. TOMICHIA VENTEICOSA (Eeeve). [S.A.M.] 1842 Truncatella ventricosa, Sow., Eve., Conch. Syst. ii. p. 94. pi. 182, f. 2. F. 1846 ,, Pfr.,Zeitschr.f.Malak.iii.p.l89. D. 1848 ,, ,, ,, ( = capensis, Krs. in litt.), Krs., Sudair.Moll.p.87.pl.5,f.22. D.F. 1851 Tomichia Bs., A.M.N.H. vii. p. 379. D. 1855 Truncatella ,, ,, Kiist., Conch. Cab. p. 13. pi. 2, f. 27-31. D.F. Tomichia ,, ,, H. & A. Ad., Gen. rec. Moll. ii. p. 313, and iii. pi. 88, f. 4. D.F. 1885 Hydrobia calcdonensis, Chaper, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. x. p. 484. pi. 11, f. 6. D.F. 1889 Morel, J.deC.xxxvii.p. 18. N. Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 267 1901 Tomickia ventricosa, Sow. ( = caledonensis, Chaper), Ancey, J. de C. xlix. p. 225. N. Type of ventricosa in British Museum ; caledonensis in Ecole des Mines, Paris. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Cape Flats ; Zoetendals Valley (Krauss). "Baszaarm's" (Baas Barman's) Kraal; Michelville, or Holloway's Halfway House (Benson). Port Elizabeth (Crawford ; Farquhar). Coega (Crawford). Near Caledon (caledonensis, Chaper). Milnerton (Connolly). Vogel Vlei, Calvinia Division (fossil, Moffatt). var. BREVIS, Krauss. 1848 Truncatella ventricosa, Sow.,var.&rey/s,Krs.,Sudafr.Moll.p.87. D. Type in Stuttgart Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Cape Flats ; Zoetendals Valley (Krauss). Eerste Eiver (Connolly). Lorens Eiver, Somerset Dis- trict (Holub). FAMILY ASSE MANILLA, H. & A. Adams, 1856. (Gen. rec. Moll. ii. p. 314, as Assiminiidee, emend. B. B. Woodward, 1903, Journ. of Conch, x. p. 356.) GENUS ASSEMANIA, Leach in Fleming, 1828. (Hist. Brit. Anim. p. 275, as Assiminea, emend. Knight, 1900, Journ. of Conch, ix. p. 275, and B. B. Woodward, 1903, Journ. of Conch, x. pp. 356, 366.) ( = Assiminia, Assaminea, Auctt.) Type of Genus, A. yrayana, Leach. 564. ASSEMANIA BIFASCIATA, Nevill. [S.A.M.] 1880 Assiminia bifa$ciata,Nev., Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xlix, 2. p. 162. D. 1887 Assiminea ,, ,, Bttg., Jahrb. d. Deutsch. Mai. Ges. xiv. p. 161. D. Type in Indian Museum, Calcutta. Hab. NATAL. Port Natal (Nevill). Umhlatusani ; Umlaas and Umkomaas Eivers (Burnup). 565. ASSEMANIA FASCIATA (Krauss). 1848 Paludina fasciata, Krs., Siidafr. Moll. p. 86. pi. 5, f. 18. D.F. 1887 Assiminea ,, ,, Bttg., Jahrb. d. Deutsch. Mai. Ges. xiv. p. 174. D. Type in Stuttgart Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Knysna and Zoetendals Valleys (Krauss). 19 268 Annals of the South African Museum. 566. ASSEMANIA HIDALGOI (Gassies). 1869 Hydrocena liidalgoi, Gass., J. de C. xvii. p. 78. D. 1882 ^ss?'mmea^?-a/;/rm,Morel. ) J.deC.xxx.pp.l05,198.pl.4,f.8. D.N.F. 1883 ,. ,, ,, (liidalgoi, Gass.), Morel., J. deC. xxxi. p. 208. N. 1887 ,, hidalyoi, Gass., Bttg., Jahrb. d. Deutsch. Mai. Ges. xiv. p. 180. D. Both types in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Amahlongwana Lagoon (Burnup). Hidalgoi was described from New Caledonia ; granum from Mauritius. The actual types differ considerably, but in Morelet's original type set of granum is one shell which is quite inseparable from liidalgoi. Under these circumstances I do not care to gainsay Morelet's expressed opinion as to the synonymy of his own species. The Natal representatives are typical liidalgoi. 567. ASSEMANIA KNYSNAENSIS (Krauss). 1848 Paludina knysnaensis, Krs., Siidafr. Moll. p. 86. pi. 5, f. 17. D.F. 1887 Assiminea ,, ,, Bttg., Jahrb. d. Deutsch. Mai. Ges. xiv. p. 182. D. Type in Stuttgart Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Knysna and Zoetendals Valleys (Krauss). Marshy ground near the beach, Port Elizabeth (Craw- ford). 568. ASSEMANIA OVATA (Krauss). 1848 Paludina ovata, Krs., Siidafr. Moll. p. 85. pi. 5, f. 16. D.F. 1863 Frnfd., Verb. Wien Zool. Bot. Ges. xiii. p. 211. N. 1887 Assiminea ,, ,, Bttg., Jahrb. d. Deutsch. Mai. Ges. xiv. p. 194. D. Type in Stuttgart Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Knysna and Zoetendals Valleys (Krauss). Zwartkops Eiver Marshes, Port Elizabeth (Crawford). 569. ASSEMANIA PONSONBYI, Morelet. Assiminea ponsonbyi, Bottger in Litt. 1889 Morel.,J.deC.xxxvii.p.l7.pl.2,f.6. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Eufane Vale, Port Elizabeth (Crawford). Reference List of SoidJi African Non-marine Mollnsca. 269 570. ASSEMANIA SINICA, Nevill. 1880 Assiminia sinensis, Nev.,Journ.Asiat.Soc.Bengal,xlix,2.p.lGl. D. 1887 Assiminea sinica, Nev. (for sinensis, Nev., not chinensis, Pfi 1 .), Bttg., Jahrb. d. Deutsch. Mai. Ges. xiv. p. 203. D. Type in Indian Museum, Calcutta. Hab. NATAL. Wydenham ; Umkomaas (Burnup). Described from Hong Kong. 571. ASSEMANIA UMLAASIANA, Smith. [S.A.M.J 1902 Assiminia umlaasiana, Smith, Journ. of Concb. x. p. 248.pl. 4, f. 3. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. In an ocean cave at Isipingo Rocks, half a mile south of Urnlaas Eiver mouth (Burnup). ORDER ASPIDOBRANCHIA, Schweigger, 1820. (Naturges. d. Skeletlose Thiere, p. 720, as Aspiclobranchiata ; emend. Menke, 1830.) SUB-ORDER RHIPIDOGLOSSA, Troschel, 1847. (Arehiv. f. Naturg. xiii, 2. p. 385, and Wiegmann's Handbuch ck-r Zool., Ed. 3. 1848.) FAMILY HYDEOCENID^, Bourguignat, 1877. (Descr. de deux nouveaux Genres Algeriens, p. 38.) GENUS HYDROCENA, Parreyss, 1846. (Hermannsen's Indicis Generum Malac. i. p. 546.) Type of Genus, H. cattaroensis (Pfr.). 572. HYDROCENA NOTICOLA, Benson. [S.A.M.] 1856 Hydrocena noticola, Bs., A.M.N.H. xviii. p. 439. D. 1858 ,, Pfr., Mon. Pneum. ii. p. 158. D. 1897 Assiminea tyttha, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xix. p. 639. pi. 17, f. 11. D.F. Type of tyttha in British Museum ; noticola ubi ? Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Table Mountain, Camps Bay (Layard). Simonstown ; Hout Bay (Connolly). Grahamstown ; Kowie; Bathurst ; Port Elizabeth (Favquhar). NATAL. Howick (tyttJia) ; Scottburgh ; Karkloof ; Dargle ; Game Pass ; Ntimbankulu (Burnup). The type set of tyttha has been most carefully compared with a large series of noticola from Table Mountain, with the result that no specific difference has been found between them. 270 Annals of the South African Museum. FAMILY NEBITID^E, Fleming, 1828. (Hist. Brit. Anira. p. 318, as Neritadae, emend. Turton, 1831, Manual, pp. 10, 138.) GENUS THEODOXIS, de Montfort, 1810. (Conch. Syst. ii. p. 350.) ( = Neritina, Lam., 1822 [Neritine, 1809].) Type of Genus, T. lutetianus, de Montf. (fluviatilis, Lin.). 573. THEODOXIS KNORKI (E6cluz). 3841 Neritina knorri, Reel., Eev. Zool. Soc. Cuv. p. 274. D. 1849 ,, knorrii, E6cl., Sow., Thesaurus Conch, ii. p. 511. pi. Ill, f. 78. pi. 113, f. 150. D.F. beckii, Reel., Sow., ibid. p. 512. pi. 109, f. 13. D.F. 1850 ,, knorri, Reel. ( = beckii, Sow.), Reel., J. de C. i. p. 144. 1855 Eve., Conch. Icon. pi. 2, f. 6. D.F. beckii pi. 3, f. 11. D.F. 1869 ,, knorri ,, von Mts., Nachrichtsbl. d. Deutsch. Mai. Ges. i. p. 154. D. 1875 Conch. Cab. p. 55. pi. 8, f. 4-6. D.F. 1897 D.-O.-Afr. p. 213. D. 1899 M. & P., A.M.N.H. iv. p. 194. N. Type ubi ? Hab. LOBENZO MARQUES. Inhambane (Peters). Described from Madagascar and also known from Zanzibar. M. & P. (1899) remark " Probably a form of N. pulligera." 574. THEODOXIS NATALENSIS (Beeve). [S.A.M.] 1848 Neritina zebra, "Lam.," Krs., Stidafr. Moll. p. 88. N. 1855 ,, natalensis, Eve., Conch. Icon. pi. 16, f. 75. D.F. 1877 von Mts., Conch. Cab. p. 96. pi. 11, f. 10, 11, 15. D.F. 1897 D.-O.-Afr. p. 213. D. Originals in British Museum, type not specified. Hab. NATAL. Umgeni Elver (Krauss). Urnkomaas (Burnup). LORENZO MARQUES. Inhambane ; Tette (Peters). Delagoa (Junod). Also found in Central East Africa. 575. THEODOXIS SOUVERBIANUS (Montrouzier). 1861 Neritina souverbiana, Montr. ,Gassies, Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, xxiv. p. 309. pi. 8, f. 7. D.F. Reference List of South African Non-marine Molhisca. 271 1863 Neritina souverbiana, Montr., J.deC.xi. pp. 75, 175. pi. 5, f. 5. D.F. 1871 pulcherrima, Angas, P.Z.S. pp. 19, 96. pi. 1, f. 25. D.F. 1879 ,, souverbiana, Montr. ( = pulcherrima, Aug.), von Mts., Conch. Cab. p. 251. pi. 23, f. 29-31. D.F. 1881 Montr., Morel., J. de C. xxix. p. 208. D. 1883 xxxi. p. 204. N. 1910 Smith,Ann.NatalMus.ii.p.204. N. Type of pulcherrima in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Congella (Burnup) . Souverbianus was originally described from New Caledonia, and pulcherrima from Port Jackson. CLASS LA.MELLIBRANCHIA, de Blainville, 1816. (Bull. Soc. Philora. p. 122, as Lamellibranches.) OBDER EULAMELLIBRANCHIA, Pelseneer, 1892. (Bull. Sci. Fr. et Belg. p. 365.) SUB-OEDER SUBMYTILACEA, de Blainville, 1825. (Man. de Malac. p. 537.) FAMILY UNIONISE, Fleming, 1828. (Hist. British Animals, p. 415.) Dr. F. Haas, of Frankfurt-am-Main, has very kindly furnished me with much valuable information regarding this family, which he has collected for his own forthcoming monograph on the subject ; an act of exceptional courtesy, for which I am greatly indebted to him. GENUS CAFFBEIA, Simpson, 1900. (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxii. p. 824.) Type of Genus, C. caffra (Krs.). 576. CAFFERIA CAFFRA (Krauss). [S.A.M.] 1848 Unio caffer, Krs., Siidafr. Moll. p. 18. pi. 1, f. 14. D.F. ,, ,, zeyheri, Mke., Zeitschr. f. Malak. v. p. 28. D. 1851 ,, cyamus, Phil., ,, v. p. 125. D. 1856 ,, verrauxi, Charpentier, Kiist., Conch. Cab. p. 150. pi. 43 (1855), f. 6. D.F. ,, ,, verreauxianus, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.Phila. viii.p.94. D. ,, ,, africanus, Lea, ibid. p. 94. D. caffer, Krs., Kiist., Conch. Cab. p.l43.pl.42(1855),f.2,3. D.F. 272 Annals of the South African Museum. 1857 Unio verreauxianus, Lea, Obs. G. Unio, vi. p. 21.pl. 27, f. 16. D.F. ,, ,, africanus, Lea, ibid., p. 20. pi. 27, f. 15. D.F. Eve., Conch. Icon. pi. 22, f. 100. D.F. 1858 ,, ,, ,, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. iii. p. 300. pi. 27, f. 15. D.F. ,, ,, verreauxianus, Lea, ibid. p. 301. pi. 27, f. 16. D.F. 1859 ,, nacigioliformis ,, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. viii. p. 152. D. ,, ,, Obs. G. Unio, vii. p. 63. pi. 37, f. 124. D.F. 1860 ,, ,, ,, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. iv. p. 245. pi. 37, f. 124. D.F. 1864 ,, natalensis ,, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. p. 113. D. ,, ,, ,, Obs. G. Unio, xi. p. 63. pi. 20, f. 57. D.F. 1865 ,, navigoliformis ,, Eve., Conch. Icon.pl. 24, f. 114. D.F. 1866 caffer, Krs., Eve., Conch. Icon. pi. 41, f. 226. D.F. ,, ,, natalensis, Lea, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vi. p. 59. pi. 20, f. 57. D.F. 1868 ,, Sow., Conch. Icon. pi. 71, f. 362. D.F. ,, ,, verreauianus ,, ,, ,, pi. 69, f 352. D.F. ,, rectilinearis, Sow., Conch. Icon. pi. 65, f. 332. D.F. 1880 caffer, Krs., Crvn., P.Z.S. p. 618. N. 1885 ,, vaalensis, Chaper, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. x. p. 480. pi. 11, f. 1-3. D.F. 1889 ,, natalensis, Lea, and verreauxi, Charp., von Mts., Sitz.- Ber. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berlin, p. 165. L. 1891 ,, caffer, Krs. .Smith, A.M. N.H. viii. p. 317. D.and Synonymy. ,, ,, verreauxi, Charp., Smith, ibid. p. 319. N. 1898 ,, caffer, Krs., var. pentheri, Stur., S.A. Moll. p. 91. pi. 3, f. 64, 65. D.F. 1900 Nodtdaria (Cafferia) caffer, Krs., Simpson, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxii. p. 825. Synonymy. Type of caffra in Stuttgart Museum ; vaalensis in Ecole des Mines, Paris ; zeyheri lost; africanus, natalensis, and verreauxianus in U.S. National Museum, Washington ; navigiolifonuis and rectilinearis in British Museum ; var. pentheri in Naturh. Hofinus. Vienna. Hah. " SOUTH AFEICA " (cyainus, in coll. Largilliert). NATAL (Wahlberg) . Umsinduzi Eiver, Pietermaritzburg (Burnup). Umpingave Eiver (natalensis, McKen). TRANSVAAL. Common round Pretoria and in Crocodile Eiver (Connolly). Vaal Eiver, Standerton (Miss Livingston). Between Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 273 Kimberley and Christiania (natalensis, Schenck). Kalkspruit, between Vaal and Heidelberg (verreauxi, Schenck, fide von Martens). ORANGE FREE STATE. Riet River, Winburg (fide Sturany). Rhenoster River, south of Heilbron (Connolly). CAPE OF GOOD HOPE (africanus and verreauxiamis, Verreaux ; zeyheri, Zeyher). Izeli River, near King Williamstown (Godfrey). Port Elizabeth District (Crawford). Retreat (Lightfoot). Vaal River, Barclay (vaalensis, Chaper). " Soutenthal " (Zoetendals) Valley (verreauxi, Verreaux). LITTLE NAMALAND. Orange River, Henkries (Lightfoot). GRIQUALAND WEST. Imvani and Riverton, Vaal River (Miss Wilman). BRITISH BECHUANALAND. Harfcz River, Taungs (Miss Wilman). RHODESIA. Panda ma tinka, R. Zambesi (var. pcntheri, Feather). Smith (1891) places africanus, natalensis, verreauxianus, and vaalensis in the synonymy of caffra ; Simpson (1900), while further admitting navigioliformis and rectilinear is, considers africanus and vaalensis worthy of varietal rank . Dr. Haas writes that verreauxianus, navigioliformis, natalensis, rectilinearis, africanus, vaalensis, and pentheri are inseparable from caffra, and that zeyheri and cyamus must also belong to this species. 577. CAFFERIA MASHON.E (Preston). 1910 Unio maslionce, Prest., A.M.N.H. vi. p. 61. pi. 4, f. 10. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. RHODESIA. A sluit about 16 miles from Enkeldoorn, Mashonaland (Miss Sharpe- Young). Very similar to caffra, from which it may be separable through the absence of the umbonal scar. 578. CAFFERIA MOSSAMBICENSIS (Peters). 1859 Unio mossambicensis, Ptrs., von Mts., Mai. Blatt. vi. p. 218. pi. 3, f. 3-5. D.F. 1885 ,", ,, Charmes, Bull. Soc. Mai. Fr. ii. p. 166. N. 1897 von Mts., D.-O.-Afr. p. 225. pi. 7, f. 2. D.F. Type in Zool. Mus. Berlin. Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Tette (Peters). Also reported from Central Africa. '274: Annals of the South African Museum. GENUS UNIO, Ketz, 1788. (Dissert. Nov. Test. Genera, Lund. p. 16.) Type of Genus, U. pictorum (Lin.). The four species which follow are left in Unio, to which they were originally attributed, pending further investigation. I have Dr. Haas' authority for stating that they do not really helong to that Genus, but that it is doubtful whether either of them can be placed in Gafferia. 579. UNIO FISSIDENS, Bottger. [S.A.M.] 1886 Unio (Hyridella) fissidens, Bttg., Ber. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. Frankfurt, p. 27. pi. 2, f . 6, 7. D.F. 1910 Bttg., Abh. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. Frankfurt, xxxii. p. 453. N. Type in Senckenburg Mus. Frankfurt. Hab. BRITISH BECHUANALAND. Nosob-Hygap watercourse, east of Kebeum (subfossil, Nolte). Witkop (subfossil, Schultze ; Eogers). 380. UNIO HYGAPANUS, Bottger. 1886 Unio (Hyridella) kygapanus, Bttg., Ber. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. Frankfurt, p. 26. pi. 2, f. o. D.F. Type in Senckenberg Mus. Frankfurt. Hab. BRITISH BECHUANALAND. Nosob-Hygap watercourse, east of Kebeum (subfossil, Nolte). Described from a single left valve ; possibly only a less highly sculptured form of fissidens . 581. UNIO KUNENENSIS, Mousson. 1887 Unio kunenensis, Mouss., J. de C. xxxv. p. 300. pi. 12, f. 10. D.F. 1891 Smith, A.M.N.H. viii. p. 319. N. 1904 ,, von Mts., Die Kalahari, p. 758. 7V. Type in Zurich Museum. Hab. OVAMPOLAND. Kunene Eiver (Schinz). BECHUANALAND. Okavango and Botletle District, and in the salt pans of the Makarrikarri brook (fossil, Passarge). " Nearly allied to U. hauttecoeitri, Bgt., and other species from the East African Lakes " (von Martens). 582. UNIO ZAMBESIENSIS, Preston. 1905 Unio sara&esHWSw,Prest.,Proc.Mal.Soc.vi.pp.300,f.l;301. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. EHODESIA. Victoria Falls (Morrell). Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 275 FAMILY MUTELID^E, Gray, 1847. (P.Z.S. p. 197, as Muteladae, emend. H. & A. Adams, 1857, Gen. rec. Moll. ii. p. 505.) GENUS SPATHA, Lea, 1838. (Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. vi. p. 141.) Type of Genus, S. rubens, Lea. 583. SPATHA MAITENGUENSIS, Sturany. 1898 Spatlia maitenguensis, Stur., S.A. Moll. p. 92. pi. 3, f. 66. D.F. Type in Naturh. Hofmus. Vienna. Hab. EHODESIA. Maitengue Eiver (Penther). Described from a single example, very nearly allied to ivahlbergi (Krs.). 584. SPATHA PETERSI, von Martens. 1859 Spatlia peter si, von Mts., Mai. Blatt. vi. p. 218. pi. 3, f. 1, 2. D.F. 1864 ., modesta, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. p. 109. ' D. Obs. G. Unio, xi. p. 41. pi. 13, f. 35. D.F. 1889 ^ersi,vonMts.,Sitz.-Ber.Ges.Nat.Fr.Berlin,p.l64. N. 1897 ,, ,, ,, ( = modesta, Lea), von Mts., D.-O.-Afr. p. 251. D. Type of rietersi in Zool. Mus. Berlin ; modesta in U.S. National Mus. Washington. Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Tette (Peters). Itschongove (Schenck). Eikatla ; Nkomati Eiver (Junod). Also found in Central Africa. S. modesta was described from Mozambique. 585. SPATHA WAHLBERGI (Krauss). 1848 Iridina wahlbcrgi, Krs., Siidafr. Moll. p. 19. pi. 2, f. 1. D.F. 1859 Spatha ,, ,, von Mts., Mai. Blatt. vi. p. 217. N. 1864 ,, natalensis, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. p. 113. D. 1866 ,, ,, ,, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vi. p. 64. pi. 20, f. 58. D.F. hartmanni, von Mts., Mai. Blatt. xiii. p. 10. D. 1867 natalensis, Lea, Obs. G. Unio, xi. p. 68. pi. 20, f. 58. D.F. ,, Anodon tabula, Sow., Conch. Icon. pi. 18, f. 68. D.F. 1874 Spatlia hartmanni, von Mts., Jick., Fauna N.-O.-Afr. p. 263. pi. 8, f. 2. D.F. 1875 Cless., Conch. Cab. p. 190.pl. 61, f. 2, 3. D.F. 276 Annals of the South African Museum. 1875 Spatha natalensis, Lea, Cless., ibid. p. 189. pi. 62, f. 7, 8. D.F. wahlbergi, Krs. p. 187. pi. 63, f. 1. D.F. 1891 ,, von Mts., Sitz.-Ber. Ges. Neat. Fr. Berlin, p. 17. N. Mutela Smith, A.M.N.H. viii. p. 319. N. 1897 Spatha von Mts., D.-O.-Afr. p. 247. D. 1900 Simpson, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxii. p. 898. Synonymy. 1909 ,, ,, Kob., Abh. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. Frankfurt, xxxii. p. 50. N. Type of wahlbergi in Stockholm Museum ; natalensis in U.S. National Mus. Washington. Hab. TRANSVAAL. Aapies Eiver (Wahlberg ; Farquhar). Croco- dile Eiver (Day). Middelburg (Crawford). LORENZO MARQUES. Tette (Peters). ZULULAND. Enseleni Eiver (Anderson). NATAL. Umpingave Eiver (natalensis, McKen). EHODESIA. Bulawayo (in coll. Crawford;. Also found in East Africa. von Martens (1897) remarks that S. natalensis, Lea, appears to differ little from bloyeti, Bgt. ; Sturany and Simpson, however, place it in the synonymy of wahlbergi. Kobelt (1909) states that he is unable to separate spathuliformis, Bgt., from waJilbergi, and includes Spathella bourguignati, Ancey, as a variety of Krauss' species. var. DORSALIS, von Martens. 1859 Spatha wahlbergi, " Krs.," von Mts., Mai. Bliitt. vi. p. 217. 1897 Krs., var. dorsalis, von Mts., D.-O.-Afr. p. 247. D. Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Tette ; Sena (Peters). FAMILY CYRENID/E, Gray, 1840. (Syn. Bnt. Mus. pp. 133, 149.) GENUS COEBICULA, von Miihlfeld, 1811. (Mag. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin, p. r,C,. ) Type of Genus, C. fluminalis (Mull.) . It would require intimate acquaintance with the types, and long sets of each variety, to unravel the extraordinary tangle into which the African species of Corbicula have been woven. Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 277 C. fluminalis (Miill.) was described from the Eiver Euphrates in 1774, and consobrina, Calilaud (Voy. a Meroe, ii. pi. 61, f. 10, 11), from Egypt in 1823. C. radiata, Parr, and pusilla, Parr. (Abb. u. Beschr. ii. p. 78. pi. 11, 4. f. 7), from Egypt, owe their origin to Philippi, 1846. In 1848, however, Krauss propounded the name africana, com- prising two South African varieties, olivacea and albida, with which he identified radiata and pusilla respectively. Olivacea is the type form of africana : albida w r as raised by Clessin (1877) to the rank of a species, and will probably prove to be identical with, and have precedence of, C. oliphantensis, Crvn. Clessin also described and figured a C. natalensis, Krs., of which no notice has been taken by subsequent authors. Jickeli (1874) dealt with radiata and pusilla as distinct species, but had not sufficient material to express an opinion as to the correctness of Krauss' views on the subject. von Martens (1897) united pusilhi with radiata, but separated the latter from africana, var. olivacea; Bottger, however (1910), con- sidered radiata and africana identical. ' , Pallary (Mem. Instit. Egypt, vi, 1. 1909, pp. 71, 72) appears to prove that radiata and pusilla are both immature forms of conso- brina, which last was placed by Jickeli (1874) and Westerlund (1890) in the synonymy of fluminalis, Miill. The localities given in the following pages are, for the most part, correct for the varieties to which they refer, but the true degree of inter-relationship of the latter is obviously far too large a subject to admit of adequate discussion within the limits of the present work. 586. COBBICULA AFRICANA (Krauss). [S.A.M.] 1848 Cyrena africana, var. olivacea, Krs. ( = gauritziana, Krs. in litt. mdracliata, Parr.), Krs., Siidafr. Moll. p. 8. pi. 1, f. 8. D.F. 1854 Corbicula africana, Krs., Desh., Cat. Conchif. p. 222. D. 1859 Cyrena von Mts., Mai. Blatt. vi. p. 220. N. 1866 Corbicula Prime, Ann. Lye. N.H. New York, viii. p. 224, f. 57. D.F. 1877 Cless., Conch. Cab. p. 156. pi. 27, f. 22-24. D.F. 1904 von Mts., Die Kalahari, p. 758. N. Type in Stuttgart Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Gauritz Eiver (Krauss). Swellen- dam (Layard). Gamtoos R. (Farquhar). Port Elizabeth (Crawford). 278 Annals of the South African Museum. GEIQUALAND WEST. Eiverton, Vaal Eiver (very large specimens, 19 x 17 mm., Miss Wilman). LITTLE NAMALAND. Orange Eiver, Henkries (Lightfoot). BRITISH BECHUAN ALAND. Hartz Eiver, Taungs (Miss Wilman). BECHUANALAND. Letter Tree, Botletle Eiver (Passarge). LORENZO MARQUES. Itschongove (Schenck). Tette (Peters). ZULULAND EAST (Toppin ; Burnup). NATAL. Nonoti Eiver (Miss Brown). ORANGE FREE STATE. Kroonstad (Miss Hickey). TRANSVAAL. Vaal Eiver, Standerton (Miss Livingston). Lepenula Eiver (Wahlberg). 587. CORBICULA ALBIDA (Krauss). 1848 Cyrena africana, var. albida, Krs. (=pusilla, Parr.), Krs., Sudafr. Moll. pp. 8, 9. D. 1877 Corbicula albida, Krs., Clesa., Conch. Cab. p. 156. pi. 27, f. 25, 26. D.F. Type in Stockholm Museum. Hab. TRANSVAAL. Eiver Lepenula (Wahlberg). 588. CORBICULA ASTARTINA (von Martens). 1859 Cyrena astartina, von Mts., Mai. Blatt. vi. p. 219. pi. 3, f. 6, 7. D.F. 1897 Corbicula D.-O.-Afr. p. 260. D. Type in Zool. Mus. Berlin. Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Tette (Peters). Also recorded from Nyassa and the Schire Eiver, East Africa, and Mterize Eiver, Northern Ehodesia. 1774 1782 1854 1871 Venus Corbicula Cyrena 589. CORBICULA FLUMINALIS (Miiller). [S.A.M.] Tell ina fluminalis, Mull., Verm. ii. p. 205. D. Chem., Conch. Cab. vi. p. 319. pi. 30, f. 320. D.F. Desh., Cat. Conchif. p. 222. D. ,, von Mts., Mai. Blatt. xviii. pp. 61, 66. pi. 1, f. 12-14. N.F. Jick., Fauna N.-O.-Afv. p. 283. pi. 11, f. 4-9. D.F. Pons., Proc. Mai. Soc. iii. p. 334. N. ,, ,, Schultze, Aus Namaland und Kala- hari, pp. 616, 708. N. ,, ,, Bttg., Abh. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. Frankfurt, xxxii. p. 454. N. 1874 Corbicula 1899 1907 1910 Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 279 Type ubi ? Hab. BRITISH BECHUANALAND. Witkop (subfossil, Schultze ; Eogers). Chronicled, living, from North-East, West, and Central, but not from East or South Africa. The following species have, rightly or wrongly, been included by various authors in the synonymy of fluminalis : euphratica, cor, orientalis, and fuscata, Lam. ; consobrina, Caill. ; saulcyi, Bgt. ; and frivaldskyana, Zelebor. 590. CORBICULA NATALENSIS, Krauss. 1877 Corbicula natalensis, Krs. in litt., Cless:, Conch. Cab. p. 155. pi. 27, f. 19-21. D.F. Type in Stuttgart Museum. Hab. NATAL (Queinzius). 591. CORBICULA OLIPHANTENSIS, Craven. [S.A.M.] 1880 Corbicula oliphantensis, Crvn., P.Z.S. p. 618. pi. 57, f. 12. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. TRANSVAAL. Oliphants River (Craven). CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Ganitoos River (Crawford). It seems hardly possible that this species will eventually prove to be separable from albida, Krs. 592. CORBICULA RADIATA (Parreyss). [S.A.M.] 1846 Cyrena radiata, Parr., Phil., Abb. u. Beschr. ii. p. 78. pi. 11, 4, f. 8. D.F. 1848 ,, Krs., Siidafr. Moll. p. 8. N. 1854 Corbicula Phil., Desh., Cat. Conchif. p. 222. D. 1866 Cyrena von Mts., Mai. Blatt. xiii. p. 14. N. 1874 Corbicula Jick., Fauna N.-O.-Afr. p. 287. pi. 11, f. 10. D.F. 1877 Parr., Smith, P.Z.S. p. 718. N. 1878 Cless., Conch. Cab. p. 162. pi. 28 (1877), f. 16-18. D.F. 1881 Smith, P.Z.S. p. 295. N. 1892 A.M.N.H. x. p. 126. N. 1897 Phil, von Mts., D.-O.-Afr. p. 259. D. 1904 Parr., Smith, Proc. Mai. Soc. vi. p. 100. N. 1906 ,, ,, ,, Germain, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, p. 307. N. 280 Annals of the South African Museum. 1910 Corbicula radiata, Phil., Bttg., Abh. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. Frankfurt, xxxii. p. 454. A r . Type ubi ? Halt. TRANSVAAL. Potchefstroom (Miss Livingston). BRITISH BECHUANALAND. Witkop (subfossil, Schultze). LORENZO MARQUES. Eiver Zambesi (Brancksik). Described from Egypt, and recorded from East and Central Africa and Northern Rhodesia. Smith (1904) includes C. tanganikana, Bgt., in the synonymy of radiata, to which Germain (1906) adds C. ny as sana, Bgt. GENUS SPH^RIUM, Scopoli, 1777. (Introcl. ad. Hist. nat. p. 397.) ( = Cyclas, Brug., 1792.) Type of Genus, S. corneum (Lin.). 593. SPH^EIUM CAPENSE (Krauss). 1848 Cyclas capensis, Krs., Stidafr. Moll. p. 7. pi. 1, f. 6. D.F. 1854 SpJifsrium capense, Krs., Desh., Cat. Conchif. p. 265. D. 1874 Cyclas copenM,Krs.,Jiok. l l 1 aunaN.-O.-Afr.p.291.pl.ll,f.l4. D.F. 1877 Sphcerium capense, Krs., Cless., Conch. Cab. p. 93. pi. 10, f. 3-5. D.F. 1883 ,, subcapense, Bgt. ( = capensis, Jick.), Bgt., Ann. Sci. nat. Paris, xv. p. 133. N. 1908 ,, capense, Krs. ( subcapense, Bgt.), Neuville & Anthony, Ann. Sci. nat. Paris, viii. p. 338. N. Type of capense in Stuttgart Museum ; subcapense in Geneva Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Knysna River (Krauss). RHODESIA. Makabusi Falls, near Salisbury (Miss Weineck). Without knowledge of the types it is impossible to say whether Bourguignat (1883) was right in separating Jickeli's Abyssinian form from capense, Krs., but, judging from the respective figures, there appears to be good ground for his decision. 594. SPH^RIUM FERRUGINEUM (Krauss). 1848 Cyclas ferruginea, Krs., Siidafr. Moll. p. 7. pi. 1, f. 7. D.F. 1854 Pisum parasiticum, Parreyss, Desh., Cat. Conchif. p. 280. D. ,, ,, ferrugineum, Krs., Desh., Cat. Conchif. p. 281. D. 1874 Limosina ferruginea, Krs., Jick., Fauna N.-O.-Afr. p. 293.pl. 11, f. 16, 17. D.F. 1879 Cless., Conch. Cab. p. 247. pi. 46, f. 1-4. D.F. Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 281 1883 Eupera parasitica, Parr., Bgt., Ann. Sci. nat. Paris, xv. p. 133. N. ,, jickelii, Bgt., ibid. p. 134. D. 1892 Limosina parasitica, Parr., Smith, A.M.N.H. x. p. 126. N. 1897 Eupera Desh., von Mts., D.-O.-Afr. p. 261. N. 1909 ,, Parr., Pallary, Mem. Inst. Egypt, vi, 1. p. 75. pi. 4, f. 18-20. F. Type of ferrugineum in Stuttgart Museum ; parasiticum in British Museum ; jickelii in Geneva Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Knysna River (ferrugineum, Krauss). RHODESIA. Victoria Falls (Connolly). Jickeli (1874) placed examples of E. parasitica, which he collected in Abyssinia, in the synonymy of ferruginea, Krs., but the weight of more recent opinion, which in this case appears to me to be correct, is against these species being identical. References to both, as well as to jickelii, Bgt., are given above for purposes of comparison. Parasitica is recorded from East and North-East Africa ; jickelii from Abyssinia. Until more is know r n of Krauss' species, I prefer to leave it in its original Genus, rather than in Eiqiera, Bgt., which was constituted for two Brazilian shells. Limosina, Cless., 1872, is preoccupied by Limosina, Macq., in Diptera, 1835. GENUS PISIDIUM, C. Pfeiffer, 1821. (Syst. Anordn. u. Beschr. deutscher L.-und W -Schnecken, pp. 17, 123.) ( = Pisum, Gray, 1847, and Fluminina, Clessin, 1873.) Type of Genus, P. obliquum (Lam.). 595. PISIDIUM LANGLEYANUM, Melv. & Pons. 1891 Pisidium langleyanum, M. & P., A.M.N.H. viii. p. 237. D. 1892 ,, ix.p.94.pl.5,f.7. F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Port Elizabeth (Langley). 596. PISIDIUM OVAMPICUM, Ancey. 1890 Pisidium ovampicum, Ancey, Bull. Soc. Mai. Fr. vii. p. 162. D. 1910 ? ,, c.f. langleyanum, M. & P., Bttg., Abh. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. Frankfurt, xxxii.p. 455. pi. 28,f.l9. D.F. Type ubi ? Hab. OVAMPOLAND. Ovambonde (Andersson and Chapman). BRITISH BECHUANALAND. Witkop (? langleyanum, subfossil, Schultze). It appears probable, on geographical grounds, that Bottger's note may refer to P. ovampicum, which he seems to have overlooked 282 Annals of the South African Muse nut. in his article on German South- West Africa. It is, however, im- possible to recognise this species, of which I have been unable to trace an authentic example. It was not figured, and was apparently described from a closed shell, as no mention was made of the hinge or interior of the valves. Species which have been erroneously attributed to South Africa, or whose names may, for various reasons, be removed from the list of collectible South African varieties. CERATOCONCHA SCHULTZEI, Simroth. 1907 Ceratoconcha schnitzel, Srth., Zool. Anz. Leipsig, xxxi. p. 794, &c. D.F. 1910 Bttg., Abh. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges.Frankfurt,xxxii.p.433. N. Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. Cape Flats (Schultze). Bottger points out that this is the larva of Microdon, Meig., and consequently has no place in Mollusca. ENNEA ZANGUEBARICA, Morelet. 1889 Ennea zanguebarica, Morel., J. de C. xxxvii. p. 10. pi. 1, f. 7. D.F. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Port Elizabeth (Morelet, laps. cal.). Owing to an obvious omission in More-let's article, this species was erroneously attributed to Port Elizabeth. It is a synonym of E. obesa, Gibbons, an East African shell. MARTENSIA JENYNSI (Pfeiffer). 1845 Helix jenynsi, Pfr., P.Z.S. p. 131. D. 1859 Nanina jenynsi, Pfr., von Mts., Mai. Blatt. vi. p. 211. L. 1897 Trochonanina jenynsi, Pfr., von Mts., D.-O.-Afr. p. 48. N.L. Type in British Museum. Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Tette (Peters). In 1859 and 1879 von Martens included M. jenynsi in the list of shells brought from Tette by Dr. Peters, but in 1897, though a large number of localities are quoted for this species by the same Eefercnce List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 283 author, no mention is made of Tette or any other place within the limits of the present work. It may therefore be advisable to await further confirmation before including it in South African lists. EHYTIDA BULLACEA (Pfeitfer). 1854 Helix bullacea, Pfr., P.Z.S. p. 53. D. 1889 ,, Morel., J. de C. xxxvii. p. 19. L. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Port Elizabeth (fide Morelet). An Australian species, erroneously referred to South Africa. NANINA PISOLINA, Gould. 1859 Nanina pisolina, Gld., Proc. Boston Soc. N.H. vi. p. 423. D. 1862 ,, Otia Conch, p. 102. D. 1868 Helix Pfr., Mon. Hel. v. p. 54. D. Hab. "CAPE OF GOOD HOPE?" (Kingold & Eodgers). As the description of this unfigured species is insufficient, no authentic example can be traced, and its original habitat is doubtful, there can be no object in retaining its name among collectible varieties. HELIX COMATULA, Ferussac. 1821 Helix(Helicella)comatula,F&i\,Ta,b\.Syst.Mo\\.pt.3.pA5(or4:l).L. 1874 Helicella comatula, Beck, von Mts., Jahrb. d. Deutsch. Mai. Ges. p. 120. A 7 . Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. On aloes (Delalande). Nomen nudum. HELIX CONNEXIVA, Ferussac. 1821 Helix (Helicostyla) conncxiva, Fer., Tab 1 . Syst. Moll. pt. 3. p. 50 (or 46). L. 1874 ,, connexiva, Fer., von Mts., Jahrb. d. Deutsch. Mai. Ges. p. 120. N. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE (Delalande). Nomen nudum. HELIX DOLOSA, Ferussac. ]821 HeZ*a;(BeZ*cos^Za)doZosa,Fer.,Tabl.Syst.Moll.pt.3.p.50(or46).L. 1874 f7o/osa,Fer.,vonMts.,Jahrb.d.Deutsch.Mal.Ges.p.l20. N. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE (Delalande). Nomen nudum. 20 284 Annals of the South African Museum. HELIX EKLONIANA, Beck. 1837 Helix (Theba) ekloniana, Beck, Index Moll. p. 11. L. 1874 Theba eckloni, Beck, vonMts., Jahrb.d.Deutsch. Mai. Ges.p. 120. N. Hob. " Afr. aust. Alg." (fide Beck). Nomen nudum. HELIX FANULUS, Pfeiffer. 1856 Helix fanulus, Pfr., P.Z.S. p. 33. D. Type in British Museum. Hob. PORT NATAL (coll. Cuming). This shell, whose name was intended to be janulus, proved to he the top of an Ennea, and was omitted from Pfeiffer's Nomenclator in 1881. HELIX MONTICOLA, Beck. 1837 Helix (Bradybcena) mont-icolrt, Beck, Index Moll. p. 20. L. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE (fide Beck). Nornen nudum. HELIX SECTILIS, Fe'russac. 1821 Helix (SeZic^Za)sec^Zis,E6r.,Tabl.Syst.Moll.pt.3.p.46(or42). L. 1874 T/te&asec^s3eck,vonMts.,Jahrb.d.Deutsch.Mal.Ges.p.l20. N. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Caffraria (Delalande). Nomen nudum. ENA PICTURATA (Morelet). 1889 Bulimus picturatus, Morel., J. de C. xxxvii. p. 7. pi. 1, f. 4. D.F. 1898 Buliminus (Bhachis) picturatus, Morel, Stur., S.A.Moll. p. 64. L. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Port Elizabeth (fide Sturany). Sturany's locality is erroneous, the species having been described from Mogadoxo, Zanzibar. JAMINIA CYLINDRACEA (Da Costa). 1778 Turbo cylindraceus, Da Costa, Test. Brit. p. 89. pi. 5, f. 16. D.F. 1801 Pupa umbilicata, Drap., Tabl. Moll. Fr. p. 58. D. 1898 M. & P., Proc. Mai. Soc. hi. p. 184. L. Hab. CAPE TOWN (fide M. & P.). This common European species may possibly exist in South Africa, but I have failed to trace any instance of its actual occurrence there. JAMINIA HAPLOA (Melv. & Pons.). 1893 Pupa haploa, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xi. p. 21. pi. 3, f. 7. D.F. 1908 i. p. 77. N. Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 285 Hab. TBANSVAAL. Pretoria (fide M. & P.). Founded on a single specimen, " seemingly allied to P. pre- toriensis" (M. & P., 1908). JAMINIA PSICHION (Melv. & Pons.). 1894 Pupa psichion, M. & P., A.M.N.H. xiv. p. 93. pi. 1, f. 8. D.F. 1908 ,, i. p. 81. N. 1911 ,, Bnp., A.M.N.H. vii. p. 409. N. Hab. TRANSVAAL. Pretoria (fide M. & P.). It appears advisable to transfer both the foregoing to the list of doubtful species. /. haploa was founded on a single specimen, which can only be regarded as lost, since it has proved quite impossible to trace its whereabouts. In the case of psichion, the type, the only known specimen, is so hopelessly broken that it is quite impossible even to determine to what group of the Genus it belonged. The original descriptions and figures of these minute forms are hardly in themselves sufficient, and the Pretoria District, whence they were recorded, has since been often carefully searched, and yielded only the species mentioned on pp. 180-185. It is probable that, if ever fche missing type of haploa or co-types of psichion turn up, they will prove to be identical with some forms already named; meanwhile no useful purpose can be served by retaining them in the list of collectible varieties. EUMINA DECOLLATA (Linne). 1758 Helix decollata, Lin., Syst. Nat., Ed. 10. i. p. 773. D. 1898 Eumina ,, M. & P., Proc. Mai. Soc. iii. p. 184. L. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Port Elizabeth (coll. Layard). In the Layard collection were two large examples of this species, found at Port Elizabeth in 1897. There is no record of their having been taken alive, and it is hardly possible that this destructive pest would have gained a footing in the country so many years ago without making its presence felt ere now. It is reasonable to suppose, therefore, that these shells, on which the South African record of Pi. decollata is based, were imported in dead condition, probably in flower-pots, and the name may be expunged from the South African list until, as is to be feared, a second, and more successful, invasion takes place. AUEICULASTBA PELLUCENS (Menke). 1830 Auricula pell ucens, Mke., Syn. Meth. Moll. p. 131. D. 1848 ,, Krs., Siidafr. Moll. p. 82. N. 286 Annals of the South African Museum. Described from South America. Krauss attributed to A. pellucens specimens collected by Wahlberg in Natal. It is unlikely that they were that species ; Nevill (Hand List, i. p. 226) assigns them definitely to radiolata, Morel. ; M. & P. (A.M.N.H. iv, 1899, p. 193) suggest their identity with durbanica, M. & P., which appears to be inseparable from radiolata. AUBICULASTRA PUSiLLA (H. & A. Adams). 1854 Ellobiiun piisillum, H. & A. Ad., P.Z.S. p. 8. D. 1855 Tralia pnsilla, H. & A. Ad., Gen. rec. Moll. iii. pi. 82, f. 8. F. 1898 Auricula pusilla,'H..&k. Ad.,M. & P., Proc. Mai. Soc. iii. p. 180. L. Type in British Museum. Hab. NATAL. Cato's Creek, Durban. Described from the Philippines. The South African record was based on a single specimen, which appears to have been incorrectly identified. PLANOKBIS GAFFER, " Krauss." 1889 P. caffer, Krs., Morel., J. de C. xxxvii. p. 19. L. 1898 Planorbis caffer, Krs., Stur., S.A. Moll. p. 77. N. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Port Elizabeth (fide Morelet). Stuiany points out that the above appellation is probably a lapsus calami, as no such species can be traced in literature. Possibly Morelet's "P." caffer was intended for " Unio" caffer, Krs., which is known from Port Elizabeth, but not included in his list of shells from that district. CYCLOTUS NATALENSIS, Pfeiffer. 1861 Cyclotus natalensis, Pfr., P.Z.S. p. 388. D. 1898 ,, Ancey, Bull. Mus. Marseille,!. p.136. N. 1899 M. & P., A.M.N.H. iv. p. 193. N. Type in British Museum. Hab. CAPE NATAL (coll. Cuming). " Gyclotns natalensis, Pfr., has been shown by Ancey to be the Cyclophorns klobukowskii, Morlet, from Tonkin (J. de C., 1884, p. 391), and must therefore be removed from South African lists." TROPIDOPHORA GOUDOTIANA (Sowerby). 1847 Cyclostoma goudotianum, Sow., Thesaurus Conch, i. p. 130. pi. 29, f. 193. D.F. 1848 Krs., Siidafr. Moll. p. 82. N. 1861 Eve., Conch. Icon. pi. 8, f. 42a, but not f. 426, which is insiilaris, Pfr. Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 287 The type, in the British Museum, is labelled " Natal," but the species is Madagascar), not South African, and the locality is almost certainly erroneous. TROPIDOPHORA LETOUENEUXI (Ancey). 1889 Cyclostomaletourneuxi, \ncey, Bgt.,~Mol\.de\'Mi\ equat.p. 152. D. 1909 Ligatella letourneuxi, Ancey ( = zanguebarica, Pfr., nee Petit), Kob., Abh. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. Frankfurt, xxxii.p. 78. L. Hab. SOUTH-EAST AFRICA (fide Kobelt). Recorded from Zanzibar, Nyassa, &c., but not yet from south of the Zambesi. TROPIDOPHORA ZANGUEBARICA (Petit). 1850 Gyclostoma zanguebaricum, Petit, J. de C. i. p. 53. pi. 3, f. 5. D.F. 1854 parvispinim, Pfr., P.Z.S. p. 128. D. 1889 Morel, J. de C. xxxvii. p. 20. L. 1894 ,, zanguebaricum, Petit (=parvispira, Pfr.), Smith, Proc. Mai. Soc. i. p. 166. A T . Type of parcispira in British Museum ; zanguebarica ubi ? Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Port Elizabeth (fide Morelet). Zanguebaricum was described from Zanzibar, parvispira from After careful research, I have failed to trace any authentic instance of the occurrence of this species south of the Zambesi. MELANIA HISTRIONICA, Reeve. 1860 Melania histrionica, Rve.. Conch. Icon. pi. 29, f. 192. D.F. 1878 Brot, Conch. Cab. p. 365. N. 1899 M. & P., A.M.N.H. iv. p. 193. N. Type in British Museum. Hab. "CAPE COLONY" (fide Reeve). M. & P. remark that M. histrionica was described from Cape Colony on the authority of the Cumingian collection. The type appears to be closely allied to, if not a variety of, Pachymelania aurita (Mull.), a West African species whose presence in South Africa appears to require further confirmation. Brot places his- trionica in the synonymy of Claviger baltcatiis (Phil.) from Senegal, which he states is nearly allied to aurita. MELANOPSIS PRINCE PS, Lea. 1837 Melauopsis princcps, Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. v. p. 82. pi. 19, f. 74. D.F. Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE (fide Lea). 288 Annals of the South African Museum. Placed by Brot (Conch. Cab., 1879, p. 411) in the synonymy of Faunus ater (Linn.). Lea's locality is in all probability erroneous. THEODOXIS CREPIDULARIUS (Lamarck). 1822 Neritina crepidularia, Lam., Hist. nat. An. s. Vert, vi, 2. p. 186. D. 1848 Krs., Sudafr. Moll. p. 88. D.N. 1899 M. & P., A.M.N.H. iv. p. 194. N. Hab. NATAL COAST (Wahlberg). Krauss expresses some doubt as to the correctness of Wahlberg's locality. M. & P. remark, " This species has been found in Ashanti, but we have not met with it at present from South Africa." List of Principal Authors and Works whose Names have been abbreviated in the Text. (a) AUTHOES AND THEIR PUBLICATIONS. ADAMS, H. and A. The Genera of Recent Mollusca. Vols. i.-iii. 1853-58. ALBERS, J. C. Die Heliceen. 1st Edition, Berlin, 1850, and '2nd Edition (edited by von Martens), Leipsig, 1860. ANTON. H. E. Verzeichniss der Conchylien . . . Sammlung, &c. Halle, 1839. BECK, H. Index Molluscorum praesentis /Evi, &c. Hafn. Pp. 1-100, 1837; Remainder, 1838. BENSON, W. H. (Bs.). In Periodicals. BINNEY, A. In Periodicals. BINNEY, W. G. The Terrestrial Air-breathing Mollusks of the United States, &c. Vol. v. Cambridge, Mass., 1878. BLAINVILLE, H. M. D. DE. Manuel de Malacologie et de Conchyliologie. Paris and Strasburg, 1825-27. BLANFORD, W. T. Observations on the Geology and Zoology of Abyssinia. London, 1870. BOTTGER, 0. (Bttg.). In Periodicals. BOURGUIGNAT, J. R. (Bgt.). Amenites malacologiques. Paris, i., 1856 ; ii., 1860. Helixarionidees des Regions orientales . . . de 1'Afrique. Paris, 1885. Mollusques de 1'Afrique equatoriale, &c. Paris, 1889. Description de . . . Mollusques de 1'Egypte, de 1'Abyssinie, de Zanzi- bar, du Senegal et du Centre de 1'Afrique. Paris, 1879. Les Spicileges malacologiques. Paris, 1862. BRARD, C. P. Histoire des Coquilles terrestres et fluviatiles qui vivent aux environs de Pails. 1815. BROWN, J. Illustrations of the Conchology of Great Britain and Ireland. London, 1827. Eeference List of South African Non-marine Molliisca. 289 BRUGUIERE, J. G. In Enc. Meth., q.v. BURNUP, H. C. (Bnp.). In Periodicals. CHEMNITZ, J. H. In Conch. Cab., q.v. CLESSIN, S. In Conch. Cab., &c. COCKERELL, T. D. A. (Ckll.). In Periodicals. COLLINGE, W. E. (Cllge.). In Periodicals. CONNOLLY, M. W. K. In Periodicals. CRAVEN, A. E. (Crvn.) In Periodicals. CRAWFORD, J. In litt. ad L. Peringuey. CUVIER, BARON DE. Lecons d' Anatomic comparative. Paris, 1800. Le Regne animal distribue d'apres son Organisation. Vol. ii. Paris, 1817. DA COSTA, E. M. Historia Naturalis Testaceorum Britannia ; or, The British Conchology. London, 1778. DAUTZENBERG, P. In Periodicals. DESHAYES, G. P. Catalogue of the Conchifera or Bivalve Shells in the Collection of the British Museum. London, 18o3. Also in the 2nd Edition of Lamarck's "An. s. Vert.," 1838, and in Ferussac's " Histoire Naturelle." DILLWYN, L. W. A Descriptive Catalogue of Recent Shells. London, 1817. DRAPARNAUD, J. P. R. Histoire Naturelle des Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles de la France. Paris, 1805. Tableau des Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles de la France. Paris, 1801. EHRENBERG, C. G. Symbolte Physicae. Berlin, 1828 (plates), and 1831 (text, without pagination). FKRUSSAC, BARON A. E. DE. Histoire Naturelle generale et particuliere des Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles. Paris, 1818-52. Tableaux systematiques des Animaux Mollusques, classes en Families naturelles . . . suivis d'un Prodrome General, &c. Paris and London. Part i., 1822 ; Parts ii. and iii., 1821. FISCHER, P. Manuel de Conchyliologie. Paris, 1880-87. FLEMING, J. A History of British Animals. Edinburgh, 1828. FRAUENFELD, G. VON (Frnfd.). In Periodicals. GEOFFROY, M. Traite somtnaire des Coquilles . . . qui se trouvent aux environs de Paris. 1767. GIBBONS, J. S. In Periodicals. GMELIN, J. F. 13th Edition of Linne's " Syst. Nat.," q.v. GODWIN-AUSTEN, H. H. Land and Freshwater Mollusca of India. London, 1882-1910. The Fauna of British India, Mollusca. London, 1908. GOULD, A. A. Otia Conchologica. Boston, 1839-62. GRAY, J. E. Synopsis of the Contents of the British Museum. London. Also in " An Expedition of Discovery into the Interior of Africa," by Sir J. E. Alexander. 1838. 290 Annals of tlie South African Museum. GRAY, J. E., and PFEIFFER, L. 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Annals of the South African Museum, Cape Town. Anzeiger der Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien. Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte. Berlin. Archives de Zoologie experiment ale et generale. Paris. Atti clella R. Accademia delle Scienze, Torino. Bericht des Offenbacher Vereins fiir Naturkunde. Bericht iiber die Senckenbergische naturforschende Gesellschaft, Frankfurt - am-Main. Bolletino del Musei . . . delle R. Universita di Torino. Boston Journal of Natural History. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard. Bulletin du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris. Bulletin de la Societe Linneenne, Paris. Bulletin de la Societe Malacologique de France, Paris. Bulletin des Sciences par la Societe Philomatique, Paris. Bulletin de la Societe Vaudoise, Lausanne. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France, Paris. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, Washington. Bulletino della Societa Malacologica Italiana. Pisa. Conchologist, The. Birmingham. Vols. i. and ii., 1886-88. 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Sitzungs-Beri elite der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde, Berlin. Sitzungs-Berichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London. Transactions of the Linnean Society, London. (Linn. Trans.) Verhandlungen der k.k. Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft, Wien. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra naturhistorisk Forening, Copenhagen. Zeitschrift fur Malakozoologie. Hanover and Cassel. Zeitschrift fiir Wissenschaftliche Zoologie. Leipsig. Zoological Journal. London. Zoologische Jahrbiicher. Jena. Zoologischer Anzeiger, &c. Leipsig. n.S.Afr.Mois.Vol.XL PL II 8 T.B.Stoney del. finnea magnolia. 3. Streptostele herma. 5. Trachycystis erythractis. 7. Euonyma gouldi. West, Newman lith. 2. Ennea rhodesiana. 4. Natalina tarachodes. 6. Trachycystis. metallakter. 8. Melampus semiapatus. ALPHABETICAL INDEX. Names of higher rank than Genera are printed in CAPITALS ; Genera and Subgenera, in SMALL CAPITALS ; species in ordinary type (roman) ; varieties, synonyms, and forma not actually known in South Africa, in italics. When a valid species is attributed to a Genus other than that in which it was originally placed, the author's name is printed in brackets ; but in the case of synonyms and invalid species the original Genus is printed in brackets after the author's name. The synonyms of the following species, though mentioned in the text, are omitted from the index: P. draparnaudi ; L. Jlavus ; A. agrestis and I avis ; H. lactea &\v\ pisana ; C. acicula ; and M. tuberculata. abi/sxinica, von Mts. Physopsis .. ACAVUXE, Pilsb Acavus, de Montfort ACIIATINA, Lam achatina, Lin. (Bulla) ACHATINID.E, von Mts ACHATININ.E, H. & A. Adams acicula (Mull.) Caecilioides acinoides, Morei. Melampus actinotricha (M. & P.) Trach acuminata (Morel.) Phytia acus, Morel, var acuta (Mull.) Cochlicella acuta, Lam. Achatina adamsiana, Pfr. Ennea addita, Fer. (Helix.) adspcrsa, Beck (Helix) ad vena (Ancey) Caacilioides cedigyra, see oedigyra ffinea (Krs.) Trach Aerope, Alb Aferulus, von Mts affine, Sow. (Cyclostoma) affinis, Smith, Lanistes affinis, Fer. Pedipes afra, Pfr. (Nanina) africce, Brown (Helix) africana, M. & P. Balea africana (Krs.) Corbicula africana, Krs. Physopsis africana, Krs. Succinea africana, Bgt. Limnasa africanus, von Mts. (Paludomus) africanus, Bttg. Zonitoides africanus, Lea (Unio) AFRODONTA, M. & P AFRORHYTIDA, Mlldff AGNATHA, Mb'rch agrestis (Lin.) Agriolimax PAGE 250 149 160 190 203 188 188 206 226 133 232 217 157 194 65 156 160 206 133 89 250 255 258 230 147 143 188 277 249 219 234 261 116 271 127 90 62 121 PAGE AGRIOLIMAX, Morch 121 alabastrina (Morel.) Paludestrina 265 alabastris, Crvn. (Cyclotus) 251 albersi (Pfr.) Ennea 66 albida, (Krs.) Corbicula 278 ulbopicta, von Mts. var 102 alcocki, M. & P. Trach 133 alexandri, Gray, Dorcasia 149 ali'xandrlna, Bgt. Limnasa 234 Alexia, Leach 232 alijocnsis, " Morel." (Physa) 243 aliciae, M. 8 calaharicus (Bttg.) Leucoch 177 calcarea (Sow.) Tropidophora. . . . 253 caledonensis, G.-Aust. Peltatus . . 105 caledonensis, Chaper (Hydrobia).. 206 callista, M. & P. Ennea 68 caloglypta, M. & P. Curvella 208 calopasa, M. & P. Ennea 68 calorama, M. & P. Trach 135 Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 297 PAGE cameroni, Bgt. (Cleopatra) 261 campestris, " Krs." (Limax) .... 120 candidula, Morel. Ennea 68 capense (Krs.) Sphasrium 280 capense (Pfr.) Phortion 129 capensis (Krs.) Milax 120 capensis (Kurr) Jaminia 185 capensis, Pollon. Oopelta 125 capensis, Mke (Helix) 129 capensis, Alb. Achatina 203 capensis, Walker, var 240 capensis, Krs. (Truncatella) 266 capillacea, Morel. (Physa) 246 capillata, Frnfd. Vivipara 260 capsula (Bs.) Peltatus 105 carinifera (M. & P.) Ena 166 caryatis, M. & P. Ennea 68 CASSIDDLA, Fer 231 castaneus, Miihlf . Melampus . . . , 229 catarractse (M. & P.) Curvella . . 208 catonis (M. & P.) Auriculastra . . 231 cavanna, Paul. (Hyalina) 112 cellaria (Miill.) Polita 113 centrifuga, M. & P. Trach 135 Ceratoconcha, Srth 282 cerea, Pfr. (Helix) 92 cernua (von Mts.) Dorcasia 150 cestus, Bs. (Helix) 156 chaplini, M. & P. Natalina 92 chapmani, M. & P. (Stenogyra) .. 211 chapmanni, Ancey (Sculptaria) .. 131 charybdica, M. & P. (Pupa) 181 charybdis (Bs.) Trach 135 chemnitziana, Pfr. (Achatina) .... 203 Chersina, Humphrey 203 Chilogymnus, Jouss 218 Chlamydephorus, Binn 62 CHONDROCYCLUS, Ancey 251 Choristoma, de Christ. & Jan. .. 266 chrysoprasinus (M. & P.) Micro- kerkus 100 churchilliana, M. & P. Achatina 191 cimolia, M. & P. Ennea 68 cinctus, Dum. (Limax) 126 cinereus, Lister (Limax) 119 cingulatus (M. & P.) Kerkophorus 108 cinnamomea, M. & P. Achatina . . 192 Cionella, Jeffr 206 cionis, M. & P. Ennea 69 citrinus, Westerl. (Limax) 126 CLAUSILIHXE, B. B. Woodw. . . 188 claustraria, M. & P. Ennea 69 clavulata, Morel. (Physa) 246 CLEOPATRA, Troschel 261 coacta (Meusch.) Melania 263 coagulum (von Mts.) Trigonephrus 153 COCHLICELLA, Fer 157 Cochlitoma, Fer 190 Cochlohydra, Fer 221 CCELIAXESLE, Pilsb 219 219 CCELIAXIS, Ad. & Ang. cacnopictus (Hutt.) Leucoch C03notera (M. & P.) Natalina coerneyensis, M. & P. Natalina . . ccerulea, Kiist. var collaris (Pfr.) Sculptaria collieri, M. & P. (Ennea) columnella, M. & P. Ennea comatula, Fer. (Helix) cornburens, M. & P. Tropidophora coiiipanyoi, Nunnely (Limax) .... compta, M. & P. Isidora conyellana, Krs. (Helix) conisalea (M. & P.) Trach connexiva, Fer. (Helix) connollyi, M. & P. Ennea connollyi, Prest. Thapsiella .... connollyi, M. & P. Trach connollyi, Prest. Succinea connollyi, Prest. Achatina connollyi, Walker, Ancylus Conovulux, Lam consobrina, Ancey, Ennea consobrina (Caill.) Corbicula .. 277 contorta (Mich.) Isidora CONULINUS, von Mts conulus (Eve.) Ena convexiusculus (Pfr.) Chondr. cor, Lam. (Cyrena) CORBICULA, Megerle von Muhlfeld. Coretus, Adanson Gorilla, H. & A. Ad cornaliai, Pini (Limax) cornea, Morel. (Physa) corneus (Pfr.) Kerkophorus corrugata, Prest. Jaminia corticimis. Morel. Melarnpus .... cosmia (Pfr.) Natalina costata, Prest. var costulatus, Krs. Planorbis cotyledonis (Bs.) Peltatus couropa, Less. (Achatina) coxi, Prest. Helicarion coxi, Prest. Trach crassa, von Mts. var crassidens, Pfr. Ennea crassilabris, Crvn. Ennea craterodon, M. & P. Ennea craveni, Ancey (Physa) craveni, Stur. (Physa) crawfordi, M. & P. Ennea crawfordi (M. & P.) Zingis crawfordi, Morel. Achatina crawfordi (M. & P.) Opeas crawfordi, M. & P. Planorbis .... crawfordi, Brot, Melania crawfordiana (M. & P.) Jaminia . . crepidularius (Lam.) Theodoxis . . crispula, M. it P. Ennea croslyi, Bnp. Curvella crossleyana, M. & P. Ennea .... crotallaria, Schum. (Achatina) . . PAOE 177 92 92 228 131 76 69 283 253 119 244 108 136 283 69 104 136 220 192 242 226 70 , 279 244 164 167 251 279 276 236 131 119 249 108 179 229 92 262 235 105 193 100 136 190 70 70 70 248 248 71 99 192 211 235 263 179 288 71 208 71 210 298 Annals of the South African Museum. CRYPTOJIPHALUS, Agassiz 160 cryptoplax (M. & P.) Jaminia .... 179 crystallina (M. & P.) Euonyma . . 213 crystallina (Mull.) Vitrea Ill cupido, M. & P. Zonitoides 117 CCRVELLA, Chaper 207 custodita, M. & P. (Pupa) 181 cyamus, Phil. (Unio) 271 Cyclas, Brug 280 CYCLOPHORIBvE, Fischer 250 CYCLOPHOBINJE, Gray 250 Cyclophoropsis, Dautzenberg .... 250 CYCLOPHOKOS, de Montfort 250 Cyclostoma, Lain 251, &c. Cyclostomatidm} ciijtcnsis. >-. Dorsal iii-iv 10-11 ; about equidistant between eye and base of caudal, upper edge concave, longest branched ray from a little less to a little longer than head. Anal iii 5 ; reaching or nearly reaching to base of caudal. Pectoral ^ to the same length as head, not reaching to ventral which is inserted below middle or posterior half of dorsal. Caudal forked, with long pointed lobes ; caudal peduncle 1-} to 1 & as long as deep. Scales 44-48, lat. tr. j& ; 6^ to 7* rows of scales between lateral line and root of ventral, 20 rows round caudal peduncle. Colour (of preserved specimens), brown above, flesh colour on belly. Four specimens, ranging from 178-218 mm. in length, from Zak Eiver, Fraserburg, Cape Province (Mr. Jacobs). 362 . l///w7.s of the SoiUli African Jl/.sr /////. Three specimens, ranging from 229-253 mm. in length, from Kimberley Eeservoir, Cape Province. Two specimens, 253 rnm. and 323 mm. in length respectively, from Modder River, Cape Province. One specimen, 306 mm. in length, from Crocodile River, Transvaal Province. Pretoria Museum. Two specimens, 88 mm. and 123 rnm. in length respectively, from Durban Museum. One specimen, 438 mm. in length (locality unknown). 13. LABEO UMBKATUS, A. Smith. Abrostomiis iimbratiis, A. Smith, 111. Zool. S. Africa, Fish., pi. xii., fig. 1 (1841). Labco umbratus, Bouleng., Ann. and Mag. N.H. (7), xii., 1903, p. 362, and Cat. Fresh. Fish. Africa, i., p. 339 (1909). Body compressed, its depth 3f to 4f times in total length exclud- ing caudal, length of head 4 to 4-?- times. Head 1? to H times as FIG. 30. Labco iiiiibriitn*. . long as broad ; snout rounded, feebly prominent, shorter than post- ocular portion of head, 2f to 3 times in length of head ; eye lateral, 5^ to nearly 6 times in length of head ; interorbital width -J- length of head ; width of mouth, with lips, about ^ length of head ; lips rather feebly developed, with rounded or conical papillae forming a fringe ; two barbels on each side, about equal in length or the posterior one shorter, less than diameter of eye. Dorsal iii 9 ; equidistant from nostril or eye and base of caudal, upper edge concave, longest branched ray f to f^ length of head. Anal iii 5 ; riot reaching root of caudal. Pectoral f to almost length The Freshivatcr FisJies of South Africa. 363 of head, not reaching ventral which is inserted below middle of dorsal. Caudal forked, with long pointed lobes ; caudal peduncle 14- times to twice as long as deep. Scales 56-59, lat. tr. 14 ^_ 16j . ; 9 to 10 rows of scales between lateral line and root of ventral, 30 rows round caudal peduncle. Colour (of preserved specimens), brown above, yellowish below ; scales on sides and upper part of body with numerous minute dark specks. One specimen, 173 mm. in length, from Gamka River, Cape Province. Three specimens, ranging from 158-171 mm. in length, from Grobelaars River, Cape Province. Three specimens, ranging from 200-228 mm. in length, from Alice, Tyumi River, Cape Province. 14. LABEO STENNINGI, n. sp. Depth of body 4f times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 4^,, times. Width of head a little more than 2- its length ; snout rounded and feebly projecting, shorter than postocular portion of head and 2 T 7 (T times in length of head ; eye lateral, nearer to point of snout than to gill-opening, 6 times in length of head and nearly 3-1- t;. 31. Labeo stenningi. ;j. times in interorbital width ; mouth small, its width, with lips, T "\, length of head ; lips feebly developed, upper lip with a short fringe of papillae on upper edge, lower lip with a fringe of papillae on lower margin ; rostral flap entire, slightly emarginate. Two incon- spicuous barbels on each side, posterior slightly longer than anterior and slightly more than ^ diameter of eye. 364 Anualx of Hie SoutJt African Dorsal iii 9 ; equidistant from nostrils and from root of caudal, upper border slightly concave ; longest branched ray i length of head. Anal iii 5; not reaching caudal. Pectoral nearly f length of head, not reaching ventral ; base of latter below 4th branched ray of dorsal. Caudal deeply forked ; caudal peduncle 1 times as long as deep. Scales radiately striated 60 ^f, 1\ between lateral line and root of ventral, 28 round caudal peduncle. Colour (of preserved specimen), silvery, dark above, lighter below the lateral line. One specimen, 190mm. in length, from Potchefstroom, Transvaal (Mr. Stenning). 2. VABICORHINUS. Kiipp., Mus. Senckenb., ii., p. 21 (1837) ; Bouleng., Fish. Nile, p. 190 (1907). " Body strongly compressed, covered with small, moderate, or large scales. Lateral line nearer the belly than the back, but running along the middle of the caudal peduncle. Mouth large, inferior, transverse, feebly protractile, without lips, the upper jaw partly covered by a rostral fold, the lower completely exposed and showing a sharp cutting-edge covered with a horny sheath ; barbels absent or present. Sub-orbitals not covering the cheek. Dorsal fin with or without ossified ray, with 11-14 rays, 8-11 of which are branched. Anal fin short, with 7 or 8 rays. Pharyngeal teeth in three series . . . with spoon- shaped crowns, which may be close together as in Labco or more wide apart as in Barbus. South-Western and Central Asia, and Africa." KCJI to Spcc/c.y. A. With two barbels on each side. D. iv ; Sc. SOf ; last simple ray ossified 1. I" ln-ncii. B. Barbels absent. D. iii 8-9 ; Sc. 34-35 ^n ; no ossified ray '2. V. )u'l*i>niitcusis. 1. VAKICOKHINUS BRUCII, Blgr. Bouleng., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1907, p. 310, pi. xix., and Cat. Fresh. Fish. Africa, L, p. 354 (1909). Depth of body 3| to 3-f times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 4^ to 4 times. Snout rounded, prominent, broader than long, about ^ length of head ; eye lateral, 4 to 5A times in length of head, 21 to 2f- times in interorbital width (1^- to If times in young) ; The Freshwater Fishes of South Africa. 365 mouth feebly curved, its width ^ to i length of head ; two barbels on each side, the posterior being the longer and equal to, or slightly greater or less than, diameter of eye. The largest specimen has conical tubercles on head, which are not apparent in the smaller specimens. Dorsal iv 9 ; last simple ray strong, bony, not serrated, its rigid part f to ~ length of head ; border of fin concave ; longest branched ray a little shorter than or equal to length of head. Anal iii 5 ; not reaching or barely reaching base of caudal. Pectoral a little shorter than or equal to head, not reaching ventral which is inserted below middle of dorsal. Caudal deeply forked, with pointed lobes ; caudal peduncle H to 1-f times as long as deep. Scales 28-32, lat. tr. ^jr ; FIG. 32. Varicorhinus hrucii. 2^- to 3 rows of scales between lateral line and base of ventral, 12 rows round caudal peduncle. Colour (of preserved specimens) , dark brown on back, lighter below ; often with small dark spots here and there on body and fins, especially on caudal. Nine specimens, ranging from 102-263 mm. in length, from Thabina and Letsikela Eivers, Zoutpansberg District, Trans- vaal. Five specimens, ranging from 84-204 mm. in length, from Six- mile Spruit, Pretoria District, Transvaal. One specimen, 217 mm. in length, from Crocodile Eiver, Trans- vaal. One specimen, 223 mm. in length, from Transvaal (locality unknown). 366 Annals of the South African Museum. 2. VARICORHINUS NELSPKUITENSIS, Gilchr. and Thomp. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., viii., 1911, p. 478. Body compressed, depth 3-J to 4 times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 4^ to 4| times ; width of head to - its length. Snout prominent, rounded, shorter than postocular portion of head ; eye lateral, 4-| to 4 times in length of head and ahout 2 to 2 times in interorbital width ; width of mouth about ^ length of head ; no barbel ; small tubercles on snout ; mouth feebly curved. Dorsal iii 8-9 ; upper edge slightly emarginate, no ossified ray, longest branched ray -t to about same length as head. Anal ii 5 ; similar to dorsal, does not reach to base of caudal. Pectoral ~ to about same length as head, does not reach ventral which is inserted FIG. 33. Varieorhinus nelsprnitensis. ;}. below 2nd branched ray of dorsal. Caudal forked, the lobes pointed ; caudal peduncle 14 times to twice as long as deep. Scales 34-35, lat. tr. ^7 ; 2|- rows of scales between lateral line and base of ventrals ; 14 rows round caudal peduncle. Colour (of preserved specimens), bluish black, darker above than below. Two specimens, 145 mm. and 158 mm. in length respectively, from Nelspruit, Transvaal. 3. BAEBUS. Barbus, Guv., Eegne Anim., ii., p. 197 (1817) ; Cuv. and Val, Hist. Poiss., xvi., p. 122 (1842); Heck., Eussegger's Eeis,, ii., p. 1017 (1843) ; Glinth., Cat. Fish., vii., p. 82 (1868) ; Bouleng., The Freshwater Fishes of South Africa. 367 Poiss., Bass. Congo, p. 221 (1901) ; Pish. Nile, p. 195 (1907), and Cat. Fresh. Fish. Afr., ii., p. 1 (1911). Labeobarbus, Riipp., Mas. Senckenb., ii., p. 14 (1837) ; Heck., I.e., p. 1019. Clieilobarbus, A. Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr. Fishes (1841). Pscndobarbus, A. Smith, I.e. Capocta, part., Cuv. and Val., t.c., p. 278. Systomus, part., Heck., I.e., p. 1016. Luciobarbus, Heck., I.e., p. 1019. Puntius, Bleek., Nat. Verh. M. Wetensch. Haavl., xvii., 1862, p. 112. Enteromiiis, Cope, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. (2), xiii., 1867, p. 407. Barynotus, Gunth, t.c., p. 61. Mouth terminal, inferior or sub-inferior, small or moderately large, more or less protractile, with more or less developed lips ; barbels present or absent ; dorsal fin with or without ossified ray. The structure of the scales varies considerably according to the species ; we have followed Boulenger's system of grouping in respect to this. In some species the exposed surface of the scale is striated by numerous longitudinal, scarcely radiating, straight or slightly wavy canals, visible to the naked eye or with the aid of a magnifier of low power (except in specimens that have had the scales decalcified by preservation in formol), whilst the centre is more or less finely rugose. In other species with small scales the striations are also numerous, but they radiate fan-like from the centre ; whilst in other small species with large scales they are reduced to from two to five, radiating from the centre, the scales appearing smooth but for the fine concentric striation (growth-lines) which is present on the scales of all cyprinids. Key to Species. I. Exposed surface of scales striated by numerous longitudinal, or even somewhat converging, straight or slightly wavy canals ; dorsal tin with 8 to 10 branched rays, the last simple ray if ossified never serrated ; two barbels on each side. A. Last simple ray more or less enlarged, ossified, without trace of segmentation at least in its basal half forming a strong spine. Anal with 5 branched rays. 1. Ventral fin with its first ray in front of or below anterior rays of dorsal, or dorsal originating slightly in advance of ventrals. (a\ Dorsal icith 8 branched ray*. rrl Sc. 43 , 5, 18 ; D. iii 8, A. iii 5 ; posterior barbel "4 f diameter of eye 1. 7?. iwlylepis, Blgr. 368 Annals of the South African Museum. Sc - 34 ~ 43 ^> %- 4 *- 16; D - iv , A iii 5; pos- terior barbel f to 1$ diameter of eye 2. /;. holttbi, Stdv. Sc. 40-41 g, 3$-4$, 16-18; D. iii 8, A. iii o; posterior'barbel 1-1J diameter of eye . . . . 3. /;. Uneolatus, n. sp. 7 Sc. 38 -, 8, 16 ; D. iii 8, A. ii 5 ; posterior barbel nearly as long as eye -1. H. ziiltteiisi*, n. sp. Sc. 33 ^, 3, 12 ; D. iii 8 ; its spine rather feeble, J a A. iii 5, reaching caudal ; barbels sub-equal, about 1J diameters of eye 5. /;. marequensis, A. Smith. (b) Dorsal with 9 branched rays. Sc. 40 |, 3, 16 ; D. iv 9, A. iii o ; posterior barbel a little longer than eye 6. li. kimberleyensis, n. sp. 2. Base of ventral below anterior rays or middle of dorsal. (a) Lower Up restricted to the sides, lower jaw with angular edije. Sc. 36-38 |, 3-3$, 16 ; dorsal with 8 branched rays ; posterior barbel as long as or a little longer than eye . . 7. />. dephantis, Blgr. Sc. 29-30 ||, 2|, 12 ; dorsal with 9-10 branched rays ; posterior barbel -jf diameter of eye . . 8. B. sector, Blgr. r y Sc. 28^' 1, 14; dorsal with 9 branched rays; posterior barbel nearly as long as eye . . . . 9. Ii. cookci, n. sp. (b) Lower lip continuous across chin, fonnini/ a more or lexs well-developed mental lobe. Sc. 38 ^|, 3, 16 ; dorsal with 8 branched rays ; posterior barbel li times diameter of eye . . 10. /?. infongosi, n. sp. Sc. 28-29^?, 2-2$, 12; dorsal with 9 branched rays : both lips well developed ; posterior barbel f to as long as eye 11. K. briicn, Blgr. 4? Sc. 27 p, 2$, 12 ; dorsal with 10 branched rays ; posterior barbel as long as eye 12. I!, dwaarsenxis, n. sp. B. Last simple ray of dorsal not enlarged, or segmented down to its basal third anal with 5 branched rays. 1. Ventral fin nearly wholly in advance of dorsal. Both lips produced into median lobes. Sc. 38 |f, 3, 14 ; dorsal with 8 branched rays, last simple ray segmented ; posterior barbel 1$ times diameter of eye 13. U. mt'iittilix, n. sp. The Freshwater Fishes of South Africa. 369 '2. Ventral below anterior rays of dorsal. (a) One or botli lips produced into median lobes. Sc. 42 =f , 4, 14 ; dorsal with 8 branched '2 rays, last simple ray segmented ; both lips produced into triangular lobes ; posterior barbel a little longer than eye 14. ]'. iiih-liristi, Blgr. Sc. 33-36 5 Y?, 2$, 14-16 ; dorsal with 8-9 branched rays ; lower lip continuous across chin, often with a small rounded lobe ; posterior barbel as long as or slightly longer than eye 15. /;. boirkeri, Blgr. Sc. 30 ~, 2i, 14 ; dorsal with 9 branched rays, last simple ray segmented ; lower lip with a small mental lobe ; posterior barbel slightly longer than eye .. .. 16. /,'. robinxoni, n. sp. (b) Lower Up not extend-in ft across cJiin. Sc. 35-37 ||, 3, 16 ; dorsal with 8 branched rays ; lower jaw with a sharp edge and sometimes with a small mental lobe ; posterior barbel as long as or a little shorter than eye 17. B. aureiis, Cope. 3. Dorsal fin originating in advance of ventrals. (a) One or both lips produced into median lobes. Sc. 32-33 |J, 2, 14 ; dorsal with 8 branched rays ; ventral originating a little behind origin of dorsal ; both lips produced into long pointed median lobes ; posterior barbel as long as eye 18. B. lobnchilus, Blgr. Sc. 32-34 ||, 3, 12 ; dorsal with 9 branched rays ; base of ventral below middle of dorsal ; both lips produced into more or less pointed median lobes ; posterior barbel as long as eye 19. B. zainbesensis, Peters. Sc. 30-32 *|, 2-2, 12 ; dorsal with 9-10 branched rays ; base of ventral below middle of dorsal ; both lips produced into obtusely pointed median lobes ; posterior barbel a little shorter than eye 20. /,'. rJ/ilotes, Blgr. Sc. 28-30 ^, 2J-3, 12; dorsal with 9 branched rays, last simple ray seg- mented ; base of ventral below middle or anterior third of dorsal ; both lips produced into obtusely pointed median lobes posterior barbel a little shorter than eye , .. .. 21. B. i/ninuin/i, n. sp. 27 370 Annals of the South African Museum. Sc. 28-30 , 2, 12 ; dorsal with 9 branched *S rays, last simple ray segmented ; base of ventral below middle of dorsal ; lower lip with a small mental lobe, lower jaw rather sharp-edged ; posterior barbel f to as long as eye 22. /,'. siricrxtra-, n. sp. (b) Loire)' lip continuous on cJiin, u'itlmiit lobe. Sc. 28 |f, 2, 12 ; dorsal with 9 branched rays, the anterior rays much elongate ; lips thick ; posterior barbel J diameter of eye '23. /,'. nitidortiiHx, Blgr. (c) T,oirt>r lip not extending Herons chin. * Lower jaw with an angular edge. Sc. 30-32 ^., 2-3, 12; dorsal with 8-9 J 2 branched rays ; anal ii 5 ; caudal ped- uncle 1J-1 times as long as deep . . 24. />'. rhotlesianus, Blgr. Sc. 30-31 1*, 2, 12 ; dorsal with 8 branched rays ; anal iii 5 ; caudal peduncle not longer than deep 25. B. victoria, Blgr. Sc. 30 5 r 3, 12 ; dorsal with 9 branched rays; snout pointed, prominent; scales large 2(5. B. juimitiis, Gilchr. and Thomp. Sc. 28-30 , 2-3, 12 ; dorsal with 9 ^2 branched rays, last simple ray seg- mented ; anal iii 5 27. /'. xalrieiixix, n. sp. ** Lower jaw without angular edge. Sc. 41-44 H?, 4-5, 16-18; dorsal with 9 Og branched rays, last simple ray seg- mented 28. B. seeberi, n. sp. Sc. 35 ||, 2*, 14 ; dorsal with 8 branched 2 rays, border straight or feebly concave ; caudal peduncle 1^ times as long as deep 29. Ii. fairlm'tnii'i, Blgr. Sc. 32 *-|, 2, 12 ; dorsal with 9 branched rays, border concave ; caudal peduncle slightly longer than deep 30. B. codriiifjlonii, Blgr. II. Exposed surface of scales with radiating canals which, as a rule, are very numerous in the species with small scales and less numerous, or even restricted to a few, in those with large scales ; dorsal fin with G-8 (rarely 9) branched rays, anal with 5 (rarely 6). A. Last simple ray of dorsal enlarged, bony, forming a strong spine which is not serrated behind ; two barbels on each side. Sc. 30-34 , 3-4, 14-16 ; dorsal with 8 (rarely 7) "2 branched rays 31. B. trimaculatus, Peters. The Freshwater Fishes of South Africa. 371 B. Last simple ray of dorsal more or less enlarged, bony at least in the basal third and serrated behind; two barbels on each side. () Base of ventral fin entirely in advance of dorsal. Sc. 42-43 -, 4-5, 20 ; dorsal with 8 branched rays ; mouth terminal 32. /,'. m-rrn. Peters. Sc. 33-36 |^, 3-4, 16-18: dorsal witli 7 branched rays (rarely 8) 33. />'. i>r/,-iii) Base of ventral entirely or partly below dorsal. * Anal iritli 5 linnirlied rai/x. Sc. 35-37 , 3, 14 ; dorsal with 7 branched rays ; first ray of ventral slightly in advance of dorsal . . 36. 7.'. liiiifiii-intiln, Blgr. Sc. 30-33 , 2J-3, 14 ; dorsal with 8 branched rays ; ventral below or partly in advance of anterior rays of dorsal ; mouth terminal ; caudal peduncle If to twice as long as deep ...... 37. l'>. nipn.r, Stdr. Sc. 29-33 5 % 2i-3, 12-14 ; dorsal with 8 branched Of rays ; ventral below anterior rays of dorsal mouth sub-inferior ; caudal peduncle 1 to If times as long as deep ............ 38. B. argenteus, Ganth. Sc. 26 -|, 2, 12 ; dorsal with 7 branched rays; base of ventral almost entirely in advance of dorsal ; pectoral reaching or scarcely reaching caudal ; caudal peduncle twice as long as deep ...... 39. B. ker*tcnii. Peters. Sc. 24-26 JT, 2J, 12 ; dorsal with 7 branched rays ; ^5 base of ventral partly in advance of dorsal ; pectoral not reaching caudal ; caudal peduncle 1 to If as long as deep ............ 40. //. i-iittfnin, Blgr. * A/nil iritli (') Jiriniflicfl Sc. 39-40 5 ^-*, 4, 10 ; dorsal with 8 branched ra "5 base of ventral below middle of dorsal ...... 41. />'. capenxis, A. Smith. C. Last simple ray of dorsal enlarged, bony, more or less distinctly serrated behind ; a single barbel on each side. Sc. 33-36 f|^t, 3-4, 14 ; dorsal with 7 branched rays, 3 2~"2 spine feebly serrated in its upper part only. . . . 42. /,'. trevelyani, Giinth- 5^ Sc. 31 -*, 2|, l(j ; dorsal with 8 branched rays, its spine strongly serrated in its upper half . . . . 4o. /.'. .V/T///II, n. sp. 372 Annals of the South African Museum. D. Last simple raj' of dorsal not enlarged, or but feebly enlarged, not serrated. 1. Two barbels on each side. (a) Lateral line complete. * Ventral originating wholly or partly in advance of dorsal. Sc. 32-34 ^^, 3-4, 12-14; dorsal with 7 branched rays, border straight ; ventral wholly or partly anterior ; pectoral not reaching ventral 44. 13. r. motebeiiifiit, Stdr. ** Ventral originating below anterior rays of dorsal. Sc. 33-38 5^5, 4, 12; dorsal with 7 branched 65 rays ; pectoral not reaching ventral . . . . 46. B. burcJidU, A. Smith. Sc. 31-33 ^ 3, 12; dorsal with 7 branched 05 rays ; pectoral nearly reaching ventral . . 47. B. burgi, Blgr. Sc. 31-35 3^, l-2$, 12; dorsal with 7 branched rays ; posterior barbel 1 to 1$ diameter of eye 48. B. uuriici/i, Giinth. Sc. 30 |f , 2$, 12 ; dorsal with 8 branched rays, border feebly concave ; caudal peduncle If as long as deep 49. B. linmnutculatiut, Blgr. Sc. 29 jj, 2, 12 ; dorsal with 8 branched rays, border straight ; caudal peduncle twice as long as deep ; anal with only 2 spines . . 50. B. viviparus, M. Web. Sc. 27-30 ^f, 2-2$, 12 ; dorsal with 8 branched 4 4 " rays ; posterior barbel as long as or a little longer than eye 51. B. iinitaniatits, Giinth. Sc. 26-27 ||, 2; dorsal with 8 branched rays; pectoral reaching ventral ; posterior barbel a little shorter than eye 52. B. radiatus, Peters. *** Base of ventral wholly below dorsal. Sc. 35 ||, 3i, 14; dorsal with 3 branched rays ; ventral below anterior half of dorsal; upper lip with a median lobe .. 53. B. ltiliiulis, n. sp. Sc. 33-36 f|, 3-3*, 14-16; dorsal with 8 Oo branched rays ; base of ventral behind anterior rays of dorsal 54. B. wai-rurus, n. sp. The Freshwater Fishes of South- Africa. 373 Sc. 29-31 =ff, 2i-3, 12; dorsal with 8-9 "a blanched rays; posterior barbel -^ diameter of eye ; snout projecting very slightly beyond mouth ; ventral below middle of dorsal 55. B. inennis, Peters. (//) Lateral line incomplete. Sc. 27-29 A, 2J-3, 12 ; dorsal with 7-8 branched rays ; anal with 2 spines ; lateral line on 8-15 scales only 56. B. hemipleurogramma, Blgr. 2. A single barbel on each side. (a) Dorsal with 7 (rarely 6) branched rays. Sc. 37-42 - ~, 5-6, 18-20 ; mouth inferior . . 57. B. asper, Blgr. 05-95 Sc. 32-38 , 3A-5, 14-16 ; mouth sub-inferior 58. B. anoplu*, M. Web. Sc. 36 -* 5, 16 ; mouth terminal ; anal with o 2 spines 59. B. karkeiisis, n. sp. Sc. 28-31 rf, 3, 12 ; mouth inferior 60. B. afer, Peters. 05 (b) Dorsal with 8 branched rays ; barbel minute, if present. Sc. 27-28 |f, 2, 12 ; mouth inferior 61. B. rogersi, Blgr. 05 1. BARBUS POLYLEPIS, Blgr. Bouleng., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1907, p. 308, fig., and Cat. Fresh. Fish. Afr., ii., p. 21, fig. 3 (1911). FIG. 34. Barbus polylepis. " Depth of body 4i times in total length, length of head 3 : } times. Snout rounded-subacuminate, 3 times in length of head, feebly projecting beyond mouth; eye 4^ times in length of head, interorbital 374 Annals of the South African width 3-V times; mouth small, inferior, its width 4 times in length of head ; lips well developed, lower continuous across chin ; two barbels on each side, sub- equal in length, f diameter of eye. Dorsal iii 8 ; equally distant from eye and from root of caudal, border concave ; last simple ray strong, bony, not serrated, its rigid part f length of head. Anal iii 5 ; not reaching root of caudal. Pectoral f length of head, not reaching ventral ; base of latter below anterior rays of dorsal. Caudal peduncle twice as long as deep. Scales longitudinally striated, 43 g|, 5 between lateral line and ventral, 18 round caudal peduncle. Olive-grey above, white beneath. Total length 120 mm. Klein Olifant River, Limpopo System." 2. BARBUS HOLUBI, Stdr. (Geel-visch, Yellow-fish.) Steind., Sitz. Ak. Wien, ciii., i., 1894, p. 449, pi. iii., fig. 1 ; M. Weber, Zool. Jahrb. Syst., x., 1897, p. 151 ; Bouleng., Ann. and Mag. N.H. (7), x., 1902, p. 424, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1907, p 309, and Cat. Fresh. Fish. Afr., ii., p. 22, fig. 4 (1911). Depth of body 3J to 4 r L times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 3 5 to 4^ times. Snout rounded, feebly projecting FIG. 35. Barbus liolubi. ] 3 . beyond mouth, 2^ to 3| times in length of head ; eye 3| (young) to 6i times in length of head, interorbital width 2? to 4 times ; mouth sub-inferior, its width 2i to 4 T V times in length of head; lips moderately developed, lower continuous across chin, sometimes with The Freshwater Fishes of Soiitli Africa. 375 a small median lobe. Two barbels on each side, posterior equal to or generally a little longer than anterior, ^ to 1^ times diameter of eye. Dorsal iv 8 ; equally distant from eye or occiput and from root of caudal, or a little nearer latter, border slightly concave ; last simple ray strong, bony, not serrated, nearly straight, ^ to i length of head. Anal iii 5 ; not reaching caudal. Pectoral 4 to y^ length of head, not reaching ventral ; base of latter below anterior rays of dorsal, the origin of which falls a little behind to slightly in front of 1st ray of ventral. Caudal peduncle If to 2-J times as long as deep. Scales longitudinally striated, 34-43 J^, 3| to 4i between lateral line and ventral, 16 round caudal peduncle. Colour (of preserved specimens), brown or yellowish brown above, lighter beneath. Six specimens, ranging from 141-360 mm. in length, from Zak Eiver, Fraserburg, Cape Province (Mr. Jacobs). One specimen, 151 mm. in length, from Kraai Eiver, Barkly East, Cape Province. Four specimens, ranging from 148-169 mm. in length, from Kraai Eiver, Aliwal North, Cape Province. Two specimens, 144 mm., 191 mm. in length respectively, from Durban Museum. One specimen. 107 mm. in length, from Fish Eiver, German S.W. Africa. Eight specimens, ranging from 82-133 mm. in length, from Six- mile Spruit, Pretoria, Transvaal. One specimen, 147 mm. in length, from Dwaars Eiver, Transvaal. Three specimens, ranging from 117-163 mm. in length, from Mooi Eiver, Potchefstroom, Transvaal (H. Fry). Seven specimens, ranging from 105-255 mm. in length, from Potchefstroom (river near hatchery), Transvaal. Four specimens, ranging from 102-157 mm. in length, from Vereeniging, Transvaal. Three specimens, ranging from 51-73 mm. in length, from Modder Eiver. Cape, Free State. Two specimens, 166 mm., 181 mm. in length respectively, from Pienaars Eiver, Transvaal (C. J. Swierstra). 3. BAEBUS LINEOLATUS, n. sp. Depth of body 3^ to 3| times in total length excluding caudal, length of head about 3i times. Snout rounded, 3 times in length of 376 of the South African head; diameter of eye 5 to 6^ times in length of head, interorbital width about 3 times ; mouth sub-inferior, its width 3^ to 3f times in length of head ; lips moderately developed, lower rather sharp-edged and with a slight median lobe. Two barbels on each side, sub- equal or posterior slightly the longer, 1 to 1|- times diameter of eye. Dorsal iii 8 ; equally distant from occiput and from root of caudal, or slightly nearer to occiput, border feebly concave ; last simple ray moderately enlarged, bony, not serrated, its rigid part ^ to -jj length of head. Anal iii 5 ; scarcely reaching caudal. Pectoral f to 1 FIG. 36. Barbus lineolatus. i. length of head, not reaching ventral ; base of latter below or partly in advance of anterior rays of dorsal. Caudal peduncle 1^ to li times as long as deep. Scales longitudinally striated, 40-41 ~^, 3^-4^ between lateral line and ventral, 16-18 round caudal peduncle. Colour (of preserved specimens), greenish brown, slightly darker above than below ; fins tipped with black ; scales with a median light-coloured bar or band, forming together regular longitudinal lines on the body. Three specimens, 243 mm., 264 mm., 272 mm. in length respectively, from Magalies River, Transvaal (C. J. Swierstra). 4. BARBUS ZULUENSIS, n. sp. Depth of body 4 times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 3f times. Snout rounded, 2f times in length of head ; eye The Freshwater Fishes of tioutJt Africa. 377 6f times, interorbital width 3 times ; mouth sub-inferior, its width 2f times in length of head; lips thin. Two barbels on each side, sub-equal and nearly as long as diameter of eye. Dorsal iii 8 ; nearer to occiput than to root of caudal, border concave ; last simple ray moderately enlarged, bony, not serrated (broken in the specimen). Anal ii 5 ; scarcely reaching to caudal. Pectoral f length of head, not reaching ventral ; base of latter below anterior rays of dorsal. Caudal peduncle 1 f- (F times as long as deep. Scales longitudinally striated, 38 ~, 3 between lateral line and 05 ventral, 16 round caudal peduncle. Colour (of preserved specimen), dark grey above, whitish below ; tins with a blackish tinge. One specimen, 325 mm. in length, from M'Fongosi, Zululand (W. E. Jones). : 5. BARBUS MAEEQUENSIS, A. Smith. Barbus (Clicilobarbits) marequensis, A. Smith, 111. Zool. S. Afr. Fish., pi. x., fig. 2 (1841). Barbus marequensis, Bouleng., Cat. Fresh. Fish. Afr., ii., p. 36, fig. 16 (1911). " Depth of body nearly equal to length of head, nearly 4 times in total length. Snout rounded, 3 times in length of head ; eye 5i mm ' vAyW'' FIG. 37. Barbu* marequensis. times in length of head, interorbital width 2i times ; mouth inferior, its width about ^ length of head ; lips well developed, the lower con- tinuous across the chin ; two barbels on each side, sub-equal, about 1^ diameters of eye. Dorsal iii 8 ; equally distant from occiput and from caudal, border 37H Annul* of the African scarcely emarginate ; last simple ray rather feeble, bony, not serrated, nearly f length of head. Anal iii 5 ; reaching root of caudal. Pectoral f length of head, not reaching ventral; base of latter slightly behind origin of dorsal. Caudal peduncle 1^ times as long as deep. Scales longitudinally striated, 33 ^--, 3 between lateral line and ventral, 12 round caudal peduncle. Olive-brown above, yellow beneath ; lips and barbels dull flesh- colour ; fins pale yellow, shaded with dull yellowish brown. Total length 350 millim. Interior of South Africa." 6. BAKBUS KIMBEKLEYENSIS, n. sp. Depth of body 4i times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 3i times. Snout 3 times in length of head and 1 T 7 ^ times in postocular portion of head ; eye 6i times in length of head, inter- orbital width 4 times ; mouth terminal, its width 22 times in length of head ; lips thick. Two barbels on each side, sub-equal and a little longer than diameter of eye. A row of tubes, with open pores, FIG 38. Bui-bus kimbe-rlcycnxix. extending from below nostrils round each orbit to origin of lateral line and joined by a row across occiput. Dorsal iv 9 ; its distance from occiput equals 1^ times its distance from root of caudal, border nearly straight; last simple ray strong, bony, not serrated, nearly straight, its rigid part a little more than J length of head. Anal iii 5 ; scarcely reaching to caudal. Pectoral nearly T 7 ^ length of head, not reaching to ventral ; base of latter partly in front of dorsal. Caudal peduncle nearly twice as long as The Freshwater Fishes of South Africa. 379 deep. Scales longitudinally striated, 40 \, 3 between lateral line and ventral, 16 round caudal peduncle. Colour (of preserved specimen), greyish brown above, light yellow below. One specimen, 345 mm. in length, from Kimberley Reservoir, Cape Province. 7. BARBUS ELEPHANTIS, Blgr. Bouleng., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1907, p. 310, fig., and Cat. Fresh. Fish. Afr., ii., p. 78, fig. 55 (1911). Depth of body 3y ! ^ to 3^ times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 3| to 41 times. Snout rounded, 3 to 3 ^ times in length of head ; eye 4? to 5 times in length of head, interorbital width 2/' - times ; mouth inferior, feebly curved, its width 3f\ times FIG. 39. Barbus clephantis. . in length of head ; lower jaw with a sharp edge, lower lip restricted to the sides. Two barbels on each side, anterior -fa to i diameter of eye, posterior 1 to 1^ times. Dorsal iv 8 ; equally distant from eye and from root of caudal, border concave ; last simple ray strong, bony, not serrated, its rigid part f to f length of head. Anal iii 5; not reaching caudal. Pectoral f to -i length of head, not reaching ventral ; base of latter below anterior rays of dorsal. Caudal peduncle 1A times as long as deep. Scales longitudinally striated, 36-38 1|, 3-3i between lateral line and ventral, 16 round caudal peduncle. Colour (of preserved specimens), silvery, dark above, lighter beneath. Two specimens, 193 mm. 213 mm. in length respectively, from M'Fongozi, Zululand (W. E. Jones). It is also reported from the Transvaal. 380 Annals of the South African 8. BAKBUS SECTOR, Blgr. Bouleng., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1907, p. 309, pi. xviii., tig. 2, and Cat. Fresh. Fish. Afr.. ii., p. 78, fig. 56 (1911). Depth of body 3i to 4 times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 3| to 4 times. Snout rounded, projecting, 3 to 3| times in length of head, eye 3J to 3f times, interorbital width 2f to 3 times ; mouth inferior, feebly curved, its width 3 times in length of head ; lips thin, lower jaw with a sharp edge, lower lip restricted to the sides. Two barbels on each side, anterior ^ to diameter of eye, posterior to f . Dorsal iv 9-10 ; equally distant from middle of eye and root of caudal, border feebly concave; last simple ray scarcely enlarged, FIG. 40. Barbus sector. flexible, not serrated, nearly or quite equal to length of head. Anal iii 5 ; not reaching caudal. Pectoral a little shorter than head, not reaching ventral ; base of latter below middle of dorsal. Caudal peduncle about H times as long as deep. Scales longitudinally striated, 29-30 1|, 2| between lateral line and ventral, 12 round caudal peduncle. Colour (of preserved specimens), silvery grey, darker above ; scales dark at the base ; dorsal and caudal fins with a dark shade. One specimen, 139 mm. in length, from Gwelo River, Lomagundi District, Rhodesia (J. Drury). Two specimens, 117 mm., 51 mm. in length respectively, from Livingstone, Rhodesia (A. Stephenson). One specimen, 85 mm. in length, from Pienaars River, Transvaal (C. J. Swierstra). The Freshwater Fishes of South Africa. 381 Two specimens, 110 mm., 80 mm. in length respectively, from White River, East Transvaal (A. T. Cooke). 9. BARBUS COOKEI, n. sp. Depth of body 3 times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 4i times. Snout rounded, feebly projecting beyond mouth, nearly 3 times in length of head ; eye 5f times in length of head, interorbital width 2 T 1 (T times ; mouth sub-inferior, its width 2l times in length of head ; lips thin, lower restricted to the sides ; lower jaw with a sharp keel covered with a horny sheath. Two barbels on each side, anterior diameter of eye, posterior nearly as long as eye. FIG. 41. Barbus eookei. -. Dorsal iii 9 ; equally distant from eye and from root of caudal, border concave ; last simple ray slightly enlarged, bony, not serrated, slightly longer than head. Anal ii 5; reaching caudal. Pectoral l-j 1 ^ times as long as head, falciform, scarcely reaching ventral ; base of latter below anterior rays of dorsal. Caudal deeply forked, lobes acutely pointed ; caudal peduncle 1| times as long as deep. Scales longitudinally striated, 28 f , H between lateral line and ventral, 14 round caudal peduncle. Colour (of preserved specimen), greenish, darker above than below ; all fins except ventral edged with white ; a dark diagonal band on 382 Annals of the South African Museum. base of each lobe of caudal ; scales on upper part of body edged with black. One specimen, 328 mm. in length, from Crocodile River, Transvaal (A. T. Cooke). 10. BARBUS M'FONGOSI, n. sp. Depth of body 3f times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 3^ times. Snout rounded, projecting considerably beyond mouth, 2 times in length of head ; eye of times in length of head, interorbital width 3 times ; mouth inferior, its width 3 times in length of head ; lips strongly developed, lower continuous across chin and produced into a rounded mental lobe as long as the eye. Fm. 42. Barlnix m'foitgoxi. |. Two barbels on each side, anterior y^ diameter of eye, posterior 11 times. Profile from origin of dorsal to snout strongly curved. Dorsal iv 8; equally distant from eye and root of caudal, border concave ; last simple ray very strong, bony, not serrated, straight, the rigid portion a little more than 4 length of head. Anal iii 5 ; not reaching caudal. Pectoral T 7 o of head, not reaching ventral ; the base of latter falling just behind 1st ray of dorsal. Caudal peduncle 1^ times as long as deep. Scales longitudinally striated, 38 ^|, 3^ between lateral line and ventral, 16 round caudal peduncle. Colour (of preserved specimen), silvery, darker above than below ; fins darkish. One specimen, 200 mm. in length, from M'Fongosi, Zululand (\\. E. Jones). The Freshwater Fishes of South Africa. 383 11. BARBUS BRUCII, Blgr. Barbus brucii, Bouleng., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1907, p. 309, pi. xviii., fig. 1, and Cat. Fresh. Pish. Afr., ii., p. 80, fig. 58 (1911). Depth of body 3| to 4 times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 3f to 4 T ^ times. Snout rounded-sub-acuminate, 2f to 3 times in length of head, strongly projecting beyond mouth; eye 4f to 5f times in length of head, interorbital width 3 to 3^ times ; mouth inferior, its width 3 times in length of head ; lips well deve- loped, lower lip continuous and forming a short mental lobe, lower jaw sharp-edged. Two barbels on each side, anterior f to -5 diameter of eye, posterior -f- to as long as eye. Dorsal iv 9 ; equally distant from middle of eye and from root of caudal, border concave ; last simple ray enlarged, bony, flexible, not serrated, f to 4- length of head. Anal iii 5 ; not reaching caudal. -,;^; ^^^p^W^V^'^^^^fe^Vwa^-^ $ -vV-4.^ jii^^^^.^-^4^..j^4^^-^>'V^v*%*. ?. %'^ %' y - '-$ -?<; v ; l^f^H^i U . Im^lfciiml iM^/Si :' ll'^f^'.:^-'^^^*'^ --i^^^Sf '"^'.-V '\ --'< .'. '- ' V --" V . J "-'' vi "; ' - "-."" " -' : ; w x '- v, -.-vyx-;- ^^-. Pectoral f to length of head, not reaching ventral ; base of latter below middle of dorsal. Caudal peduncle If to 1^ times as long as deep. Scales longitudinally striated, 28-29 -&jp-, 2 to 2| between lateral line and ventral, 12 round caudal peduncle. Colour (of preserved specimens), darkish brown above, lighter below ; scales with brown spots on their base. Three specimens, ranging from 120-180 mm. in length, from White Eiver, Nelspoort, Transvaal (A. T. Cooke). One specimen, 95 mm. in length, from Pienaars Kiver, Transvaal (C. J. Swierstra). One specimen, 167 mm. in length, from Dwaars Eiver, Transvaal. One specimen, 71 mm. in length, from spruit at Pietersburg, Transvaal. 384 Annals of the South African Museum. 12. BARBUS DWAARSENSIS, n. sp. Depth of body equals length of head and is 3f times in total length excluding caudal. Snout pointed, projecting beyond mouth, nearly 3 times in length of head ; eye 4 times in length of head, inter- orbital width nearly 3 times ; mouth sub-inferior, its width 3^ times in length of head ; lips moderately developed, lower with a mental lobe about diameter of eye in depth. Two barbels on each side, anterior f diameter of eye, posterior as long as eye. Dorsal iii 10 ; equally distant from middle of eye and from root of caudal, border concave ; last simple ray moderately enlarged, bony, not serrated, its rigid part f length of head. Anal iii 5 ; not reaching caudal. Pectoral ~ length of head, not reaching ventral ; base of latter below middle of dorsal. Caudal peduncle 1-J times as long as deep. Scales longitudinally striated (some on the upper part of the body appear to be slightly radiate), 27 p, 2^ between lateral line and ventral, 12 round caudal peduncle. Colour (of preserved specimen), brown, darker above than below ; about 3 faint longitudinal lines can be made out when the fish is dry ; lower part of head and opercles light colour. One specimen, 106 mm. in length, from Dwaars Kiver, Trans- vaal. The species is near B. br/icii, which, however, has 9 branched rays in the dorsal fin. 13. BARBUS MENTALIS, n. sp. Depth of body nearly 4 times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 3f times. Snout rounded, about length of head; FIG. 44. Barlnts mentalix. The Freshwater Fishes of South Africa. 385 eye 5f times in length of head, interorbital width nearly 3 times] mouth terminal, width 3^ times in length of head ; lips very thick, lower extending across chin, both lips produced into median lobes, that on the upper lip itriangular and low and the one on lower lip rounded and about f diameter of eye. Two barbels on each side, posterior a little longer than anterior and nearly H times diameter of eye. Dorsal iv 8 ; a little nearer to occiput than to root of caudal, border almost straight ; last simple ray moderately enlarged, bony, slightly curved, segmented down to its lower third, smooth, nearly f length of head. Anal iii 5; reaching caudal. Pectoral nearly as long as head, not reaching ventral ; base of latter nearly wholly in advance of dorsal. Caudal peduncle li times as long as deep. Scales longitudinally striated, 38^1, 3 between lateral line and ventral, 14 round caudal peduncle. Colour (of preserved specimen), brownish on back, flesh-coloured on sides and belly ; many of the scales on upper part of the body with a dark patch on base. One specimen, 262 mm. in length, from Kirnberley Reservoir, Cape Province. BARBUS GILCHRISTI, Blgr. Bouleng., Cat. Fresh. Fish. Afr., ii., pp. 88, fig. 66 (1911). FIG. 45. Barbus gilchristi. ^. "Depth of body 4i times in total length, length of head 3f times. Snout rounded, projecting beyond mouth, 1 length of head; eye 5k times in length of head, interorbital width 3^ times ; width of mouth 3 times in length of head ; lips very thick, lower extending across chin, both produced into triangular lobes ; two barbels on 28 386 Annals of the South African Museum. each side, posterior a little longer than anterior and slightly longer than eye. Dorsal iii 8 ; a little nearer root of caudal than occiput, border slightly concave ; last simple ray feebly enlarged, segmented down to its lower third, smooth, about f length of head. Anal ii 5 ; not reaching caudal. Pectoral length of head, not reaching ventral ; latter below anterior rays of dorsal. Caudal peduncle nearly twice as long as deep. Scales longitudinally striated, 42 ^|> 4 between lateral line and ventral, 14 round caudal peduncle. Olive-brown above, with small black spots, whitish beneath. Total length 165 millim. Kraai Eiver, Barkly East, Cape Colony." 15. BARBUS BOWKERI, Blgr. Barbus gurneyi, Glinth., Cat. Fish., vii., p. 102 (1868). Barbus bowkeri, Blgr., Ann. and Mag. N.H. (7), ix., 1902, p. 288, and Cat. Fresh. Fish. Afr., ii., p. 89, fig. 67 (1911). " Depth of body equal to length of head, 3f to 4^ times in total length. Snout rounded, feebly projecting beyond mouth, about ^ FIG. 46. Barbus boirkeri. length of head ; eye 4^ to 5| times in length of head, interorbital width 2f to 3 times ; width of mouth 3^ to 4 times in length of head ; lips thick, lower extending across the chin, where it may form a small rounded lobe ; two barbels on each side, posterior a little longer than anterior and as long as or slightly longer than eye. Dorsal iii 8-9 ; equally distant from occiput and from root of The Freshwater Fishes of South Africa. 387 caudal, border slightly concave; last simple ray not enlarged, flexible, smooth, i to f length of head. Anal ii-iii 5 ; reaching or nearly reaching caudal. Pectoral f to ji length of head, not reaching ventral ; latter below anterior rays of dorsal. Scales longitudinally striated, 33-36 Sii, 2* between lateral line and ventral, 14-16 round 05 caudal peduncle. Olive-brown above, silvery beneath. Total length 255 mm. Natal." A specimen, 172 mm. in length, from Mazoe, Mashonaland (J. f.f. Darling), resembles the above. 16. BAEBUS ROBINSONI, n. sp. Depth of body nearly 3f times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 4 times. Snout rounded, 2i times in length of head, eye a little more than 4 times, interorbital width 2^ times ; mouth sub-inferior, its width 3f times in length of head ; lips moderately developed, lower with a small median lobe. Two barbels on each side, anterior about f diameter of eye, posterior slightly longer than eye. Dorsal iv 9 ; situated nearer to root of caudal than to eye, border concave ; last simple ray slightly enlarged, bony, flexible, segmented down to its basal third, nearly as long as head. Anal hi 5 ; reaching to caudal. Pectoral nearly as long as head, not reaching ventral ; base of latter below anterior rays of dorsal. Caudal peduncle l / times as long as deep. Scales longitudinally striated 30 gj, 2^- be- tween lateral line and ventral, 14 round caudal peduncle. Colour (of preserved specimen), silvery, darker above than below ; distal extremity of dorsal dark. One specimen, 173 mm. in length, from Natal (Eomer Eobinson). 17. BABBUS AUREUS, Cope. Labeobarbus aiireus, Cope, Tr. Amer. Philos. Soc. (2), xiii., 1869, p. 406. Barbus aureus, Bouleng., Ann. and Mag. N.H. (7), xix., 1907, p. 391, and Cat. Fresh. Fish. Afr., ii., p. 90, fig. 68 (1911). Depth of body about equal to length of head, which is 3 T 7 o to 3 r ^ times in total length excluding caudal. Snout rounded, feebly projecting beyond mouth, 3^ to 3^ times in length of head ; eye 4| to 4i times in length of head, interorbital width about 3 to 3^ times ; mouth curved, its width 3^ to 3^ times in length of head; 388 Annals of the South African Museum. lower jaw with a sharp rounded edge ; lips thin, lower not extend- ing across chin, sometimes with a small median lobe. Two barbels on each side, equal or posterior the longer, as long as or a little shorter than the eye. Dorsal iii 8 ; about equally distant from occiput and root of caudal, border slightly concave ; last simple ray not enlarged, flexible, smooth, | to i length of head. Anal iii 5 ; scarcely reaching root FIG. 47. Barbits aurcii*. J. of caudal. Pectoral f to 4 length of head, not reaching ventral; base of latter below anterior rays of dorsal. Caudal peduncle If to If times as long as deep. Scales longitudinally striated, 35-37 p, 3 between lateral line and ventral, 16 round caudal peduncle. Colour (of preserved specimens), yellowish brown, darker above. Four specimens, ranging from 117-151 mm. in length, from Natal (Durban Museum). 18. BARBUS LOBOCHILUS, Blgr. Bouleng., Cat. Fresh. Fish. Afr., ii., p. 92, fig. 71 (1911). " Depth of body equal to length of head, 4 times in total length. Snout pointed, 3 times in length of head, eye 4J times in length of head, interorbital width 3 times ; mouth inferior, its width 4 times in length of head ; both lips much developed, each produced into a long pointed median lobe ; two barbels on each side ; anterior f length of eye, posterior as long as eye. Dorsal iv 8 ; equally distant from occiput and from root of caudal, border concave ; last simple ray not enlarged, smooth, length of head. Anal iii 5 ; not reaching caudal. Pectoral g length of head. The Freshwater Fishes of South Africa. 389 not reaching ventral ; base of latter a little behind origin of dorsal. Caudal peduncle 1^ times as long as deep. Scales longitudinally FIG. 48. Barbus lobuchilus. striated, 32-33 j|, 2 between lateral line and ventral, 14 round caudal peduncle. Dark olive above, yellowish beneath. Total length 170 millim. Natal." * 19. BARBUS ZAMBESENSIS, Peters. Labeobarbus zambezensis, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac., 1852, p. 683, and Reise Mossamb., iv., p. 49, pi. x., fig. 2 (1868). Barbus zambezensis, Giinth., Cat. Pish., vii., p. 105 (1868). Barbus zambesensis, Bouleng., Cat. Fresh. Fish. Afr., ii., p. 91, fig. 70 (1911). " Depth of body equal to length of head, 4 times in total length. Snout about ^ length of head ; eye 4 times in length of head, equal to interorbital width ; mouth inferior ; both lips much developed, each more or less produced into a pointed median lobe ; two barbels on each side, posterior twice as long as anterior and as long- as eye. Dorsal iv 9 ; equally distant from eye and from root of caudal, border concave ; last simple ray not enlarged, smooth, nearly as long as head. Anal iii 5 ; not reaching caudal. Pectoral shorter than head, not reaching ventral; latter below middle of dorsal. Caudal peduncle 390 Annals of the South African Museum. about l-.\- times as long as deep. Scales longitudinally striated, 32-34 j|, 3 between lateral line and ventral, 12 round caudal peduncle. FIG. 49. Barbus zambesensis. Upper parts and fins green, lower parts silvery tinged with yellow. Total length 130 millirn. Zambezi. Types in Berlin Museum." : 20. BARBUS CHILOTES, Blgr. Bouleng., Ann. and Mag. N.H. (8), ii., 1908, p. 494, and Cat. Fresh. Fish. Air., ii., p. 93, fig. 72 (1911). " Depth of body 3^ times in total length, length of head 4 or 4 times. Snout rounded, about .\ length of head ; eye 3i (young) to 5 times in length of head ; interorbital width 2J to 2f times ; mouth inferior, its width 3^- to 4 times in length of head; both lips much developed, each more or less produced into an obtusely pointed median lobe ; two barbels on each side, posterior nearly twice as long as anterior and a little shorter than eye. Dorsal iii 9-10 ; equally distant from eye and from root of caudal, or a little nearer latter, border concave ; last simple ray not enlarged, flexible, smooth, 1| times as long as head. Anal iii 5 ; reaching or nearly reaching caudal. Pectoral as long as head, not reaching ventral ; base of latter below middle of dorsal. Caudal peduncle The Freshiuater Fishes of SoutJi Africa. 391 times as long as deep. Scales longitudinally striated, 30-32 ^| 2J between lateral line and ventral, 12 round caudal peduncle. FIG. 50. Barbus chilotes. Pinkish brown above, the scales edged with blackish, white beneath ; fins dark grey. Total length 235 millim. Upper Zambezi." 21. BARBUS GUNNINGI, n. sp. Depth of body 31 to 3i times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 3f to 3^ times. Snout obtusely pointed, not project- ing beyond mouth, 2 T 3 o to 2| times in length of head, eye 5 to 5| times, interorbital width 2f to 3 times ; mouth sub-inferior, its width 2f to 3 times in length of head ; both lips greatly developed, each more or less strongly produced into an obtusely pointed median lobe. Two barbels on each side, anterior f to f diameter of eye, posterior f to li times. Dorsal iv 9 ; about equally distant from eye and from root of caudal, or a little nearer to the latter ; border concave ; last simple ray segmented, moderately enlarged, bony, not serrated, from T 7 ^ to 392 Annals of the South African Museum. ^ length of head. Anal iii 5 ; reaching, or almost reaching, root of caudal. Pectoral | to i length of head, not reaching ventral ; base of latter below middle or anterior third of dorsal. Caudal peduncle If^y to 1 times as long as deep. Scales longitudinally striated, 28-30 ^r, 21-3 between lateral line and root of ventral, 12 round 4 caudal peduncle. FIG. 51. Barbus giinningi. . Colour (of preserved specimens), dark yellowish brown above, lighter beneath. One specimen, 238 mm. in length, from Thabina River, Transvaal. Six specimens, ranging from 142-265 mm. in length, from Pienaars River, Transvaal. One specimen, 202 mm. in length, from Six-mile Spruit, Pretoria District, Transvaal. 22. BARBUS SWIERSTR^;, n. sp. Depth of body 3f to 3' times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 4 to 4 r 3 ^ times. Snout blunt, 2f to 3 times in length of head ; eye 5^- to 5| times in length of head, interorbital width 2f to 2f times ; mouth inferior, its width 2f to 2 times in length of head ; lips moderate, lower with a small mental lobe, lower jaw rather sharp-edged. Two barbels on each side, sub-equal or posterior the longer, ^ to about as long as eye. Snout and head covered with minute tubercles, Dorsal iv 9 ; equally distant from eye and from root of caudal, border slightly concave ; last simple ray slightly enlarged, bony, The Freshwater Fishes of South Africa. 393 segmented down to basal third, nearly as long as head. Anal iii 5 ; reaching caudal. Pectoral to -f^ length of head, not reaching ventral; base of latter below middle of dorsal. Caudal peduncle Ii to 1^- times as long as deep. Scales longitudinally striated, 28-30-1, 2 between lateral line and ventral, 12 round caudal peduncle. FIG. 52. Barbus sn-ierxtref. . Colour (of preserved specimens), dark brown above, yellowish on sides and belly. One specimen, 310 mm. in length, from Thabina River, Transvaal ; One specimen, 258 mm. in length, from Dwaars River, Transvaal ; One specimen, 231 mm. in length, from Magalies River, Transvaal ; One specimen, 223 mm. in length, from Pienaars River, Transvaal (C. J. Swierstra). * 23. BARBUS ALTIDORSALIS, Blgr. Bouleng., Ann. and Mag. N.H. (8), ii., 1908, p. 493, and Cat. Fresh. Fish. Afr., ii., p. 101, fig. 80 (1911). " Depth of body 3 times in total length, length of head 4f times. Snout rounded, 3i times in length of head, with small nuptial tubercles on its sides ; eye 5 times in length of head, interorbital width 2| times ; mouth inferior, its width 3 times in length of head ; lips thick, lower continuous across chin ; two barbels on each side, equal, diameter of eye. Dorsal iii 9 ; equally distant from eye and from caudal ; border 394 Annals of the South African Museum. deeply notched behind third branched ray ; last simple ray not enlarged, smooth, anterior branched rays also much elongate, If times length of head. Anal iii 5 ; reaching beyond root of caudal. Pectoral a little longer than head, not reaching ventral ; base of latter below middle of dorsal. Caudal peduncle 1 times as long as FIG. 53. Barbus altidorsalis. -J. deep. Scales longitudinally striated, 28 j|, 2 between lateral line and ventral, 12 round caudal peduncle. Brownish above, the scales darker at the base, pink on the sides, white beneath ; fins yellow, blackish towards the edge. Total length 360 millim. Upper Zambezi." 24. BARBUS RHODESIANUS, Blgr. Bouleng., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1902, ii., p. 14, pi. ii., fig. 2, Mem. Manchest. Philos. Soc., Ii., 1907, No. 12, p. 2, and Cat. Fresh. Fish. Afr., ii., p. 95, fig. 74 (1911). " Depth of body 3J to 3f times in total length, length of head 4 to 4f times. Snout rounded, ^ length of head ; eye 3f to 4^ times in length of head, interorbital width 2^ times; mouth inferior, its TJie Freshwater Fishes of South Africa. 395 width 3ij to 4 times in length of head ; lower jaw with angular edge ; lips thin, lower restricted to the sides ; two barbels on each side, sub-equal, about ^ diameter of eye. Dorsal iii 8-9 ; equally distant from eye and from root of caudal, border notched ; last simple ray not enlarged, flexible, smooth, f to f length of head. Anal ii 5 ; nearly reaching caudal. Pectoral a little shorter than head, not reaching ventral, the base of which is FIG. 54. narbus rhodesiinnts. below middle of dorsal. Caudal peduncle l- to H times as long as deep. Scales longitudinally striated, 30-32 j|, 2^-3 between lateral line and ventral, 12 round caudal peduncle. Dark olive-brown above, silvery below ; fins dark. Total length 280 millim. Mashonaland, N.E. Khodesia (Zambesi System)." 25. BARBUS VICTORIAE, Blgr. Bouleng., Ann. and Mag. N.H. (8), ii., 1908, p. 492, and Cat. Fresh. Pish. Air., ii., p. 96, fig. 75 (1911). " Depth of body 3 times in total length, length of head 4 times. Snout rounded, length of head ; eye 5 times in length of head, interorbital width 2^- times ; mouth inferior, its width 3 times in length of head ; lower jaw with a nearly straight sharp edge, covered with a thin horny sheath ; lips rather thick, papillose, lower re- stricted to the sides ; two barbels on each side, anterior , posterior ^ diameter of eye. Dorsal iv 8 ; equally distant from eye and from root of caudal, border concave ; last simple ray not enlarged, flexible, smooth, 1^ times length of head. Anal iii 5 ; nearly reaching caudal. Pectoral as long as head, not reaching ventral, the base of which is below 396 Annals of the South African Museum. middle of dorsal. Caudal peduncle as long as deep. Scales longi- tudinally striated, 30-31 round caudal peduncle. 2| between lateral line and ventral, 12 FIG. 55. Barbus victoriae. 1 Pinkish brown above, each scale blackish at the base ; pinkish white beneath ; fins dark grey. Total length 320 millim. Upper Zambezi. Gorge below Victoria Falls, Zambezi Eiver (A. Stephenson)." 26. BAKBUS NASUTUS. (" Morobe ".) Varicorhinus nasutus, Gilchr. and Thomp., Ann. and Mag. N.H., viii., 1911, p. 477. Depth of body 3fV times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 4 T %- times. Width of head about f its length ; snout pointed and prominent, 3 times diameter of eye and a little shorter than postocular portion of head ; eye lateral, 7 times in length of head and 3| times in interorbital width ; width of mouth 2 T 3 <, times in length of head ; lips moderately developed, lower restricted to the sides ; lower jaw with a sharp edge ; rostral flap pointed and over- laps symphysis of upper jaw ; a double row of papillae behind pre- The Freshwater Fishes of South Africa. 397 maxillary. Two barbels on each side, the posterior longer than anterior and diameter of eye. Dorsal iv 9 ; border slightly emarginate ; last simple ray not enlarged, flexible, smooth, ^ length of head and, as well as the first 2 branched rays, has a skinny flap on each side along the greater part of the posterior edge. Anal iii 5 ; similar to dorsal, reaches base of caudal. Pectoral a little more than length of head and not reaching to ventral, which is inserted below posterior half or middle of dorsal. Caudal forked ; caudal peduncle 1 7 1 times as long as deep. Scales longitudinally striated, 30^, lateral line very in- distinct anteriorly and marked on posterior half of body by small round holes ; 3 rows of scales between lateral line and ventral, FIG. 56. Barbus nasutus. %. 12 round caudal peduncle. The scales on the body are very large, those below posterior margin of dorsal being the largest and more than twice diameter of eye ; scales on the belly much smaller ; head entirely scaleless. Colour (of preserved specimen), bluish above, flesh-coloured below. One specimen, 482 mm. in length, from the gorge below Victoria Falls, Zambezi River (P. W. Sykes). One specimen, 360 mm. in length, from Sabi River, Transvaal (J. S. Hamilton). 27. BARBUS SABIENSIS, n. sp. Depth of body 31 to 3| times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 4 to 4-^ times. Snout rounded, feebly projecting, 2-| 398 Annals of the South African Museum. to 2f times in length of head, eye 41 to 5 times, interorbital width 2 to 2^ times ; mouth inferior, its width 2 to 3J times in length of head ; lips thin, lower restricted to the sides, lower jaw with an angular edge. Two barbels, anterior f to diameter of eye, posterior T % to slightly longer than eye. Dorsal iv 9 ; originating in advance of ventrals, equally distant from nostrils or eye and from root of caudal, upper border concave ; last simple ray very slightly enlarged, bony, segmented down to its basal third, about as long as head. Anal iii 5 ; reaching or scarcely reaching caudal. Pectoral i to T ^ length of head, not reaching ventral, the base of which is below middle of dorsal. Caudal peduncle 1^ to 1| times as long as deep. Scales large, with slightly wavy longitudinal striations, 28-30 ^| 2^-3 between lateral line and ventral, 12 round caudal peduncle. Colour (of preserved specimens), dark or reddish brown above, silvery beneath ; dorsal and caudal with a greenish tinge. Two specimens, 368 mm., 205 mm., in length respectively, from Sabi Eiver, Transvaal (J. S. Hamilton). One specimen, 218 mm. in length, from Magalies Eiver, Transvaal (C. J. Swierstra). Two specimens, 148 mm., 128 mm. in length respectively, from Malalane, Transvaal (Eev. F. A. Eogers). This species closely resembles B. rJiodcsianus. 28. BARBUS SEEBEBI, n. sp. FIG. 57. Barbus seeberi. -j~. ^ Depth of body 3J to 4^ times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 3 to 4 times. Snout rounded, feebly projecting The Freshwater Fishes of South Africa. 399 beyond mouth, 2f to 3^ times in length of head; eye supero-lateral, 4^ to 5 times in length of head, interorbital width 3^ to 4 times ; lips moderate, lower interrupted on chin. Two barbels on each side, posterior the longer, | to as long as eye. Dorsal iv 9 ; equally distant from occiput and from root of caudal, border concave ; last simple ray not enlarged, flexible, segmented, not serrated, f to i length of head. Anal iii 5 ; not reaching caudal. Pectoral f to f length of head, not reaching ventral; base of latter below middle of dorsal. Caudal peduncle If times to nearly twice as long as deep. Scales longitudinally striated, 41-44 ?|, 4-5 between lateral line and ventral, 16-18 round caudal peduncle. Colour (of preserved specimens), silvery grey, darker above than below. Three specimens, ranging from 95-102 mm. in length, from Olifants Eiver, Cape Province (Dr. Seeber). 29. BARBUS FAIRBAIKNII, Blgr. Bouleng., Ann. and Mag. N.H. (8), ii., 1908, p. 493, and Cat. Fresh. Fish. Afr., ii., p. 97, fig. 76 (1911). FIG. 58. Barbus ftiirbairnii. ^. Depth of body 3 T 7 ^ times in total length excluding caudal, length of head nearly 4| times. Snout obtusely pointed, covered with horny tubercles on top and sides, 2i times in length of head ; eye 6J times in length of head, interorbital width 2-^ times ; mouth 400 Annals of the South African Museum. inferior, its width 2f times in length of head ; lips moderate, lower restricted to the sides. Two barbels on each side, sub-equal, posterior | diameter of eye. Dorsal iii 8 ; equally distant from eye and from root of caudal, border feebly concave ; last simple ray not enlarged, smooth, nearly as long as head. Anal iii 5 ; reaching caudal. Pectoral -$ length of head, not reaching ventral ; base of latter below middle of dorsal. Caudal peduncle If times as long as deep. Scales longitudinally striated, 33 , 2-| between lateral line and ventral, 14 round caudal peduncle. Colour (of preserved specimen), brown, darker above than below ; scales dark at the base. One specimen, 445 mm. in length, from Zambezi Eiver (A. Stephenson). : 30. BARBUS CODEINGTONII, Blgr. Bouleng., Ann. and Mag. N.H. (8), ii., 1908, p. 492, and Cat. Fresh. Fish. Afr., ii., p. 98, fig. 77 (1911). FIG. 59. Barbus coilringtonii. ^. " Depth of body 3 times in total length, length of head 4 times. Snout rounded, 1 length of head ; eye 6 times in length of head, interorbital width 2 times ; mouth inferior, its width 3 times in The Freshwater Fishes of South Africa. 401 length of head ; lips moderately developed, lower broadly interrupted on chin ; two barbels on each side, anterior |-, posterior - diameter of eye. Dorsal iii 9 ; equally distant from eye and from root of caudal, border concave ; last simple ray not enlarged, flexible, smooth, 1^ times as long as head. Anal iii 5 ; reaching caudal. Pectoral as long as head, not reaching ventral ; base of latter below middle of dorsal. Caudal peduncle slightly longer than deep. Scales longitu- dinally striated, 32 ^|, 2 between lateral line and ventral, 12 round 4g caudal peduncle. Brown above, the scales blackish at the base, pink on the sides, white beneath ; dorsals and ventrals yellow. Total length 390 millim. Upper Zambezi." 31. BAKBUS TBIMACULATUS, Peters. Barbus trimaculatus, Peters, Berl. Ac., 1852, p. 683, and Reise Mossamb., iv., p. 55, pi. xi., fig. 4 (1868) ; Giinth., Cat. Fish., vii., pp. 106 and 483 (1868), and Proc. Zool. Soc., 1893, p. 619; Steindr., Sitzb. Ak. Wien, ciii., i., 1894, p. 452 ; M. Weber, Zool. Jahrb. Syst., x., 1897, p. 151; Bouleng., Cat. Fresh. Fish. Afr., ii., p. 104, fig. 82 (1911). Barbus breijeri, M. Weber, t.c., p. 154. Barbus katanga, Bouleng., Ann. Mus. Congo Zool., i., p. 132, pi. xlix., fig. 1 (1900), and Poiss., Bass. Congo, p. 224 (1901). Barbus decipiens, Bouleng., Ann. and Mag. N.H. (7), xix., 1907, p. 492. Depth of body 3 to 5 times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 33- to 4| times. Snout rounded, as long as or a little longer than the eye in adult ; eye 3^ to 4^ times in length of head, interorbital width 2 to 3f times ; mouth sub-inferior, with lips feebly developed and interrupted on chin. Two barbels on each side, anterior f to \\ times diameter of eye, posterior f to If times. Dorsal iii 8 (rarely iii 7) ; equally distant from anterior margin or third of eye and from root of caudal, border slightly concave ; last simple ray strong, bony, not serrated, nearly straight or slightly curved, f to 1^ times length of head. Anal iii 5 ; not reaching caudal. Pectoral i- to once length of head, not reaching ventral; base of latter below or partly in front of anterior rays of dorsal. Caudal peduncle li to 2^ times as long as deep. Scales radiately 29 402 Annals of the South African Museum. striated, 30-34 , 3-4 between lateral line and ventral, 14-16 round o caudal peduncle. Colour (of preserved specimens), brown above, yellowish or silvery on sides and belly ; the markings are subject to considerable variation. Usually there are 3 more or less distinct roundish or bar- like spots on the body, the first 2 above the lateral line and situated one in front and one behind base of dorsal, the third is at the base of the caudal fin and is traversed by the lateral line. These spots may sometimes be almost or entirely indistinguishable, or may be reduced to 1 at the base of the caudal only ; they may all 3 be con- nected by a dark band, or the last 2 only may thus be joined, sometimes a narrow dark line only traverses the 3 spots. Forty-two specimens, ranging from 54-107 mm. in length, from Dwaars Eiver, Transvaal. FIG. 60. Bctrbus trimaculatus. Three specimens, ranging from 74-85 mm. in length, from spruit at Pietersburg, Transvaal. Three specimens, ranging from 73-96 mm. in length, from Six- mile Spruit, Transvaal. Four specimens, ranging from 73-80 mm. in length, from Apjes Eiver, Transvaal. Two specimens, 64 mm., 87 mm. in length respectively, from Johannesburg, Transvaal. Five specimens, ranging from 71-86 mm. in length, from Thabeni and Letsetelli Eivers, Zoutpansberg District, Transvaal. One specimen, 83 mm. in length, from Manzemntonto Eiver, Transvaal (J. S. Hamilton). Three specimens, ranging from 70-76 mm. in length, from Sabi Eiver, Transvaal (Major Stevenson Hamilton). Numerous specimens, ranging from 40-126 mm. in length, from Ngwanetzi Eiver, Transvaal (J. S. Hamilton). The Freshwater Fishes of South Africa. 403 Twenty-one specimens, ranging from 72-116 mm. in length, from Pienaars Kiver, Transvaal (C. J. Swierstra). Four specimens, ranging from 61-80 mm. in length, from Magalies Kiver, Transvaal (C. J. Swierstra). Three specimens, ranging from 60-74 mm. in length, from White Kiver, Nelspoort, Transvaal (A. T. Cooke). One specimen, 62 mm. in length, from Olifants River, Lydenburg District, Transvaal. Four specimens, ranging from 81-96 mm. in length, from Kafue Kiver (tributary of the Zambezi) (J. Drury). Five specimens, ranging from 44-52 mm. in length, from Umsindusi Kiver, Mbombe District, Zululand. (Pietermaritzburg Museum). One specimen, 85 mm. in length, locality unknown. This fish is also reported from Southern Angola. 32. BARBUS SERKA, Peters. (Fresh-water Snoek.) Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac., 1864, p. 394 ; Giinth., Cat. Fish., vii., p. 94 (1868) ; Bouleng., Cat. Fresh. Fish. Afr., ii., p. 114, fig. 91 (1911). Depth of body 4 to 5 T \j- times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 3 to 3f times. Snout rounded, fa to f length of FIG. 61. Barbies serra. head; eye 3 to 6 times in length of head, interorbital width 3 to 4 times; mouth terminal, its width 3? to 4f times in length of head ; lips moderate, interrupted on the chin. Two barbels on each side, equal, 1 to 1|- times diameter of eye. 404 Annals of the South African Museum. Dorsal iv 8 ; equally distant from gill-opening and from root of caudal, border slightly concave; last simple ray very strong, bony, strongly serrated, serrated portion f to f length of head. Anal iii 5 ; not reaching caudal. Pectoral f to | length of head, nearly reaching ventral ; root of latter entirely in advance of dorsal. Caudal peduncle 2 to 2^ times as long as deep. Scales radiately striated, 42-43 7 -^, 4-5 between lateral line and ventral, 20 round caudal peduncle. Colour (of preserved specimens), darkish brown above, lighter beneath, or silvery with a dark shade above ; some specimens have irregular dark patches or blotches on the body. Dr. Seeber, who supplied the specimens from Olifants Eiver, states that when alive they were of a golden colour with a black stripe on sides ; both sexes being of the same colour, but the male easily distinguished by its larger head. They are said to grow to a length of 2-J feet. Four specimens, ranging from 94 to 162 mm. in length, from Olifants Eiver, Transvaal (Dr. Seeber). Three specimens, ranging from 50-85 mm. in length, from Olifants Eiver, Clanwilliam, Cape Province (C. J. Leipoldt). 33. BAEBUS PALUDINOSUS, Peters. Barbus paludinosus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac., 1852, p. 683, and Eeise Mossamb., iv., p. 51, pi. xi., fig. 1 (1868) ; Gunth., Cat. Fish., viii., p. 102 (1868) ; Bouleng., Cat. Fresh. Fish. Afr., ii., p. 115, fig. 92 (1911) ; M. Weber, Zool. Jahr. Syst., x., 1897, p. 151. Barbus welwitschii, Gunth., t.c., p. 101. Barbus vincigucrrai, Pfeiff., Thierw. 0-Afr. Fische, p. 62 (1896). Barbus macropristis , Bouleng., Ann. and Mag. N.H. (7), xiii., 1904, p. 449, and Fish. Nile, p. 241, pi. xlvi , fig. 2 (1907). Barbus macropristis meruensis, Lonnb., Kilim.-Meru Exped. Fish., p. 3 (1907). Depth of body 3i to 4^ times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 3 to 4 times. Snout rounded, about as long as the eye, which is 3| to 4J times in length of head ; interorbital width 2|- to 3J times in length of head ; mouth terminal or sub-inferior, its width 3 to 4 times in length of head ; lips feebly developed. Two barbels on each side, anterior ^ to f diameter of eye, posterior f to li times. Dorsal iii 7 ; equally distant from eye or occiput and from root of caudal, border straight or slightly concave ; last simple ray very strong, bony, strongly serrated, f to T %- length of head. Anal iii 5 ; The Freshwater Fishes of South Africa. 405 not reaching caudal. Pectoral f to -^ length of head, reaching or nearly reaching ventral ; base of latter entirely in advance of dorsal. Caudal peduncle If to 2| times as long as deep. Scales radiately striated, 33-36 1=^, 3-4 between lateral line and ventral, 16-18 OBOS round caudal peduncle. Colour (of preserved specimens), yellowish brown, darker on the back than beneath, or silvery with a dark back; in many specimens there is a more or less distinct dark lateral streak from above origin of lateral line to base of caudal and the upper half of head and opercles is dark. Five specimens, ranging from 48-76 mm. in length, from Potchef- stroom, Transvaal. FIG. 62. Rarlniit paludinosus. Four specimens, ranging from 48-71 mm. in length, from Little Olifants Eiver, Middelburg, Transvaal. Five specimens, ranging from 54-64 mm. in length, from Molopo River, Transvaal. Two specimens, 57 mm., 63 mm. in length respectively, from Pretoria Zoological Gardens, Transvaal. Three specimens, ranging in length from 54-60 mm., from spruit at Pietersburg, Transvaal. Numerous specimens from the Sabi, and Ngwanetzi Rivers ; also from the Mamzernntonto River, Transvaal (J. S. Hamilton). Four specimens, ranging from 41-49 mm. in length, from Insiza, Rhodesia (G. French). It is also reported from East Africa to Angola, Orange River, Natal ; and, teste Schultze, has been found at Lobatsi, Bechu- aualand. 406 Annals of the South African Museum. 34. BARBUS BKOOKINGI, n. sp. Depth of body 3f times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 4 times. Snout blunt, 3* times in length of head ; eye 4i times in length of head, interorbital width 3-j} times ; mouth small, sub- inferior, its width 3f- times in length of head ; lips thick, lower cleft in centre and jaw sharp-edged. Two barbels on each side, anterior nearly ^ diameter of eye, posterior . A groove across snout in front of nostrils. Dorsal iii 7 ; equally distant from eye and from root of caudal, border straight ; last simple ray feebly enlarged, feebly serrated at FIG. 63. Barbus lirookingi. ^-- distal extremity, curved, nearly f length of head. Anal iii 5 ; not reaching caudal. Pectoral nearly f length of head, not reaching ventral ; base of latter situated in advance of dorsal. Caudal ped- uncle 1^ times as long as deep. Scales radiately striated, 33 j|, 3| between lateral line and ventral, 14 round caudal peduncle. Colour (of preserved specimen), light yellowish brown ; a dark line from above origin of lateral line to base of caudal, ending in a small dark spot ; a dark line on back behind dorsal fin. One specimen, 92 mm. in length, from East London, Cape Pro vince (H. E. Brooking). 35. BAEBUS HAMILTON!, n. sp. Depth of body 3J to 3| times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 3| to 4 times. Snout rounded, 3 times in length of head, eye 3? to 4 times, interorbital width 3 to 3f times ; mouth sub- inferior, its width 3 to 3f times in length of head ; lips moderately The freshwater Fishes of South Africa. 407 developed, lower continuous across chin. Two barbels on each side, anterior f- to f diameter of eye, posterior i to as long as eye. Dorsal iii 8 ; equally distant from middle or posterior border of eye and from root of caudal, upper border concave; last simple ray strong, bony, strongly serrated down to basal third, feebly curved, as long as or a little shorter than head. Anal iii 5 ; not reaching caudal. Pectoral / to length of head, not or scarcely reaching to ventral ; FIG. 64. Barbun hamiltoni. 3 2- base of latter slightly in advance of anterior rays of dorsal. Caudal peduncle If to If as long as deep. Scales radiately striated, 29-33 1|, 2i between lateral line and ventral, 16 round caudal peduncle. Colour (of preserved specimens), silvery, brownish above ; a faint dark lateral streak ; scales with dark borders. Three specimens, 67 mm., 68 mm., 72 mm. in length respectively, from Sabi Eiver, Transvaal (J. S. Hamilton). 36. BARBUS LONGICAUDA, Blgr. Barbus gibbosus (non C. and V.), Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac., 1852, p. 683; Giiath., Cat. Fish., vii., p. 101 (1868); Peters, Eeise Mos- samb., iv., p. 52, pi. xi., fig. 2 (1868). Barbus longicauda, Bouleng., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1905, i., p. 63, and Cat. Fresh. Fish. Afr., ii., p. 121, fig. 98 (1911). Depth of body 4 to 4^ times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 3^ to 3| times. Snout rounded, as long as the eye, which is 3 |r to 4 times in length of head, interorbital width 3 times ; mouth 408 Annals of the South African Museum. terminal ; lips moderate. Two barbels on each side, anterior -J- to f, diameter of eye, posterior about as long as eye. Dorsal iii 7 ; equally distant from eye and from root of caudal, border nearly straight ; last simple ray strong, bony, serrated, f to ; length of head. Anal iii 5 ; not reaching caudal. Pectoral f to f length of head, reaching or scarcely reaching to ventral ; first ray of latter slightly in advance of dorsal. Caudal peduncle 2 to 2i times as long as deep. Scales radiately striated, 35-37 ^|, 3 between lateral line and ventral, 14 round caudal peduncle. PIG. 65. Barbits lonflicaitda. Colour (of preserved specimens), pale brown, a little darker above than beneath. In the living state they were markedly paler in colour than specimens of B. anoplus found in the stream outside this same cave. Six specimens, ranging from 33-43 mm. in length, from a cave at Wonderfontein, Transvaal. It is also reported from the Lower Zambezi and Athi Eiver System, East Africa. I 37. BAKBUS RAPAX, Stdr. (Silver-fish.) Steind., Sitzb. Ak. Wien, ciii., i., 1894, p. 451, pi. iv., fig. 2 ; Bouleng., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1907, p. 307, and Cat. Fresh. Fish. Afr., ii., p. 119, fig. 95 (1911). Depth of body 3| to 4 times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 3^ to 3^ times. Snout rather pointed, 3^ to 3f times in length of head, eye 4 T 3 n to 6| times, interorbital width 3f to 4J times ; top of head depressed ; mouth terminal, its width 2*- to 4 times in length of head ; chin projecting (specially notable in large specimens) ; lips moderate, interrupted on chin. Two The Freshwater Fishes of South Afrini. 409 barbels on each side, anterior sometimes very feeble and 4- to i diameter of eye, posterior | to y 7 ^ diameter of eye. Dorsal iv 8 ; equally distant from centre of eye and from root of caudal, border slightly concave ; last simple ray strong, bony, strongly serrated, the serrated part f to f length of head. Anal iii 5 ; not reaching caudal. Pectoral ~ to f- length of head, not reaching ventral ; the latter situated below or partly in front of anterior rays of dorsal. Caudal peduncle If to twice as long as deep. Scales FIG. 66. Barlius rapax. radiately striated, 30-33 ^||, 2 to 3 between lateral line and ventral, 14 round caudal peduncle. Colour (of preserved specimens), brown on back, yellowish on sides and belly. Nine specimens, ranging from 56-240 mm. in length, from Dwaars River, Transvaal. Three specimens, 127-226 mm. in length, from Pienaars River, Transvaal (C. J. Swierstra). It is also reported from Eastern Bechuanaland (Limpopo System). : 38. BARBUS ARGENTEUS, Gunth. Giinth., Cat. Fish.,vii., p. 103 (1868); Bouleng., Boll. Mus. Torin., xi., 1896, No. 260, p. 2, and Cat. Fresh. Fish. Afr., ii., p. 136, fig. 113 (1911). " Depth of body 3 to 3^ times in total length, length of head 3^ to 4 times. Snout obtusely pointed, as long as eye, which is 3^ to 4 times 410 Annals of the South African Museum. in length of head ; interorbital width 3 to 3| times in length of head ; mouth sub-inferior, its width 3J to 4 times in length of head ; lips feebly developed ; barbels two on each side, posterior 1 to H times as long as eye, anterior a little shorter. Dorsal iii-iv 8 ; nearly equally distant from end of snout and from root of caudal, or a little nearer latter, border slightly concave ; last simple ray very strong, bony, strongly serrated, the serrated part f to 4 length of head. Anal iii 5; not reaching caudal. Pectoral \ to f FIG. 67. Burlni* tiri/eiitrii*. length of head, not quite reaching ventral ; latter below anterior rays of dorsal. Caudal peduncle 1^ to lj times as long as deep. Scales radiately striated, 29-33 ^|, 2|-3 between lateral line and ventral, 12-14 round caudal peduncle. Uniform silvery, back brownish. Total length 110 millirn. Angola ; Upper Zambezi." 39. BARBUS KERSTENII, Peters. Barbns kerstenii, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac., 1868, p. 601. Barbus nigrolinea, Pfeff., Jahrb. Hauib. Wiss. Aust., vi., 2, 1889, p. 19, and x., 2, 1893, p. 36, pi. 1, fig. 3. Barbus kerstenii, Bouleng., Cat. Fresh. Fish. Afr., ii., p. 130, fig. 107 (1911). Depth of body 3 T 9 o times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 3* times. Snout rounded, as long as the eye, which is 3 : i times in length of head, interorbital width 2 times ; mouth The Freshwater Fishes of South Africa. 411 terminal, its width 3J times in length of head ; lips thin. Two barbels on each side, anterior f diameter of eye, posterior a little longer than eye. Dorsal iii 7 ; equally distant from eye and root of caudal, border straight, last simple ray strong, bony, strongly serrated, its rigid part nearly as long as head. Anal iii 5 ; not reaching caudal. Pectoral length of head, reaching ventral ; base of latter almost entirely in advance of dorsal. Caudal peduncle twice as long as FIG. 68. liarlntx kerstenii. deep. Scales radiately striated, 26 % 2 between lateral line and ventral, 12 round caudal peduncle. Colour (of preserved specimen), reddish brown on back, silvery on belly ; a faint lateral streak on body, extending on to head ; a faint dark spot at base of dorsal. One specimen, 45 mm. in length, from Kornati Poort, Transvaal. It is also reported from Kilimanjaro and Masai Districts, German East Africa. 40. BAKBUS EUT^NIA, Blgr. Bar bus kessleri, Giinth., Cat. Fish., vii., p. 107 (1868). Barbus euttenia, Bouleng., Ann. and Mag. N.H. (7), xiv., 1904, p. 218, and Cat. Fresh. Fish. Air., ii., p. 131, fig. 108 (1911). Barbies miolepis, Bouleng., Mem. Manchest. Lit. and Phil. Soc., li., 1907, No. 12, p. 2. Depth of body 3 to 3 T V times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 3*- to 4 times. Snout rounded, as long as or slightly longer than the eye, which is 3J to 41 times in length of head, interorbital width 2^ to 3J times ; mouth terminal, its width 2* to 3f times in length of head ; lips feebly developed. Two barbels on each side, sub-equal or posterior a little longer than anterior and 1 to 1} times diameter of eye. Dorsal iii 7 ; situated midway between eye or occiput and root of caudal, border straight ; last simple ray strong, bony, strongly 412 Annals of the South African Museuin. serrated, its rigid part f to f length of head. Anal iii 5 ; not reaching caudal. Pectoral to f length of head, not reaching ventral ; base of latter partly in advance of dorsal. Caudal peduncle 1-| to If times as long as deep. Scales radiately striated, 24-26 ^|, 2-2| between lateral line and ventral, 12 round caudal peduncle. Colour (of preserved specimens), light yellowish brown, darker above than below ; an indistinct, straight, darkish lateral band FIG. 69. BarhuA eutceniu. sometimes extending from end of snout through eye to caudal ; a darkish spot at base of dorsal fin. Pour specimens, ranging from 52-66 mm. in length, from White River, Nelspoort, Transvaal (A. T. Cooke). One specimen, 52 mm. in length, from Olifants River, Pretoria District (Pretoria Museum). It is also reported from Angola and Rhodesia. 41. BARBUS CAPENSIS, A. Smith. (Witte-visch, Whitefish, Baardman or Bartman). Barbus (Cheilobarbus) capensis, A. Smith, 111. Zool. S. Afr. Fish., pi. x., fig. 1 (1841). Barbus capensis, Giinth., Cat. Fish., vii., p. 98 (1868); Bouleng. Cat. Fresh. Fish. Afr., ii., p. 123, fig. 100 (1911). Depth of body 3f to 4| times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 3f to 3f times. Snout rounded, 2i to 2f times in length of head, eye 5 to 7 times, interorbital width 3i to 3| times ; mouth terminal or sub-inferior, its width 3| to 4| times in length of The Freshwater Fishes of South Africa. 413 head ; lips well developed, interrupted on chin. Two barbels on each side, sub-equal, 1 to l/^ diameter of eye. Dorsal iii 8 ; equally distant from eye and from root of caudal, or a little nearer to the latter, border slightly concave ; last simple ray strong, bony, serrated, the serrated portion f to i length of head. Anal iii 6 ; not reaching caudal. Pectoral f to length of head, not reaching ventral ; base of latter below middle of dorsal Caudal peduncle 1^ to lj times as long as deep. Scales radiately striated, 39-40 ^y^, 4 between lateral line and ventral, 16 round caudal Dg peduncle. Colour (of preserved specimens), dark brown above, lighter beneath. FIG. 70. Barbus capenais. Four specimens, ranging from 194-270 mm. in length, from Breede Kiver, Goudini Eoad, Cape Province (D. W. Manning). Two specimens, 226 mm., 154 mm. in length respectively, from Dwaars River, Ceres, Cape Province (C. A. E. Breet). One specimen, 96 mm. in length, from Zonder End Eiver, Caledon, Cape Province. One specimen, 170 mm. in length, from Natal (Durban Museum). This fish is said to be very plentiful at times in the Breede Eiver, ascending the stream in shoals during the spawning season the latter part of November and rising freely to an artificial fly, though worms, grasshoppers, &c., are the usual lure. To the angler it affords good sport, but it is not much esteemed for eating, the flesh being somewhat tasteless and the bones trouble- some. 414 Annals of the South African Museum. 42. BAKBUS TEEVELYANI, Giinth. Gunth., Ann. and Mag. N.H. (4), xix., 1877, p. 313 ; Bouleng., Cat. Fresh. Fish. Afr., ii., p. 143, fig. 119 (1911). Depth of body 3| to 4 T ' ff times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 3f to 4J times. Snout rounded, 3 to 3| times in length of head ; eye 4 to 4| times in length of head, interorbital width 2| to 2f times ; mouth small, inferior ; lips moderate. A single barbel on each side, | to f diameter of eye. Dorsal iii 7 ; equally distant from middle of eye and from root of caudal, border straight ; last simple ray rather strong, bony, finely FIG. 71. Barbus trevelyani. serrated on its upper part only, the rigid portion of ray T " o to T ^ length of head. Anal iii 5 ; not reaching caudal. Pectoral about |- length of head, not reaching ventral ; base of latter partly or almost entirely in front of dorsal. Caudal peduncle If to nearly twice as long as deep. Scales radiately striated, 33-36 ^E^, 3-4 between lateral line and ventral, 14 round caudal peduncle. Colour (of preserved specimens), brown, dark above and lighter beneath ; a dark streak on each side from above origin of lateral line to a round dark spot at root of caudal. Seven specimens, ranging from 68-82 mm. in length, from Buffalo River, King William's Town, Cape Province. 43. BAKBUS SEBRULA, n. sp. Depth of body 3f times in total length excluding caudal ; length of head 3| times. Snout rounded, 3f times in length of head ; eye The Freshwater Fishes of South Africa. 415 5^- times, interorbital width 4i times ; mouth terminal, its width 3f times in length of head ; lips feebly developed. A single barbel on each side, f diameter of eye. Dorsal iii 8 ; equally distant from eye and from root of caudal, border slightly concave ; last simple ray strong, bony, straight, strongly serrated in its upper half, its rigid part f length of head. Anal iii 5 ; not reaching caudal. Pectoral nearly length of head, FIG. 72. Barbtis xerrula. V- scarcely reaching ventral ; base of latter below anterior rays of dorsal. Caudal peduncle li times as long as deep. Scales radiately striated, 31 , 2i between lateral line and ventral, 16 round caudal *2 "* peduncle. Colour (of preserved specimen), reddish brown above, silvery on sides and belly. One specimen, 116 mm. in length, from Pienaars Eiver, Trans- vaal (C. J. Swierstra). 44. BABBUS VULNEEATUS, Cast. ? Barbus gobionoides, Cuv. and Val., Hist. Poiss., xvi., p. 189 (1842). Gnathendalia vulnerata, Casteln., Mem. Poiss. Air. Austr., p. 57 (1861). Barbus multimaculatus, Steindr., Sitzb. Ak. Wien, Ixi., i., 1870, p. 633, pi. iii., fig. 2. 416 Annals of the South African Museum. Barbus vulneratus, Bouleng., Ann. and Mag. N.H. (7), xvi., 1905, p. 45, and Cat. Fresh. Fish. Afr., ii., p. 148, fig. 125 (1911): Depth of body about equals length of head, which is 34 to 4 times in total length excluding caudal. Snout rounded, 3 to 4 times in length of head ; eye 4 to 5^ times in length of head, interorbital width 3 to 3?- times; mouth small, inferior; lips moderate. Two barbels on each side, posterior longer than anterior, and 4 to 1| times diameter of eye. Dorsal iii 7 ; equally distant from nostrils, eye, or occiput and from root of caudal, border straight ; last simple ray not enlarged, not serrated, | to ^ length of head. Anal iii 5 ; not reaching caudal. Pectoral | to f length of head, not reaching ventral; base of latter ,v. '"^^^f^^^PW^^ HWB8PR#?C|$^ Mil* ,_, -, . .I...*' 'A .''- ' . -' ' "/"'' '*..'. '" -I !''':? w&f^w n ^ ' "" ; ^i^, v ^i^^8 :( .-'Sii^^ FIG. 73. Barbus vulneratus. wholly or partly anterior to dorsal. Caudal peduncle If times to twice as long as deep. Scales radiately striated, 32-34^-^, 3i-4| between lateral line and ventral, 12-14 round caudal peduncle. Colour (of preserved specimens), brown above, lightish beneath ; a dark streak or spot through scales forming a longitudinal streak from origin of lateral line to caudal. Four specimens, ranging from 42 to 67 mm. in length, from Yokeskei Eiver (tributary of the Crocodile Eiver), Transvaal. Three specimens, ranging from 60-73 mm. in length, from Baakens Eiver, Port Elizabeth, Cape Provinces (Port Elizabeth Museum). Two specimens, 52 mm., 78 mm. in length respectively, from Zwartkops Eiver, Port Elizabeth, Cape Province. It is recorded also from Zonder Einde Eiver, Cape Province. The Freshwater Fishes of South Africa. 417 45. BARBUS MOTEBENSIS, Stdr. Steind., Sitzb. Ak. Wien, ciii., i., 1894, p. 453, pi. ii., fig. 2, and Bouleng., Cat. Fresh. Fish. Afr., ii., p. 147, tig. 123 (1911). " Depth of body equal to length of head, about 3i times in total length. Snout rounded, 3 times in length of head ; eye 4*- times in length of head, interorbital width 3 times ; mouth small, sub- inferior; two barbels on each side, anterior about i as long as posterior, which is a little longer than eye. Dorsal iii 7 ; equally distant from eye and from caudal, border convex ; last simple ray not enlarged, not serrated, nearly as long as FIG. 74. Barbus motebensix. head. Anal iii 5 ; not reaching caudal. Pectoral nearly as long as head, reaching ventral ; latter originating a little in advance of dorsal. Caudal peduncle nearly twice as long as deep. Scales radiately striated 32-33 ||, 4-4| between lateral line and ventral. A dark lateral streak from above lateral line to root of caudal ; a dark spot at base of dorsal. Total length 90 millim. Motebe Eiver, Upper Notuany Eiver, Marico District. Transvaal." 46. BARBUS BURCHELLI, A. Smith. Barbus (Pseudobarbus] burchelli, A. Smith, 111. Zool. S. Afr. Fish., pi. xi., fig. 1 (1840). Barbus burchelli, M. Weber, Zool. Jahrb. Syst., x., 1897, p. 153 ; and Bouleng., Cat. Fresh. Fish. Afr., ii., p. 146, fig. 122 (1911). Depth of body 3i to 41 times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 3^ to 4!> times. Snout rounded, 2| to 3* times in 418 Annals of the South African Museum. length of head, eye 4 to 5f times, interorbital width 2f to 3f times ; mouth inferior, lips moderate. Two barbels on each side, anterior % to 1 diameter of eye, posterior f to If. A row of small pores from nostrils round each orbit to origin of lateral line on each side, con- nected by a row across occiput. In one specimen there are pearl- like tubercles on the head. Dorsal iii 7 ; equally distant from eye or occiput and from root of caudal, border straight ; last simple ray not enlarged, not serrated, | to T 9 5 length of head. Anal iii 5 ; not reaching caudal. Pectoral f to A length of head, not reaching ventral ; base of latter below anterior rays of dorsal. Caudal peduncle If to 2-^ times as long as deep. Scales radiately striated, 33-38 ^p, 4 between lateral line and ventral, 12 round caudal peduncle. FIG. 75. Barbits burcl/cUi. Colour (of preserved specimens), brown, dark above and lighter beneath ; occasionally some of the scales are darker in the centre. Seven specimens, ranging from 72-104 mm. in length, from Eerste River, Stellenbosch, Cape Province (L. Pe'ringuey). Two specimens, 89 mm., 97 ram. in length respectively, from Eerste River, Stellenbosch, Cape Province (Dr. Kruger). Six specimens, ranging from 56-81 mm. in length, from Berg River, near Paarl, Cape Province (Mr. Brown). Two specimens, 72 mm., 75 mm. in length respectively, from Robertson, Cape Province (L. Keet). Three specimens, ranging from 53-80 mm. in length, locality unknown. The Frcshivater Fishes of South Africa. 419 47. BARBUS BURGI, Blgr. Bouleng., Cat. Fresh. Fish. Afr., ii., p. 147, fig. 124 (1911). Depth of body equal to or a little greater than length of head, 3-1 to 41 times in total length excluding caudal. Snout rounded, as long as the eye, which is 3J to 3f times in length of head ; inter- orbital width 3 to 3 times in length of head; mouth small, inferior; lips moderate. Two barbels on each side, anterior about | length of posterior, which is i to f diameter of eye. Dorsal iii 7 ; equally distant from eye and from root of caudal, border nearly straight ; last simple ray not enlarged, not serrated, FIG. 76.B(irhnH Imrrji. almost as long as head. Anal iii 5 ; not reaching caudal. Pectoral f length of head, nearly reaching to ventral ; base of latter below anterior rays of dorsal. Caudal peduncle 24- to 2J times as long as deep. Scales radiately striated, 31-33 ^, 3 between lateral line and ventral, 12 round caudal peduncle. Colour (of preserved specimens), dark brown above, lighter beneath ; an indistinct dark lateral band on posterior half of body. Three specimens, ranging from 50-55 mm. in length, from Berg River, near Paarl, Cape Province (Mr. Brown). 48. BARBUS GURNEYI, Giinth. Giinth., Cat. Fish., vii., p. 102 (1868), part. ; Bouleng., Ann. and Mag. N.H. (7), ix., 1902, p. 288, and Cat. Fresh. Fish. Afr., ii., p. 150, fig. 127 (1911). " Depth of body equal to or a little less than length of head, 3| to 3^ times in total length. Snout rounded, 3* to 3|- times in length of head; eye 3 A- (young) to 5 times in length of head, inter- 420 Annals of the South African Museum. orbital width 3 to 3^ times ; mouth, terminal ; lips moderate ; two barbels on each side, anterior | to f diameter of eye, posterior 1 to 1^ diameters. Dorsal iii 7 ; equally distant from eye and from caudal, border slightly convex ; last simple ray not enlarged, not serrated, f to | length of head. Anal iii 5 ; not reaching caudal. Pectoral f to f length of head, not reaching ventral ; base of latter below anterior FIG. 77. Barbus gurnei/i. rays of dorsal. Caudal peduncle If to 2 times as long as deep. Scales radiately striated, 31-35 g|^, H to 2| between lateral line and ventral, 12 round caudal peduncle. Brownish above, silvery beneath ; a rather indistinct dark streak from above origin of lateral line to root of caudal, where it may end in a small black spot. Total length 100 millim. Natal and Zululand." 49. BARBUS LINBOMACULATUS, Blgr. Bouleng., Ann. and Mag. N.H. (7), xi., 1903, p. 53, pi. v., fig. 3, and Cat. Fresh. Fish., Afr., ii., p. 159, fig. 136 (1911); Hilgend., Zool. Jahrb. Syst., xxii., 1905, p. 415. Depth of body equals length of head, which is 4 times in total length, excluding caudal. Snout rounded, as long as the eye, which is 4^ times in length of head ; interorbital width 2f times ; mouth small, sub-inferior; lips moderately developed. Two barbels on each side, anterior 1J times diameter of eye, posterior 1^ times. Dorsal iii 8; equally distant from middle of eye and root of caudal, border feebly concave ; last simple ray not enlarged, not serrated, The Freshwater Fishes of South Africa. 421 | length of head. Anal iii 5 ; not reaching caudal. Pectoral T 7 ^ length of head, not reaching ventral ; base of latter below anterior rays of dorsal. Caudal peduncle If times as long as deep. Scales radiately striated, 30 jj, 2i between lateral line and ventral, 12 round 4^ - 1 caudal peduncle. Colour (of preserved specimen), brownish, darker on the back ; a series of irregular black spots on each side, more or less connected * ># * ^^-SSs-i~^V:Aj i-V^l^-- V FIG. 78. Barbus lineomaculatus. by a dark lateral streak, all but the last spot being above the lateral line. One specimen, 34 mm. in length, from Insiza, Ehodesia (G. French). It is also reported from Lumi River, east side of Kilimanjaro, flowing into Lake Jipi ; and Bubu Eiver, Masailand, East Africa. 50. BARBUS VIVIPARUS, M. Web. M. Weber, Zool. Jahrb. Syst., x., 1897, p. 153 ; Bouleng., Cat. Fresh. Fish. Afr., ii., p. 170, fig. 147 (1911). Depth of body 4 T V times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 4-t times. Snout rounded, slightly less than diameter of eye, which is 3*- times in length of head ; interorbital width 3 times in length of head; mouth small, sub-inferior; lips thin. Two barbels on each side, anterior -| diameter of eye, posterior 1| times. Dorsal iii 8 ; equally distant from anterior margin of eye and from root of caudal, border straight; last simple ray not enlarged, but serrated, as long as head. Anal ii 5 ; not reaching caudal. Pectoral ^ length of head, not reaching ventral ; base of latter below anterior rays of dorsal. Caudal peduncle twice as long as deep. Scales radiately striated, 29**, 2| between lateral line and ventral, 12 round caudal peduncle. 422 Annals of the Sontli African Museum. Colour (of preserved specimen), light brown above, silvery beneath ; a dark streak from snout through eye meeting the lateral line, which is also dark, above the anal ; a dark spot on each side at base of anal and two minute dark spots at base of dorsal. FIG. 79. Barlus vloiparus. One specimen, 38 mm. in length, from Livingstone, Ehodesia (A. Stephenson). One specimen, 50 mm. in length, from the Sabi Eiver, Transvaal (J. S. Hamilton). It is also reported from Natal. 51. BARBUS UNIT^NIATUS, Gimth. Puntius vittatus (non Day), Steind., Verb, zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xvi., 1866, p. 767, pi. xvii. fig. 2. Barbus unitceniatus, Giinth., Zool. Eec., 1866, p. 151, and Cat. Fish., vii., p. 103 (1868) ; M. Weber, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., x., 1897, p. 151. Bouleng., Cat. Fresh. Fish. Afr., ii., p. 158, fig. 135 (1911). Depth of body 3 T 7 ^ to 4|- times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 3^ to 4 times. Snout rounded, as long as or shorter than eye, which is 3 to 3 It- times in length of head and equals interorbital width ; mouth small, sub-inferior, its width 3-i to 3?- times in length of head; lips moderate. Two barbels on each side, posterior longer than anterior and as long as or a little longer than eye. Dorsal iii 8 ; equally distant from middle of eye and from caudal, border straight or slightly concave ; last simple ray not enlarged, not serrated, nearly as long as head. Anal iii 5 ; not reaching caudal. Pectoral a little shorter than head, not reaching ventral ; base of latter below anterior rays of dorsal. Caudal peduncle If times to twice as long as deep. Scales radiately striated, 27-30 |^ The Freshwater Fishes of South Africa. 423 2 to 2| between lateral line and ventral, 12 round caudal peduncle. Colour (of preserved specimens), yellowish ; a silvery lateral ,' FIG. 80. Barbus uniUcitiatiis. streak, edged with black, terminating in a black spot on caudal peduncle ; the dark edging appears to extend faintly through gill- covers to point of snout, and is sometimes represented on the body by detached dark spots. Eight specimens, ranging from 33-35 mm. in length, from Sabi Eiver, Transvaal (J. S. Hamilton). This species is also reported from Angola, Zululand, and Natal. ;: 52. BAKBUS RADIATUS, Peters. Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac., 1853, p. 783, and Eeise Mossamb., iv., p. 56, pi. x., fig. 3 (1868) ; Bouleng., Fresh. Fish. Afr., ii., p. 155, tig. 132 (1911). 1 FIG. 81. Barbux radiatus. " Depth of body equal to length of head, 3| times in total length. Snout rounded, shorter than eye, which is 3 times in length of head 424 . Annals of the SoutJi African Museum. and equals interorbital width ; mouth inferior ; two barbels on each side, posterior a little longer than anterior and about f diameter of eye. Dorsal iii 8 ; equally distant from eye and from caudal, border straight ; last simple ray not enlarged, not serrated, as long as head. Anal iii 5; not reaching caudal. Pectoral a little shorter than head, reaching ventral ; base of latter below anterior rays of dorsal. Caudal peduncle about 1 times as long as deep. Scales radiately striated, 26-27 , 2 between lateral line and ventral. *a Silvery, back green. Total length 48 millim. Eevugo River, Lower Zambesi." 53. BARBUS LABIALIS, n. sp. Depth of body 3?- times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 4 times. Snout 3i times in length of head, eye 41- times, inter- orbital width 3i times ; mouth sub-inferior, 3| times in length of head ; lips moderate, upper produced into a median lobe about i diameter of eye in length. Two barbels on each side, anterior nearly as long as eye, posterior li times diameter of eye. .^^^-^- _ __.IIBF ^^m&^ FIG. 82. Barlus labialis. y. Dorsal iii 8 ; equally distant from nostrils and from root of caudal, border feebly concave ; last simple ray not enlarged, not serrated, nearly as long as head. Anal iii 5 ; not reaching caudal. Pectoral f length of head, not reaching ventral ; base of latter below anterior half of dorsal. Caudal peduncle 2| times as long as deep. Scales radiately striated, 35 p, 3^ between lateral line and ventral, 14 round caudal peduncle. The Freshwater Fishes of South Africa. 425 Colour (of preserved specimen), yellowish brown, darker above than below ; a dark lateral streak from border of preopercle to root of caudal. One specimen, 77 mm. in length, from Aapjes Eiver, Transvaal. 54. BARBUS MACRURUS, n. sp. Depth of body 3| to 4?- times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 4 to 4^ times. Snout rounded, as long as eye, which is 3J to 3| times in length of head; interorbital width 3 to 3 1 times in length of head; mouth sub-inferior, its width 3 to 4 times in length of head ; lips moderate. Two barbels on each side, anterior f to 1 diameter of eye, posterior 1 to If times. Dorsal iii 8 ; equally distant from nostrils or middle of eye and from root of caudal, border slightly concave ; last simple ray not enlarged, flexible, 1 to 1^ times length of head. Anal iii 5; not reaching caudal. Pectoral T 7 o to i length of head, not reaching FIG. 83. Barbus mac-runts. |. ventral ; base of latter behind anterior rays of dorsal. Caudal peduncle 2 to 2| times as long as deep. Scales radiately striated, 33-36 If, 3-3J? between lateralline and ventral, 14-16 round caudal "2 " peduncle. Colour (of preserved specimens), yellowish brown, darker above than below ; a dark lateral streak from preopercular border to root of caudal where it ends in a small dark spot ; extremity of dorsal fin blackish. Six specimens, ranging from 60-74 mm. in length, from Dwaars River, Transvaal. Six specimens, ranging from 47-70 mm. in length, from the Transvaal. l-Jli Annals of the South African Museum. ' 55. BARBUS INERMIS, Peters. Barbu* (Dangila) inermis, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac., 1852, p. 683. Barbiis iiicnnis, Giinth., Cat. Fish., vii., p. 103 (1868) ; Peters, Eeise Mossamb., iv., p. 54, pi. xi., fig. 3 (1868) ; Bouleng., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1907, p. 310, and Gat. Fresh. Fish. Afr., ii., p. 152, fig. 129 (1911). " Depth of body nearly equal to length of head, 3| to 4 times in total length. Snout rounded, as long as or a little longer than eye, which is 3J to 3| times in length of head ; interorbital width 2f to 3 times in length of head ; mouth small, sub-inferior ; lips moderate ; FIG. 84. Barbus inermix. two barbels on each side, posterior longer than anterior and i to | diameter of eye. Dorsal iv 8-9 ; equally distant from eye or snout and from caudal, border concave ; last simple ray not enlarged, not serrated, nearly as long as head. Anal iii 5 ; not reaching caudal. Pectoral a little shorter than head, not reaching ventral ; base of latter below middle of dorsal. Caudal peduncle 1^ to 2 times as long as deep. Scales with numerous feebly radiating striae ; :;: 29-31 ^jjp, 2^ to 3 between lateral line and ventral, 12 round caudal peduncle. Dark green or olive above, yellowish beneath ; fins pale green. Total length 100 millim. Lower Zambezi and Limpopo Systems." 56. BARBUS HEMIPLEUKOGKAMMA, Blgr. Bouleng., Cat. Fresh. Fish. Afr., ii., p. 150, fig. 126 (1911). Depth of body 3^ to 3 T 9 Q times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 3-} to 4y\ times. Snout rounded, about as long as the * "In this respect the scales of this species may be said to establish a link between the two divisions of the genus adopted in the present arrangement." The Freshwater Fishes of South Africa. 427 eye, which is 3| to 4^ times in length of head ; interorbital width 2| to 3^ times in length of head ; mouth small, terminal or sub-inferior ; lips moderately developed. Two barbels on each side, anterior i to 1 diameter of eye, posterior to H times. Dorsal iii 7-8 ; situated midway between eye and root of caudal, border straight ; last simple ray not enlarged, flexible and a little shorter than head. Anal ii 5 ; not reaching caudal. Pectoral - to f length of head, not reaching ventral ; base of latter below anterior rays of dorsal. Caudal peduncle 1-| times to twice as long as deep. Scales radiately striated, 27-29 ^, 2|-3 between lateral line and ventral, 12 round caudal peduncle ; lateral line incomplete, extending on the anterior 8 to 15 scales only. Colour (of preserved specimens), brownish, darker above than below ; a few round blackish spots forming a more or less regular "^ ?7??3gf, laatfifrv >'"^ FIG. 85. Barlnts henwplewrogramma. series along each side, a dark patch at base of anal and one or two small dark spots or irregular band on lower side of caudal peduncle. When alive the colouring is brilliant, dark along the back and a bright reddish coppery colour on sides, white ventrally, with about 6 dark dots along the region of the lateral line. Six specimens, ranging from 27-41 mm. in length, from Baakens Eiver, Port Elizabeth, Cape Province. Five specimens, ranging from 32-43 mm. in length, from Potchef- stroom, Transvaal. Two specimens, each 34 mm. in length, from the stream outside the cave at Wonderfontein, Transvaal. * 57. BAEBUS ASPER, Blgr. Bouleng., Cat. Fresh. Fish. Afr., ii., p. 176, fig. 154 (1911). " Depth of body 3f to 4^ times in total length, length of head 4 times. Snout rounded, 3 to 3 times in length of head ; eye 4 to 4| times in length of head, interorbital width 3 times ; mouth inferior; 428 Annals of the South African Muscii-tit-. lips moderate ; a single barbel on each side, as long as or slightly longer than eye ; upper surface of head of breeding male with spine- like tubercles, those on snout very large. Dorsal iii 7 ; equally distant from occiput and from caudal, border straight ; last simple ray not enlarged, not serrated, f to f length of head. Anal iii 5; not reaching caudal. Pectoral a little shorter than head, nearly reaching ventral in males, not in females ; base of ./ I v "ei'''''V?V'- **!.'?.'**"* '* FIG. 86. Barbus aspt'r. ventral below anterior rays of dorsal. Caudal peduncle lg to If times as long as deep. Scales radiately striated, 37-42 8 _f* g j, 5-6 between lateral line and ventral, 18-20 round caudal peduncle ; dorsal scales rough, with minute spinose nuptial tubercles. Brown above, whitish beneath, the scales on the sides darker in the centre ; an ill-defined dark lateral band. Total length 110 millim. Cape Colony." 58. BAKBUS ANOPLUS, M. Web. (Eooi-vlerk.) M. Weber, Zool. Jahrb. Syst., x., 1897, p. 151 ; Bouleng., Cat. Fresh. Fish. Afr., ii., p. 177, fig. 155 (1911). Depth of body 3J to 4| times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 3 to 4 times. Snout rounded, 3 to 4?, times in length of head, diameter of eye 3 to 5 times, interorbital width 2 T 7 o to 3^ times ; mouth terminal or sub-inferior ; lips moderate. A single barbel on each side, | (young) to l-- times diameter of eye. A row of pores round each orbit and thence to origin of lateral line. In some specimens the head, snout, cheeks, and chin, or the upper part of snout only, are covered with small whitish spine-like tubercles. The Freshwater Fishes of South Africa. 429 Dorsal iii 7 ; equally distant from eye or occiput and from root of caudal, border straight or feebly concave ; last simple ray not enlarged, not serrated, f to ^ length of head. Anal iii 5 ; not reach- ing caudal. Pectoral | to 4 length of head, not reaching ventral ; base of latter entirely or partly in front of dorsal, or below anterior rays. Caudal peduncle If to 21 times as long as deep. Scales radiately striated, 32-38 1|~-, 3| to 5 between lateral line and ventral, 14-16 round caudal peduncle. In some specimens the lateral line becomes very indistinct posteriorly. Colour (of preserved specimens) brownish above, lighter beneath ; a more or less distinct dark lateral streak from above origin of lateral line to root of caudal, sometimes ending in an indistinct dark spot. In some specimens, notably those from the Le Eoex and FIG. 87. Barbm anoplux. Grobelaars Eivers, there is a vivid blood-red spot at the base of the dorsal, anal, pectoral, and ventral fins, or some of them. Nine specimens, ranging from 21-88 mm. in length, from Le Eoex Eiver, Cango, near Oudtshoorn, Cape Province. Twelve specimens, ranging from 20-62 mm. in length, from Grobelaars Eiver, near Oudtshoorn, Cape Province. One specimen, 57 mm. in length, from Slaai Kraal, Grahamstown, Cape Province (Albany Museum). Sixteen specimens, ranging from 20-70 mm. in length, from Jackson's Drift, Klip Eiver, Transvaal. One specimen, 47 mm. in length, from dam at Modderfontein, Transvaal. Two specimens, 39 mm., 41 mm. in length respectively, from stream outside cave at Wonderfontein, Transvaal. Six specimens, ranging from 30-51 mm. in length, from Smithfield, Orange Eiver (1). P. Kannemeyer). 430 Annals of the South African Museum. Four specimens, ranging from 40-56 mm. in length, from Natal (J. Saunderson). 59. BAKBUS KARKENSIS, n. sp. Depth of body 3f times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 3^ times. Snout rounded, 3f times in length of head, eye 4f times, interorbital width 3f times ; mouth terminal, lips moderately developed ; a single barbel on each side, f diameter of eye ; a row of pores passing round each orbit from nostrils to upper margin of gill-openings and joined by a row across occiput. Dorsal iii 7 ; equally distant from eye and from root of caudal > border feebly concave ; last simple ray not enlarged, not serrated, % length of head. Anal ii 5 ; not reaching caudal. Pectoral T 7 -g- length of head, not reaching ventral ; base of latter below anterior rays of dorsal. Caudal peduncle If times as long as deep. Scales radiately striated, 36^, 5 between lateral line and ventral, 16 round caudal peduncle. Colour (of preserved specimen), brown, dark above, lighter below ; an indistinct lateral streak on body. One specimen, 64 mm. in length, from Karkloof, Natal. : 60. BAEBUS AFER, Peters. Barbies (Capoeta) afer, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac., 1864, p. 395. Barbus afer, Givnth., Cat. Fish., vii., p. 148 (1868), and Bouleng., Cat. Fresh. Fish. Afr., ii., p. 178, fig. 156 (1911). FIG. 88. Ilarlnts afer. "Depth of body equal to length of head, 4 times in total length. Snout rounded, as long as or a little shorter than eye, which is 3 to 3^ times in length of head ; interorbital width 3 times in length of head ; mouth small, inferior; lips moderate ; a single barbel on each side, \ to -f diameter of eye. Dorsal iii 7 ; equally distant from eye and from caudal, border The Freshwater Fishes of South Africa. 431 straight ; last simple ray not enlarged, not serrated, a little shorter than head. Anal iii 5 ; not reaching caudal. Pectoral a little shorter than head, sometimes reaching ventral ; base of latter originating slightly in advance of dorsal. Caudal peduncle twice as long as deep. Scales radiately striated, 28-31 1|> 3 between lateral line and ventral, 12 round caudal peduncle. Brown above, whitish beneath, with a rather indistinct dark lateral band on the posterior half of the body, more distinct on the caudal peduncle ; fins whitish. Total length 70 millim. Cape Colony." : 61. BARBUS ROGERS:, Blgr. Bouleng., Cat. Fresh. Pish. Afr., ii., p. 180, fig. 158 (1911). " Depth of body equal to length of head, 3| times in total length. Snout rounded, shorter than eye, which is 2f times in length of head ; interorbital width 3 times in length of head ; mouth very small, inferior ; lips moderate ; barbels absent or a single minute one on each side. Dorsal iii 8 ; equally distant from anterior border of eye and from caudal, border straight ; last simple ray not enlarged, not serrated, as long as head. Anal iii 5 ; not reaching caudal. Pectoral f- length of FIG. 89. Barbit* rogerxi. head, not reaching ventral ; base of latter below anterior rays of dorsal. Caudal peduncle H times as long as deep. Scales radiately striated, 27-28 j^, 2 between lateral line and ventral, 12 round caudal peduncle. Silvery, back olive ; a blackish streak from the end of the snout, through the eye, and along the lateral line to the root of the caudal ; dorsal edged with blackish. Total length 55 millim. Que River, Angola ; Upper Zambesi." 432 Annals of the South African Museum. 4. BAEILIUS. Bar ilius, Ham. Buchan. Fish. Ganges, p. 384 (1822), part. ; Giinth., Cat. Fish., vii., p. 286 (1868) ; Bouleng., Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 231 (1901), Fish. Nile, p. 261 (1907), and Cat. Fresh. Fish. Afr., ii., p. 191 (1911). Opsaridium, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac., 1853, p. 783, and Eeise n. Mossamb., iv., p. 58 (1868). Pelotro2)hus, Giinth., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1864, p. 314, and Cat. Fish., t.c., p. 320. Mouth large, oblique, without lips, with or without barbels. Sub- orbitals large. Dorsal originating behind vertical of ventrals and before that of anal. A scaly process at base of ventrals. Lateral line low down, following ventral line of the body and running along the lower part of caudal peduncle. Belly rounded, with small or moderately large scales. Key to Species. At least J of base of dorsal fin above anal. D. ii 7-8, A. iii 11, Sc. 41-42?-*, 2| ; depth of body 3f to 4 times in total length 1. B. pennaueyi, n. sp. D. ii 9, A. iii 13, Sc. 42 7 *, 3 ; depth of body 4 times in total length 2. P>. nearii, Blgr. D. ii 9, A. iii 13, Sc. 40-41 7 *. 2 ; depth of body 41 to 4 times in total length 3. B. stepliensoni, n. sp. D. ii-iii 9-10, A. iii 10-11, Sc. 41-43 l\, 2 ; depth of Oft body 4-4^ times in total length 4. B. zambesensis, Peters. 1. BARILIUS PEEINGUEYI, n. sp. Depth of body 3^ to 4^ times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 3^ to 3^ times. Width of head about ^ its length ; snout 3^ to 3f times in length of head, diameter of eye 3J to 3 T 9 times, interorbital width 3 to 3f 1 ^ times; mouth extending to vertical of anterior third or middle of eye ; no barbels ; sub-orbital bones nearly covering cheeks. Gill-rakers few, rudimentary. In some specimens the lower jaw is covered underneath with more or less distinct scars or rows of conical tubercles and, in the largest specimen, there are about 8 pearl-like tubercles on each side of upper jaw. Dorsal ii 7-8 ; originating midway between middle of eye and root of caudal, posterior third above anal ; anterior rays longest, -?- to t The Freshwater Fishes of South Africa. 433 length of head. Anal iii 11 ; anterior rays slightly longer than those of dorsal, -^ to T 9 o length of head. Pectoral f to 4 length of head, reaching or scarcely reaching ventral. Caudal deeply forked ; caudal peduncle 2f to 2 : | times as long as deep. Scales with radiating striae, 41-42 ][|, 2 between lateral line and ventral, 14 round caudal peduncle. FIG. 90. HariliiiH peringueyi. Colour (of preserved specimens) silvery, darker on the back ; 8-10 dark vertical bars on the body on each side and a dark patch on base of caudal ; membranes between rays of dorsal black and last ray tipped with black. One specimen, 81 mm. in length, from Nels Eiver, Nelspruit, Transvaal (A. T. Cooke). Four specimens, ranging from 49-59 mm. in length, from White Eiver, Transvaal (A. T. Cooke). 2. BARILIUS NEAVII, Blgr. Bouleng., Mem. Manchest. Lit. and Phil. Soc., li., 1907, No. 12, p. 3, and Cat. Fresh. Fish. Afr., vol. ii., p. 199, fig. 175 (1911). Depth of body 4|- times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 2j times. Head a little more than twice as long as broad ; snout obtusely pointed, a little longer than eye, which is 3~ times in length of head ; interorbital width 3 T 7 y times in length of head ; mouth extending to vertical of middle of eye ; no barbels ; naked space between preoperculuni and sub-orbitals as broad as 2nd suborbital. Gill-rakers few, very short or rudimentary. Dorsal ii 9 ; originating midway between eye and root of caudal, posterior half above anal ; anterior rays longest, ^ length of head. Anal iii 13 ; with produced anterior lobe, longest ray a little longer 31 434 Annals of the South African Museum. than longest dorsal ray, f length of head. Pectoral i length of head, not reaching ventral. Caudal forked, lower lobe longer than upper ; caudal peduncle 2 times as long as deep. Scales with radiating striae, 42 7 ~., 3 between lateral line and root of ventral, 14 round caudal peduncle. The specimen has 3 or 4 irregular rows of pores, or scars of tubercles, on each side of lower jaw. Colour (of preserved specimen), silvery, brownish on back ; about FIG. 91. Barilius neavii. 8 irregular pairs of bluish vertical bars on body on each side ; dorsal tipped with orange, the membrane between the rays black ; mem- brane between rays of anterior f of anal fin black ; caudal with a shade of black on rays and a white bar on distal portion of lobes, which are tipped with black. One specimen, 67 mm. in length, from Livingstone, Ehodesia (A. Stephenson). 3. BARILIUS STEPHENSONI, n. sp. Depth of body 4^ to 4i times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 3f times. Width of head -- to | its length ; snout, interorbital width and eye, of equal length, 3f to 3f times in length of head ; mouth extending to vertical of anterior third of eye ; no barbels ; naked space between preoperculum and suborbitals as broad as 2nd suborbital. Gill-rakers few and very small. Lower jaw with a row of open pores, or scars of tubercles, on each side. Dorsal ii 9 ; originating midway between middle of eye and root of caudal, posterior third above anal ; anterior rays longest, a little more than ^ length of head. Anal iii 13 ; anterior rays a little longer The Freshwater Fishes of South Africa. 435 than those of dorsal, | length of head. Pectoral f length of head, not reaching ventral. Caudal forked (damaged in specimens) ; caudal peduncle 2^ times as long as deep. Scales with radiating striae, 40 11 4 2i- hetween lateral line and base of ventral, 14 round "S caudal peduncle. FIG. 92. Bariliita stephenxoni. 5 4- Colour (of preserved specimens), silvery, brownish on back ; 7 or 8 vertical bluish bars on body on each side and a dark spot at base of caudal ; membranes of dorsal rays and tip of last ray black. Two specimens, 49 mm., 56 mm. in length respectively, from Livingstone, Khodesia (A. Stephenson). : 4. BARILIUS ZAMBESENSIS, Peters. Leuciscus zambesensis, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac., 1852, p. 682. Opsaridion zambezense, Peters, op. cit., 1853, p. 783, arid Eeise Mossamb., iv., p. 58, pi. xi., fig. 5 (1868). Barilius zambezensis, Gunth., Cat. Fish., vii., p. 292 (1868). Barilius zambesensis, Bouleng., Cat. Fresh. Fish. Afr., ii., p. 198, fig. 173 (1911). " Depth of body 4-4 i times in total length, length of head 3| to 4 times. Head twice as long as broad ; snout rounded, scarcely FIG. 93. Barilius zambesensis. projecting beyond mouth, as long as or shorter than eye, which is 3^ to 4 times in length of head and equals interorbital width ; mouth extending to below anterior third or centre of eye ; no barbels ; sub- 436 Annals of the South African Museum. orbitals nearly entirely covering the cheek. Gill-rakers few and very short. Dorsal ii-iii 9-10 ; originating midway between eye and caudal, posterior third above anal ; anterior rays longest, about f, length of head. Anal iii 10-11 ; anterior rays as long as longest dorsals. Pectoral pointed, f to f length of head, not reaching ventral. Caudal forked. Caudal peduncle twice as long as deep. Scales with radiating striae, 41-43 |f, 2 between lateral line and ventral, 14 round caudal peduncle. Silvery white ; back green ; fins yellowish. Total length 70 millim. Zambesi.' 5. ENGEAULICYPEIS. Engraulicypris, Giinth., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1893, p. 626; Bouleng., Cat. Fresh. Fish. Afr., ii., p. 209 (1911). Neobola, Vincig., Ann. Mus. Genova (2), xv., 1895, p. 56 ; Bouleng., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1903, ii., p. 332, and Fish. Nile, p. 268 (1907). Body strongly compressed, belly not keeled, covered with mode- rately large scales. Lateral line low down, following the ventral outline of the body and running along lower part of caudal peduncle. Mouth moderate or large, oblique, without lips. No barbels. Sub- orbitals large, covering cheeks. Gill-membranes narrowly united to isthmus. Dorsal fin without ossified ray, with 9-11 rays, 7 or 8 of which are branched ; anal fin with 13-20 rays ; a scaly process at base of ventrals. ENGRAULICYPRIS BREVIANALIS, Blgr. Neobola brevianalis, Bouleng., Ann. Natal Mus., i., 1908, p. 231, fig. Engraulicypris brevianalis, Bouleng., Cat. Fresh. Fish. Afr., ii., p. 211, fig. 185 (1911). Depth of body 4 to 5 times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 4 to 4f times. Head 2^ to 2 times as long as broad ; snout obtuse, not projecting beyond mouth, about the same length or slightly shorter than the eye, which is 3 to 3* times in length of head and about equals interorbital width ; mouth extend- ing to vertical of anterior third of eye ; sub-orbital bones covering greater part of cheek. Under surface of lower jaw entire, or covered with minute tubercles. The Freshioater Fishes of South Africa. 437 Dorsal ii 7 ; its origin slightly in advance of that of the anal ; its dis- tance from end of snout is from 2 to 2J times its distance from caudal ; 1st branched ray longest, ~ to nearly as long as head. Anal ii. 12-13. Pectoral pointed, about us long as head, reaching or scarcely reach- ing ventral. Caudal deeply forked ; caudal peduncle 2 to 2i- times as FIG. 94. Eniiruulicypris brevianalis. 10- long as deep. Scale 52-55 ^r, 1 between lateral line and ventral, 16 round caudal peduncle. Colour (of preserved specimens), yellowish, with a silvery lateral band. Seven specimens, ranging from 38-50 mm. in length, from Dwaars River, Transvaal. It is also reported from Zululand. FAMILY Synopsis of Genera. . Dorsal and anal fins very long, without spine; gill-membranes free from isthmus. A. Dorsal fin single, formed entirely of articulated rays Sides of head protected by bony shields 1. Clfirinx. B. Dorsal fin divided into two, the posterior portion adipose. Sides of head protected by bony shields ; adipose fin large and supported by bony rays (the produced neural spines) 2. Hetc rob ranch us. 2. PLOTOSIN.E. A short dorsal fin in front, with a pungent spine ; a second dorsal and a long anal, united with the caudal ; gill-membranes free from isthmus 3. Plotuxux. 3. SILURIN/E. Dorsal fin very short or absent ; adipose dorsal fin very small ; anal fin much elongate ; gill-membranes free from isthmus. Adipose fin present 4. Eutropius. Adipose fin absent 5. Schilbe. 438 Annals of the SoutJi African Museum. 4. BAGRINJE. Dorsal fin short ; adipose fin present or trans- formed into a second rayed dorsal ; anal fin short ; gill- membranes free, or very narrowly attached to isthmus. A. Gill-membranes more or less notched in the middle ; nostrils widely separated from each other. 1. Nasal barbel present. Palate toothless ; dorsal with 6-7 branched rays . . . . fi. Gephyroglanis. 2. Nasal barbel absent. Dorsal with 7-8 branched rays ; gill-membranes feebly notched ; eye with free border 7. Auclicnoglanix. B. Gill-membranes not notched, forming a straight trans- verse fold or a very open angle ; nasal barbels absent ; dorsal with 6-7 branched rays. Teeth in pterygoids ; nostrils close together 8. Arius. 5. DORADIN.E. Dorsal fin short, a second dorsal fin, adipose or rayed ; anal short ; gill-membranes more or less grown to isthmus. Second dorsal fin adipose ; mandibular barbels branched ; premaxillary teeth conical, not movable ; eye with free border 9. Synodontis. 1. CLAE1AS. Clarias, Gronov., Zoophyl., p. 100 (1781) ; Giinth., Cat. Fish., v., p. 248 (1864) ; Bouleng., Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 248 (1901), Fish. Nile, p. 278 (1907), Proc. Zool. Soc., 1907, p. 1063, Cat. Fresh. Fish. Air., ii., p. 221 (1911). Macropteronotus, part., Lacep., Hist. Poiss., v., p. 84 (1803). Body elongate ; with long dorsal and anal fins, composed entirely of soft rays, extending to or nearly to caudal fin. Head much depressed, upper and lateral parts osseous, forming a casque ; 4 pairs of barbels one nasal, one maxillary, two mandibular. Eye small, with free orbital margin. Jaws with a band of villiform teeth, a band of villiform or granular teeth on vomer. Gill-membranes free from isthmus, deeply notched in the middle. Males with a long conical anal papilla. Key to Species. I. Ventral fins midway between end of snout and root of caudal, or a little nearer (less than J) the former ; nasal barbel shorter than head. .. Vomerine teeth mostly pointed or granular-sub- conical, forming a band which is not broader than band of premaxillary teeth ; distance between occipital process and dorsal fin | to ^ length of head. The Freshwater Fishes of South Africa. 439 D. 66-72, A. 50-60 ; 26 gill-rakers (in very young) to 50 on anterior arch ; distance between dorsal and caudal 11-3 times diameter of eye . . . . 1. C. unriepiium, Burch. >>. Vomerine teeth all or mostly granular, forming a crescentic band as broad as the premaxillary band, with or withotit posterior processes. D. 62-66, A. 53-60 ; about 30 gill-rakers on anterior arch ; distance between dorsal and caudal fins 1^ times diameter of eye 2. C. mossambicus, Peters. c. Vomerine teeth granular, forming a crescentic band which, in the middle, is nearly twice as broad as the premaxillary band. D. 60, A. 50 ; 15-30 gill-rakers on anterior arch, long ; distance between dorsal and caudal fins -^ to | length of head 3. C. ngamcnsis, Cast. tl. Vomerine teeth mostly granular, forming a band which is a little narrower than premaxillary band and interrupted in the middle. D. 65, A. 52 ; 55 gill-rakers on anterior arch, distance between dorsal and caudal fins twice diameter of eye 4. C. capensis, C. and V. II. Ventral fins 1J to 2 times as distant from root of caudal as from end of snout, or nasal barbel at least as long as head ; head smooth or very feebly granulate above ; less than 30 gill-rakers on anterior arch. Dorsal and anal fins embracing or adnate to base of caudal ; maxillary barbel | to 1 J times length of head. D. 80-90, A. 67-73 ; 14 gill-rakers on anterior arch ; pectoral spine feebly serrated on the outer side . . 5. C. theodorae, M. Web. 1. CLABIAS GAEIEPINUS, Burch. Silurus (Heterobranchiis} gariepinus, Burchell, Trav. Int. S. Afr.,i., p. 425, fig. (1822). Clarias capensis (non C. and V.), X. Smith, 111. Zool. S. Afr. Pise., pi. xxvii. (1845). Clarias mossambicus, part., Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac., 1852, p. 682, and Eeise Mossamb., iv., p. 32, pi. vi., figs. 1 and 2, and pi. vii., figs. 2 and 3 (1868). Glorias gariepinus, Giinth., Cat. Fish., v., p. 14 (1864) ; M. Weber, Zool. Jahrb. Syst., x., 1897, p. 149 ; Bouleng., Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 254 (1901), Proc. Zool. Soc., 1907, p. 1069, and Cat. Fresh. Fish. Afr., ii., p. 228, fig. 193 (1911). Depth of body 5^ to 7f times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 3 to 3i times. Head 1^ to If times as long as broad, its upper surface more or less distinctly granulate in the adult ; 140 Annul* of the South African occipital process angular ; frontal fontanelle 2J to 4|- times as long as broad, 3^ to 4J times in length of head ; occipital fontanelle very small, in advance of occipital process; eye very small, 3 to 4^ times in length of snout and 4| to 7 times in interorbital width; width of mouth about equal to interorbital width, | to J length of head ; band of premaxillary teeth 5 to 7 times as long as broad ; vomerine teeth mostly conical, or granular sub-conical, forming a crescentic band which may be slightly interrupted in the middle, where it is nearly as broad as or narrower than the premaxillary band ; nasal barbel ^ to -| length of head ; maxillary barbel shorter than head in adult (a FIG. 95. Clarias iints. ^. little longer in young), reaching to base or last third of pectoral spine; outer mandibular barbel 1* to ly^ times as long as inner, which measures to ?- length of head. Gill-rakers on anterior arch fine and closely set, 26-65 in number. Clavicles not exposed. Dorsal 65-80 ; its distance from occipital process | to -^ length of head, its distance from caudal ll to 3 times diameter of eye. Anal 50-60, not reaching caudal. Pectoral -?- to i length of head, the spine serrated on the outer border and I to i the length of the fin. Ventrals nearly equally distant from point of snout and root of caudal or a little nearer to the former. Caudal about | length of head. Tlic Freshwater Fishes of South Africa. 441 Colour (of preserved specimens), reddish or dark bluish or greyish brown above, uniform or marbled with dark brown, whitish below ; usually a more or less distinct light vertical bar on base of caudal. One specimen, 455 mm. in length, from Sabi Kiver, Transvaal (Major Stevenson Hamilton). Four specimens, ranging from 168-348 mm. in length, from Kuru- man, Bechuanaland. Seven specimens, ranging from 243-365 mm. in length, from Pienaars Kiver, Transvaal (C. J. Swierstra). One specimen, 311 mm. in length, from Thabina River, Transvaal (C. J. Swierstra). One specimen, 300 mm. in length, locality unknown. One specimen, 256 mm. in length, from Mooi River, Potchefstroom, Transvaal. One specimen, 235 mm. in length, from Transvaal River, Johan- nesburg (H. Fry). One specimen, 180 mm. in length, from Potchefstroom, Transvaal (Mr. Stenning). One specimen, 178 mm. in length, from Pretoria, Transvaal. One specimen, 174 mm. in length, from dam at Modderfontein, Transvaal. Two specimens, 170 mm., 181 mm. in length respectively, from Dwaars River, Transvaal. It is also reported from Natal, Orange River, Rhodesia, Mossam- bique, Kataiiga, Angola. 2. CLARIAS MOSSAMBICUS, Peters. Clarias mossambicus, part,, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac., 1852, p. 682, and Reise Mossamb., iv., p. 32, pi. vi., fig. 3 (1868) ; Fischer, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Aust., i., 1884, p. 28 ; Vincig., Ann. Mus. Geneva (2), xv., 1895, p. 31, fig. 1, and xvii., 1896, p. 25 ; Pfeff., Thierw. O-Afr. Fische, p. 27, fig. (1896) ; Pellegr., Mem. Soc. Zool. France, xvii., 1905, p. 176 ; Bouleng., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1907, p. 1071, and Cat. Fresh. Fish. Afr., ii., p. 232, fig. 195 (1911). Clarias garicpinus, part., Giinth and Playf., Fish. Zanzib., p. 113 (1866). Clarias zobecchti, Vincig., Ann. Mus. Geneva (2), xiii., 1893, p. 450, and xv. 1895, p. 30, fig. ; Bouleng., Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 253 (1901), and Fish. Nile, p. 285, pi. li., fig. 1 (1907). Clarias lazera (non Cuv. and Val.), Giinth., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1894, p. 89 ; Bouleng., Proc. Zool. Soc. 1901, ii. p. 161. Clarias smithii, Giinth., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1896, p. 219, fig. 442 Annul* of the South African 'Museum. Clarias microphthalmus, Pfeff., op. cit., p. 28; Hilgend., Zool. Jahrb. Syst., xxii., 1905, p. 410. Clarias giintheri, Pfeff., I.e. Depth of body 5 to 65 times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 3J times. Head 1^ to li times as long as broad, its upper surface closely granulate ; occipital process angular ; frontal fontanelle sole-shaped or knife-shaped, 3i to 4^ times as long as broad, 4 to 5^- times in length of head ; occipital fontanelle small, in advance of occipital process ; eye 3i to 4^ times in length of snout, 4i to 6? times in interorbital width ; width of mouth about equal to interorbital width ; band of premaxillary teeth 5i to 8^ times as long as broad ; vomerine teeth granular, form- ing a crescentic band which is as broad as premaxillary band ; Fio. 96. Clarias mossambicn*. nasal barbel \ to f length of head ; maxillary barbels 1 to \\ times length of head, reaching to end of pectoral fin or a little beyond; outer mandibular barbel 1^ to If times as long as inner, which measures -V to f length of head. Gill-rakers long and closely set, 30 to 60 on anterior arch. Clavicles hidden under the skin. Dorsal 62-72 ; its distance from occipital process about \ length of head, its distance from caudal H to 2^ times diameter of eye. Anal 50-60 ; separated from caudal by a distinct interspace. Pectoral f to i length of head, the spine serrated on the outer border and - the length of the fin. Ventrals slightly nearer to end of snout than to caudal. Caudal ?- to | length of head. Colour (of preserved specimens) dark mottled brown on back and sides ; a dark band on each side of lower surface of head. The Frcshivatcr Fishes of South Africa. 443 Two specimens, 315 mm., 213 mm. in length respectively, from Sabi Kiver, Transvaal (J. S. Hamilton). Two specimens, 540 mm., 470 mm. in length respectively, from Manzetnntonto Kiver, Transvaal (J. S. Hamilton). Two specimens, 131 mm., 120 mm. in length respectively, from Urnbeluzi, Swaziland (Mr. Howard). It is also reported from East Africa, from Abyssinia and Lake Victoria to Lake Tanganyika and the Zambezi. 3. CLARIAS NGAMENSIS, Casteln. Casteln., Mem. Poiss. Air. Austr., 1861, p. 63; Bouleng., Trans. Zool. Soc., xviii., v., p. 404, pi. xxxviii., fig. 2 (1911). Depth of body 6 to 6f times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 3| to 3f times. Head H to I*- times as long as m FIG. 97. Clarias ngamensis. . broad, feebly granulated and showing patches of radiating striee beneath the skin ; occipital process angular ; frontal fontanelle 2i to 3 times as long as broad, 1 length of head ; occipital fontanelle small, in advance of occipital process ; eye 3 to 3J times in length of snout and 4^ to 4J times in interorbital width, which equals width of mouth and is ~ length of head ; band of premaxillary teeth 3| to II 1 Anna I a of the South African Museum. 4 times as long as broad; vomerine teeth granular, forming a crescentic band which, in the middle, is li to If times as broad as the premaxillary band ; anterior mandibular teeth pointed, posterior granular. Nasal barbel about f length of head, maxillary T % and reaching posterior half of pectoral spine, outer mandibular barbel -fo length of head, inner to T V Gill-rakers long, 16 to 20 on lower part of anterior arch. Clavicles striated, more or less distinct under the skin. Dorsal 60 (circa) ; its distance from occipital process length of head, its distance from caudal fin ^ to f . Anal 50 (circa) ; narrowly separated from caudal. Pectoral length of head, its spine strongly serrated on the outer border and f to ^ length of fin. Ventral equally distant from end of snout and base of caudal or a little nearer to the former. Caudal a little more than f length of head. Colour (of preserved specimens), uniform dark brown above, yellowish beneath, under side of head white. Two specimens, 108 mm., 101 mm. in length respectively, from N.W. Ehodesia (Eev. F. A. Eogers and E. C. Chubb). The species is also reported from the Lake Ngami Basin. 4. CLARIAS CAPENSIS, C. and V. Cuv. and Val., Hist. Poiss., xv., p. 377 (1840) ; Bouleng., Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 255 (1901) ; Proc. Zool. Soc., 1907, p. 1075, Ann. Natal Mus., i., 1908, p. 237, and Cat. Fresh. Fish. Afr. ii, p. 240 (1911). FIG. 98. Glorias capensis. ;}. Depth of body 8 times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 3f times. Head 1| times as long as broad, its upper surface coarsely granulate, occipital process angular; frontal fontanelle 3 times as long as broad, 1 length of head ; occipital fontanelle very small, well in advance of occipital process; eye very small, its diameter 3f times in length of snout, 5J. times in interorbital width, The Freshwater Fishes of South Africa. 445 which equals width of mouth and is length of head; band of premaxillary teeth 6 times as long as broad ; band of vomerine teeth a little narrower than premaxillary band, rather widely interrupted in the middle, composed of small, partly pointed, partly granular teeth ; nasal barbel ?, length of head ; maxillary barbel slightly longer than head, reaching end of pectoral fin ; outer mandibular barbel i length of head, inner nearly f. Gill- rakers on first arch long and closely set, 55 in number. Clavicles hidden under the skin. Dorsal 65 ; its distance from occipital process nearly ^ length of head, its distance from caudal 2 diameters of eye. Anal 52 ; narrowly separated from caudal. Pectoral fin f length of head, the spine feebly serrated on its outer border, f the length of the fin. Ventral nearer to point of snout than to caudal. Caudal | length of head. Colour (of preserved specimen), pale brown on back, flesh-colour beneath ; top of head marbled with black ; a dark band on base of caudal ; fins whitish. One specimen, 218 mm. in length, from German S.W. Africa. It is also reported from Natal. 5. CLARIAS THEODORA, M. Web. M. Weber, Zool. Jahrb. Syst., x., 1897, p. 150; Bouleng., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1907, p. 1089, and Cat. Fresh. Fish. Air., ii., p. 262, fig. 218 (1911). Depth of body 8 times in total length excluding caudal, length of head, 5f times. Head If times as long as broad, smooth ; occipital process angular, broader than long ; frontal fontanelle sole- shaped, twice as long as broad, and T 3 5 length of head ; occipital fontanelle smaller, in advance of occipital process ; eye very small, 3 times in length of snout, 4i times in interorbital width, which is nearly T 9 o width of mouth and f length of head ; band of pre- maxillary teeth 4 times as long as broad ; vomerine teeth conical, forming a curved band, which is as broad as the premaxillary band ; nasal barbel length of head, maxillary barbel ^, outer mandibular barbel i, inner | length of head. 14 gill-rakers on anterior arch. Clavicles feebly striated, distinct under the skin. Dorsal 80-90 ; its distance from occipital process ^ length of head. Anal 73. Dorsal and anal embracing base of caudal. Pectoral about | length of head, its spine feebly serrated on the outer side, strongly on the inner, measuring *- the length of the fin. Ventrals 446 Annals of the South African Museum. If- times as distant from caudal as from end of snout. Caudal length of head. Colour (of preserved specimen), uniform reddish brown. FIG. 99. Clarhis theodora. One specimen, 127 mm. in length, from N.W. Ehodesia (Rev. F. A. Rogers and E. C. Chubb. Buluwayo Museum). This fish is also reported from the Lake Ngami Basin, Natal and Zululand. 2. HETEROBEANCHUS. Geoff., Descr. Egypte, Poiss. (1809), part. ; Giinth., Cat. Pish., v., p. 21 (1864) ; Bouleng., Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 265 (1901), Fish. Nile, p. 300 (1907), Proc. Zool. Soc., 1907, p. 1094, and Cat. Fresh. Fish. Afr., ii., p. 272 (1911). Distinguished from Clarias by the division of the dorsal fin into two parts, the posterior adipose and supported by the prolongations of the neural spines. * HETEROBEANCHUS LONGIFILIS, C. and V. Heterobranchus longifilis, Cuv. and Val., Hist. Poiss., xv., p. 394, pi. ccccxlvii. (1840); Giinth., Cat. Fish., v., p. 22 (1864), and Petherick's Travels, ii., p. 221 (1869) ; Bouleng., Fish. Nile, p. 303, pi. liv., fig. 2 (1907), Proc. Zool. Soc., 1907, p. 1095, and Cat. Fresh. Fish. Aft-., ii., p. 274, fig. 227 (1911). Freshwater Fishes of South Africa. 447 Heterobranchus laticeps, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac., 1852, p. 682, and Eeise Mossamb., iv., p. 37, pi. vii., fig. 1 (1868); Bouleng., Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 265 (1901). " Depth of body 6-8 times in total length, length of head 3 to 3| times. Head depressed, 1| to If times as long as broad, its upper surface coarsely granulate in the adult ; occipital process acutely pointed ; frontal fontanelle knife-shaped, 2|- to 4 times as long as broad, 3| to 6| times in length of head ; occipital fontanelle small, in advance of occipital process ; eye 2| (very young) to 4f times in length of snout, 4 to 9 times in interorbital width ; width of mouth a little less than interorbital width ; band of praemaxillary teeth 5 to 6 times as long as broad ; vomerine teeth also villiform, forming a crescentic band, which is nearly as broad as or a little broader than prasmaxillary band ; nasal barbel | to once length of head ; maxillary barbel 1^ to 2 times length of head, extending to end of pectoral or *?3^^&<^^, . FIG. 100. Heterobranchus longifilis. '-. between this point and origin of anal ; outer mandibular barbel 1^- to If times as long as inner, which measures | to nearly once length of head. Gill-rakers rather short, 20 to 30 on anterior arch. Dorsal 29-34 ; its distance from occipital process \ to % length of head ; adipose dorsal as long as or a little shorter and lower than rayed dorsal, commencing immediately behind or at a short distance from the latter. Anal 44-54 ; extending, like the adipose dorsal, to the base of the caudal fin. Pectoral ?- to ^ length of head, the spine feebly serrated on the outer border and measuring | (young) to f the length of the fin. Ventral midway between end of snout and base of caudal, or a little nearer the latter. Caudal ^ to f length of head. Olive above, white beneath, sometimes with scattered black blotches ; dorsal and anal fins pale olive, darker towards the edge, which may be margined with red ; caudal fin yellowish or pale orange at the base, with a more or less distinct blackish crescentic 448 Annals of the South African Museum. band, sharply defined in front, shading off to yellow or red behind ; adipose dorsal fin often blackish at the end. Total length 720 millim. Nile, Omo, Niger, Congo, Zambesi." 3. PLOTOSUS. Plotosus, Lacep., Hist. Poiss., v., p. 129 (1803) ; Gunth., Cat. Pish., v., p. 23 (1864) ; Vaill., Bui. Mus. Paris, 1903, p. 119 ; Bouleng., Cat. Fresh. Pish. Air., ii., p. 278 (1911). Platystacus, part., Bloch, Ausl. Fische, viii., p. 52 (1793). Body elongate, compressed, tapering to a point behind ; a short dorsal fin in front, with a pungent spine ; a second dorsal and a long anal, united with the caudal ; head feebly depressed ; 4 pairs of barbels one nasal, one maxillary, two mandibular. Eye with free orbital margin. Jaws with a band of obtusely conical teeth ; a group of large granular teeth on vomer. Gill-membranes free from isthmus, deeply notched in the middle. Coasts of the Indian Ocean and Western Pacific, sometimes entering fresh waters. One species has been found in fresh waters in East Africa. PLOTOSUS ANGUILLARIS, Bl. Silurns, sp. d., Forsk., Descr. Anim., p. xvi (1775). Platijstacus anguillaris, Bloch, Ausl. Fische, viii., p. 60, pi. ccclxxiii., fig. 1 (1793). Plotosus anguillaris, Lacep., Hist. Poiss., v., p. 129 (1803) ; Giinth., Cat. Fish., v., p. 24 (1864) ; Bouleng., Cat. Fresh. Fish. Afr., ii., p. 278, tig. 229 (1911). Plotosus ikapor, Less. Voy. Coquille, Zool., ii., p. 132, pi. xxxi., fig. 3 (1830). Plotosus marginatus, Bennett, Life of Raffles, p. 691 (1830). Plotosus lineatus, Guv. and Val., Hist. Poiss., xv., p. 412 (1840). Plotosus castaneus, Bleek, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., ii., 1851, p. 490. Plotosus arab, Bleek, Atl. Ichth., ii., p. 98, pi. xcv., fig. 2 (1862) ; Day, Fish. Ind., p. 483, pi. cxii., fig. 4 (1878). Depth of body 5i to 6f times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 4f to 5 times. Snout rounded, feebly projecting beyond mouth, 2| to 2f times in length of head, interorbital width 2| to 3 times ; eye supero-lateral, 6f to 7| times in length of head ; lips papillose ; teeth large ; nasal barbel f length of head ; maxillary The Freshwater Fishes of South Africa. 449 and outer mandibular barbels nearly or quite equal, f to ^ length of head ; inner mandibular barbel J to f length of head. Gill-rakers rather long, closely set, about 20 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal i 5, 85 ; spine strong, serrated in front and behind, y 1 ,, to f length of head. Anal 70. Pectoral | to 4 length of head, with a strong but short spine serrated on both sides. Ventral 1^ to 1-=^ times as distant from caudal as from end of snout. FIG. 101. Ploloxus anguillaris. &. Colour (of preserved specimens), dark brown above, lighter below ; 3 more or less distinct pale bluish longitudinal streaks on body ; fins light-coloured ; outer edge of dorsal and of posterior half of anal dark. Four specimens, ranging from 151-164 mm. in length respectively, from Natal (Eomer Robinson). It is also reported from the Indian Ocean and Western Pacific, as far North as Japan. 4. EUTROPIUS. Mull, and Frosch., Hor. Ichthyol., iii., p. 6 (1849) ; Giinth., Cat. Fish., v.,p. 52 (1864); Bouleng., Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 266 (1901), Fish. Nile p. 306 (1907), Cat. Fresh. Fish. Afr., ii., p. 279 (1911). Dorsal fin short, adipose dorsal very small, anal much elongate ; 4 pairs of barbels one nasal, one maxillary, two mentals or mandi- bulars. Nostrils widely separated. Eye large, with a free border. Jaws with a band of villiform teeth ; a band of villiform vomero- palatine teeth. Gill-membranes free, deeply notched. EUTROPIUS DEPBESSIROSTKIS, Peters. Bagrus depressirostris, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac., 1852, p. 682. Eutropius depressirostris, Peters, Arch. f. Nat., 1855, p. 267; Giinth., Cat. Fish., v., p. 54 (1864): Bouleng., Cat. Fresh. Fish. Afr., ii., p. 291, fig. 237 (1911). 32 450 Annals of the South African Museum. Eutropius lemairii, Bouleng., Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool., i., p. 138, pi. 1., fig. 3 (1900), and Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 272 (1901). Depth of body 4 to 4f times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 4^ to 4f times. Head 1 to U times as long as broad; snout broad, lower jaw projecting; eye perfectly lateral, 5 to 6i times in length of head, 2 to 3f times in interorbital width ; width of mouth about equal to interorbital width; vomero-palatine teeth forming an uninterrupted band which is narrower than the band of premaxillary teeth ; nasal barbel ^ to f length of head, maxillary and outer rnandibular f to f, inner mandibular i. Gill-rakers moderately long and thick, widely set, 10-12 on lower part of anterior arch. FIG. 102. Eiitropius deprexsirostris. |. Dorsal i 6; entirely or nearly entirely in advance of ventrals, li to l T 9 o times as distant from caudal as from end of snout ; its spine slender, feebly serrated behind in its upper half, f length of head. Anal 53-56; 3 or 4 anterior rays simple, the following gradually decreasing in length. Pectoral not reaching ventral, its spine feebly serrated on inner side, about as long as and a little stronger than that of dorsal. Caudal deeply forked, with rounded or obtusely pointed lobes ; caudal peduncle about 1 to 1J times as long as deep. Colour (of preserved specimens), reddish brown above, whitish beneath ; sides finely speckled with minute dark dots ; an indistinct large dark blotch above the pectoral fin. One specimen, 275 mm. in length, from Thabina Eiver, Transvaal (C. J. Swierstra). Tin' Freshwater Fishes of South Africa. 451 Two specimens, 140 mm., 154 mm. in length respectively, from Pienaars Eiver, Transvaal (C. J. Swierstra). One specimen, 195 mm. in length, from Umguazi Eiver, Rhodesia (20 miles N. of Zambezi River). 5. SCHILBE. Guv., Regne Anim., ii., p. 202 (1817), part. ; Giinth., Cat. Pish., v., p. 40 (1864) ; Bouleng., Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 273 (1901), Pish. Nile, p. 311 (1907), Cat. Fresh. Pish. Afr., ii., p. 293 (1911). Differs from Eutropius only in the absence of the adipose dorsal fin. SCHILBE MYSTUS, L. Silitrus mystus, Linn., in Hasselq. Reise Palast., p. 419 (1762), and Syst. Nat., i., p. 502 (1766). Schilbe mystus, Riipp., Beschr. 11. Fische Nil, p. 5 (1829); Cuv. and Val., Hist. Poiss., xvi., p. 372 (1839) ; Giinth., Cat. Fish., v., p. 50 (1864); Bouleng., Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 273 (1901), Fish. Nile, p. 311, pi. Ivi. fig. 1 (1907), and Cat. Fresh. Fish. Afr., ii., p. 293, fig. 238 (1911). Chilbe clierissie, Rifaud, Voy. Bgypte, pi. cxciii., No. 30 (1830). Schilbe intci'iit"f/ius, Ritpp., Fortsetz. Beschr. n. Fische, p. 6 (1832). Schilbe auratus, Joannis, Mag. Zool., 1835, pi. v. Schilbe senegalus, Cuv. and Val., t.c., p. 378. Schilbe dispila, Giinth., t.c., pp. 51, 223, and Ann. and Mag. N.H. (6), xvii., 1896, p. 276; Bouleng., Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 274. Schilbe senegalensis, var. fasciata, Steind., Sitzb. Ak. Wien, lx., i., 1872, p. 983, pi. vi., figs. 1 and 2. ? Schilbe bouvieri, Rochebr., Bull. Soc. Philom. (7), ix., 1885, p. 95. Depth of body 4*- to 4*- times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 4 to 4 T 7 o- times. Head If to If times as long as broad; snout broad, 1 times to twice as long as eye, lower jaw projecting ; eye perfectly lateral, 5 to 7 times in length of head, 2i- to 3-| times in interorbital width ; width of mouth about equal to interorbital width. Vomero-palatine teeth forming an uninterrupted crescentic band, which is narrower than the band of the premaxillary teeth. Nasal barbel / to | length of head; maxillary and outer mandibular barbels about equal and | to | length of head, inner rnandibular barbel 'i to ^ length of outer. Gill-rakers moderately long, widely set, 9-12 on lower part of anterior arch. 452 Annals of the South African Museum. Dorsal i 6 ; entirely in advance of ventrals, If times to nearly twice as distant from caudal as from point of snout ; its spine slender, feebly serrated behind, measuring ^ to y^ length of head and produced into a short filament. Anal 60-62 ; 3 or 4 anterior rays simple, the following gradually decreasing in length. Pectoral not reaching ventral, its spine feebly serrated on the inner side, as long as or a little longer than that of dorsal and also stronger. Caudal deeply forked, with obtusely pointed lobes ; caudal peduncle a little deeper than long. Colour (of preserved specimens), dark brown above, silvery below lateral line ; a blackish, ill-defined blotch on each side above the FIG. IQ'B.Schilbe mystus. ^. pectoral fin ; outer border of lobes of caudal and base of inner rays whitish. The smaller specimen has 3 darkish streaks on each side, the upper along the back and continued faintly on upper lobe of caudal fin, the lower extending from below pectoral fin to lower lobe of caudal, the middle from the humeral blotch to root of caudal a white band along lower third of rays of anal fin. Two specimens, 130 mm., 295 mm. in length respectively ; the smaller from Zambezi (A. Stephenson) : the larger from Kafue Eiver, tributary of the Zambezi Eiver (J. Drury). It is also reported from the Nile and Tropical Africa. 6. GEPHYEOGLANIS. Bouleng., Ann.Mus. Congo, Zool., i., p. 42 (1899), Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 292 (1901), Cat. Fresh. Fish. Afr., ii., p. 344 (1911). Dorsal and anal fins short ; an adipose dorsal fin ; 4 pairs of barbels one nasal, one maxillary, two mandibular. Nostrils widely separated from each other. Eye supero-lateral, with free border. The Freshwater Fishes of South Africa. 453 Jaws with a band of villiform teeth ; no teeth on palate, membranes free, deeply notched. Gill- GEPHYROGLANIS SCLATEBI, Blgr. Bouleng., Ann. S. Afr. Mus., ii., 1901, p. 228, pi. xiii., and Cat. Fresh. Fish. Afr , ii., p. 347, tig. 269 (1911). Depth of body 4^ to 6 times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 3f to 4 times. Head 1| to Ii times as broad as deep, Ii to 1^ times as long as broad, perfectly smooth ; occipital process much longer than broad, in contact with the interneural shield ; snout obtusely conical, f to i length of head ; eye 5J to 7 times in length of head, 1 to 2^ times in interocular width ; nasal barbel FIG. 104. Gephyroglanis sdateri. very short, T 3 o to ^ diameter of eye ; maxillary barbel -^ to | length of head, outer rnandibular -^ to f , inner ^ to %. Mouth ^ to | width of head ; premaxillary band of teeth curved, 3 to 4 times as long as broad. Dorsal i 7 ; 1^ times to twice as deep as long, not reaching adipose fin when folded ; spine strong, smooth, -| to T 9 ^ length of head ; longest soft ray T v to | length of head. Adipose fin 3J to 4 times as long as deep, its distance from dorsal 1| to If times its length. Anal 16-17 ; 11-12 rays branched. Pectoral spine f to ^ length of dorsal spine, strongly serrated on inner border. Caudal forked, with obtuse lobes, f to f length of head ; caudal peduncle 1-| times to twice as long as deep. 454 Annals of the South African Museum. Colour (of preserved specimens), uniform dark or reddish brown above, whitish beneath. One specimen, 165 mm. in length, from Vaal Eiver, Transvaal. Three specimens, ranging from 104-164 mm. in length, from Mooi Eiver, Transvaal (H. Fry). One specimen, 146 mm. in length, from Transvaal Eiver, Johannesburg (H. Fry). One specimen, 130 mm. in length, from Kraai Eiver, Cape Province. One specimen, 69 mm. in length, from Potchefstroom, Transvaal (Mr. Stenning). Two specimens, 220 mm. in length, from Kafue Eiver (J. Drury). 7. AUCHENOGLANIS. Auchenaspis (non Egerton), Bleek., Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., i., 1863, p. 101 ; Giinth., Cat. Fish., v., p. 137 (1864). Auchenoglanis, Giinth., Zool. Eec., i., p. 165 (1865) ; Bouleng., Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 294 (1901) ; Fish. Nile, p. 344 (1907), and Cat. Fresh. Fish. Afr., ii., p. 366 (1911). Oxyglanis, Vincig., Ann. Mus. Geneva (2), xix., 1898, p. 249. " Body moderately elongate, feebly compressed. Dorsal and anal fins short, the former composed of a spine and 7 or 8 branched rays, and followed by a very long adipose fin. Pectoral fin with a spine. Ventral fin with 6 rays, just behind the vertical of the dorsal fin. Three pairs of barbels : maxillary and two mandibulars. Nostrils widely separated from each other, the anterior tubular, on the upper lip, the posterior slit-like. Eye supero-lateral, with free border. Prasrnaxillaries small ; maxillaries, hidden in the lip, comparatively large, bordering the mouth. Jaws with villiforrn teeth, which may be reduced to small groups ; palate toothless. Gill-membranes free, feebly notched. Air-bladder large, free. Vertebrae 43-48 (18-21 + 25-27). Nine branchiostegal rays. Intestinal canal much elongate and forming numerous convolutions. Nile and Tropical Africa." : AUCHENOGLANIS NGAMENSIS, Blgr. Bouleng., Cat. Fresh. Fish. Afr., ii., p. 371, fig. 287 (1911), and Trans. Zool. Soc., vol. xviii., pt. v., 1911, p. 405. " Depth of body 5| times in total length, length of head 3^ times. Head moderately depressed, 1^ times as long as broad, upper surface smooth ; operculum with radiating striae ; occipital process The FresJnvater Fishes of South Africa. 455 small, longer than broad, in contact with the moderately large inter- neural plate ; snout pointed, f length of head ; eye supero-lateral, 8 times in length of head, twice in interorbital width ; mouth small, nearly terminal, with thick papillose lips ; prasmaxillary teeth in a small patch a little broader than long, with notched posterior border. Maxillary and inner mandibular barbels | length of head ; outer mandibular slightly shorter than head, reaching base of pectoral fin. Gill-rakers rather long, 8 on lower part of anterior arch. Humeral process short, triangular, feebly striated. Dorsal i 7 ; spine moderately strong, smooth, | length of head, as FIG. 105. Auclienoglanis luiamemis. -f. long as longest soft rays. Adipose dorsal 9 times as long as deep, originating immediately behind rayed dorsal and extending nearly to root of caudal. Anal 13 (8 rays branched). Pectoral not reaching ventral ; spine strong ; strongly serrated on inner side. Ventral not reaching anal. Caudal rounded. Olive-brown, with numerous small round black spots, some of which form vertical bars on the sides of the body ; belly white. Total length 220 millim. Lake Ngami district, Bechuanaland. 456 Annals of the South African Museum. A. ngamenszs, is closely allied to A. ballayi, Sauv., from Cameroon, the Gaboon, and the Congo." 8. AEIUS. Arius, Cuv. and Val., Hist. Poiss., xv., p. 53 (1840), part. ; Mull. and Trosch., Hor. Ichthyol., iii., p. 6 (1849) ; Bleek., Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., i. (1863), p. 91 ; Giinth., Cat. Fish., v., p. 138 (1864), part. ; Bouleng., Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 298 (1901), and Cat. Fresh. Fish. Afr., ii., p. 383 (1911). Anodes, Mull, and Trosch., I.e. Pseudarius, Bleek., I.e. " Body moderately elongate, not or but feebly compressed. Dorsal and anal fins short, the former consisting of a spine and 6 or 7 branched rays ; a small adipose fin. Pectoral fin with a spine. Ventral fin with 6 rays, inserted behind the vertical of the dorsal fin. Three pairs of barbels ; maxillary and two mandibulars. Nostrils close together. Byes lateral or supero-lateral, with free border. Maxillary bone rudimentary ; jaws with a band of villiform teeth ; teeth on the pterygoids, none on the vomer. Gill-membranes narrowly attached to isthmus, not notched, forming a continuous transverse fold. Vertebras 48-58 (22-29 + 27-33). Branchiostegal rays 5 or 6. Tropical seas ; a few species in fresh waters, or entering rivers." : ARIUS KIRKII, Gunth. Giinth., Cat. Fish., v., p. 163 (1864) ; Bouleng., Cat. Fresh. Fish. Afr., ii., p. 389 (1911). " Depth of body about 5 times in total length, length of head 3-T7 times. Occipital region granulated ; occipital process tectiform, broader than long, in contact with a small interneural shield ; eye 4| times in length of head and 2 times in interocular width ; praemaxillary band of teeth short, about 4 times as long as broad ; palate with two patches of granular teeth on each side, the anterior patch small and rounded, widely separated from its fellow and narrowly from the posterior, which is large, sub-triangular, and longer than broad ; maxillary barbel as long as head. Dorsal i 7 ; spine f length of head, very feebly serrated in front and behind. Adipose dorsal small, about 2| times as distant from rayed dorsal as from caudal. Anal 17 (12 rays branched). Pectoral spine similar to dorsal, but rather more strongly serrated. The Freshwater Fishes of SoutJi Africa. \~>i Closely allied to the Indian Ocean A. dussumieri, C. and V., and imperfectly known from a half-skin of a small specimen, the palate of which is injured/' 1 Zambezi." 9. SYNODONTIS. Guv., Kegne Anim., ii., p. 203 (1817) ; Guv. and Val., Hist. Poiss., xv., p. 244 (1840) ; Giinth., Cat. Fish., v., p. 210 (1864) ; Vaill., N. Arch. Mus. (3), vii., 1895, p. 233, and viii., 1896, p. 87; Bouleng., Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 301 (1901), Pish. Nile, p. 350 (1907), Cat. Fresh. Fish. Afr., ii., p. 391 (1911). Dorsal fin short, a large or very large adipose dorsal fin ; a cephalo-nuchal bony shield, united to clavicular bones ; 3 pairs of barbels one maxillary and two mandibular, all or at least latter branched. Nostrils widely separated, anterior tubular. A band of conical premaxillary teeth ; movable teeth implanted in lower lip usually followed by small teeth on lower jaw ; palate toothless. Key to Species. Pectoral spine feebly serrated on outer border, not reaching ventral. Adipose dorsal 1J-2J times as long as its distance from rayed dorsal ; mandibular barbels with long slender branches without rami- fications ; humeral process much longer than broad; movable mandibular teeth 35-38 .. .. 1. S. zambezensis, Peters. Pectoral spine feebly serrated on outer border. Adi- pose dorsal as long as its distance from rayed dorsal ; mandibular barbels with long slender branches ; humeral process slightly longer than broad ; movable mandibular teeth 20. Anal rounded 2. S. woosnami, Blgr. Pectoral spine feebly serrated on outer side ; adipose dorsal as long as its distance from rayed dorsal ; mandibular barbels with short simple branches, inner row bifid ; movable mandibular teeth 18. Humeral process not longer than broad. Anal pointed in front 3. .S'. ncbuloaux, Peters. Pectoral spine strongly serrated on outer side, very strongly on inner ; adipose dorsal 1J times as long as its distance from rayed dorsal ; mandibular barbels with short tubercular branches ; movable mandibular teeth 20-26. Humeral process a little longer than broad. Anal rounded 4. S. macrostigma, Blgr. * "The figure of the teeth, as given by Giinther, is consequently not quite correct. ' ' Annals of the South African Museum. 1. SYNODONTIS ZAMBEZENSIS, Peters. (Batoka name, " Tshigogo "; Barotse name, " Singongi.") Synodontis zambezensis, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac., 1852, p. 682 ; Gunth., Cat. Fish., v., p. 214 (1864) ; Peters, Eeise Mossamb., iv., p. 31, pi. v., figs. 2 and 3 (1868) ; Bouleng., Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 314 (1901), and Cat. Fresh. Fish. Air., ii., p. 415, fig. 312 (1911). Synodontis gambiensis, part., Gunth. and Playf., Fish. Zanzib., p. 115, pi. xvii., fig. 1 (1866). ? Synodontis zanzibaricus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac., 1868, p. 600. Synodontis punctulatus, Gunth., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1889, p. 71, and 1896, p. 223. Synodontis zambezensis rukwaensis, Hilgend. andPappenh., Sitzb. Ges. naturf. Fr. Berl., 1903, p. 267. Synodontis nyassce, Keilhack, Sitz. Ges. naturf. Fr. Berl., 1908, p. 168. Depth of body 4 to 4^ times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 4 to 4 times. Head l-J^ to li times as long as FIG. 106. Synodontis zambezensis. broad, rugose above behind snout, which is rounded and 1 to I 1 . times as long as postocular part of head ; eye supero-lateral, 6J to 6^- times in length of head and 2^ to 2f times in interorbital width ; lips moderately developed; premaxillary teeth forming a short broad band; movable mandibular teeth ^ to f diameter of eye in The Freshwater Fishes of South Africa. 459 length, 35-38 in number. Maxillary barbel with a narrow mem- brane at base, lj to If times as long as head, reaching to between anterior or posterior third of pectoral spine ; outer niandibular barbel 2 to 2^ times as long as inner and both with long slender branches, the inner barbel sometimes with a few tubercular ramifica- tions. Gill-openings not extending downwards beyond root of pectoral spine. Occipito-nuchal shield rough like the occiput, obtusely tectiform, 1-g- to 1|- times as long as broad, with pointed posterior processes. Humeral process much longer than broad, not distinctly keeled, sharply pointed, extending as far or almost as far back as occipito-nuchal process Dorsal i 7 ; spine nearly as long as head, feebly curved, striated, sharp-edged in front and rather feebly serrated behind. Adipose dorsal 3 to 3^ times as long as deep, 1-f to 2^ times as long as its distance from rayed dorsal. Anal iv 8 ; obtusely pointed in front. Pectoral spine nearly as long as head, not reaching ventral, outer border feebly inner strongly serrated. Ventral not reaching anal. Caudal deeply forked, upper lobe the longer ; caudal peduncle 1 1 to 1 times as long as deep. Colour (of preserved specimens) uniform brown or bluish brown ; tail with a greenish tinge. Two specimens, 196 mm., 224 mm. in length respectively, from Zambezi Eiver, gorge several miles below the Victoria Falls (F. W. Sykes). It is also reported from East Africa, from the Webi Shebeli to the Zambezi. :: 2. SYNODONTIS WOOSNAMI, Blgr. Bouleng., Cat. Fresh. Fish. Afr., ii., p. 424, fig. 319 (1911), and Trans. Zool. Soc., xviii., v., 1911, p. 406. " Depth of body 3-g- times in total length, length of head 3f times. Head a little longer than broad, rugose above from between the eyes ; snout as long as postocular part of head ; eye supero-lateral, 6 times in length of head, twice in interorbital width ; lips mode- rately developed ; prsemaxillary teeth forming a short and broad band ; movable mandibular teeth * diameter of eye, 20 in number. Maxillary barbel not margined, f length of head, reaching a little beyond root of pectoral spine ; mandibular barbels with long slender branches, outer If times as long as inner. Gill-opening not extend- ing downwards beyond base of pectoral spine. Occipito-nuchal shield rugose like the occiput, a little longer than broad, posterior processes obtusely pointed. Humeral process slightly longer than IC.O Annals of the South African Museum. broad, obtusely pointed, not extending so far back as occipito- nuchal process. Dorsal i 7 ; spine f length of head, slightly curved, smooth in front, feebly serrated behind. Adipose dorsal 3| times as long as deep, as long as its distance from rayed dorsal. Anal iv 8 ; rounded. Pectoral spine as long as dorsal, rather feebly serrated FK;. Wl.Synodotus wooannmi. O on outer border, strongly on inner. Ventral rounded, not reaching anal. Caudal deeply notched. Caudal peduncle a little longer than deep. Dark brown above, lighter beneath ; back, sides, and fins closely dotted with black. Total length 150 millim. Lake Ngami district, Bechuanaland." :;: 3. SYNODONTIS NEBULOSUS, Peters. Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac., 1852, p. 682, and Beise Mossamb., iv., p. 28, pi. v., fig. 1 (1868) ; Bouleng., Cat. Fresh. Fish. Air., ii., p. 423, fig. 318 (1911). The Freshwater Fishes of South Africa. 461 " Depth of body 5 times in total length, length of head 3-| times. Head a little longer than broad, rugose above from between the eyes ; snout as long as postocular part of head ; eye supero-lateral, 4^ times in length of head, twice in interorbital width; lips moderately developed; pragma xillary teeth forming a short and broad band, movable mandibular teeth not ^ diameter of eye, 18 in number. Maxillary barbel not margined, a little shorter than head, reaching a little beyond base of pectoral spine ; outer mandibular barbels twice as long as inner, with short simple branches, inner with very short, bifid branches. Gill-opening not extending downwards beyond base of pectoral spine. Occipito-nuchal shield rugose like the occiput, as long as broad, posterior processes pointed. Humeral FIG. 108. Synodontis tiebulosus. process not longer than broad, obtusely pointed, not extending so far back as occipito-nuchal process. Dorsal i 7 ; spine shorter than head, smooth in front, serrated behind. Adipose dorsal about 5 times as long as deep, as long as its distance from rayed dorsal. Anal iv 8 ; pointed in front. Pectoral spine shorter than head, feebly serrated on outer border, strongly on inner. Ventral nearly reaching anal. Caudal deeply notched. Caudal peduncle a little longer than deep. Yellowish green above, with ill-defined, irregular, large blackish spots, yellowish white beneath ; fins yellowish green with transverse series of black spots. Total length 150 millim. Lower Zambezi." 462 Annals of the South African, Museum. 5. SYNODONTIS MACROSTIGMA, Blgr. Bouleng., Cat. Fresh. Fish. Afr., ii., p. 432, fig. 325 (1911), and Trans. Zool. Soc., xviii., v., 1911, p. 407. Depth of body 4 T \ times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 3f times. Head ly\ f times as long as broad, rugose above ; snout rounded and a little longer than postocular portion of head ; eye supero-lateral, 4^- times in length of head and 1^ times in inter- orbital width ; lips moderately developed ; prasmaxillary teeth forming a short, broad band ; movable mandibular teeth T ? ^ diameter of eye, xr- r.*;s*v;;rT*;*v KtV/? '", ,/;**:< ^Sfe ' - nixtiiiiiut. The type. . FIG. 109. 18 in number. Maxillary barbel with a marginal membrane behind and a series of indistinct round warts in front, length of head and not quite reaching base of pectoral spine ; mandibular barbels with short tubercular branches, outer 1| times as long as inner. Gill- openings not extending downwards beyond root of pectoral spine. Occipito-nuchal shield convex, rough like occiput, as long as broad, posterior processes obtusely pointed. Humeral process 1^ times as long as broad, triangular, granulate, without keel, extending as far back as occipito-nuchal process. The Freshwater Fishes of South Africa. 463 Dorsal i 7 ; bony portion of spine f length of head, slightly curved, strong, striated, strongly serrated behind and smooth in front. Adipose dorsal 4f times as long as deep, 1^ times as long as its distance from rayed dorsal. Anal iv 8 ; rounded. Pectoral spine longer than bony portion of dorsal spine, not reaching ventral, roughly serrated on middle part of outer border and strongly serrated on inner border. Caudal forked ; caudal peduncle 1^ times as long- as deep. FIG. 110. Synodontis macrostigma. Younger specimen from the Kafue River. Colour (of preserved specimen), brown, darker above than beneath ; back and sides with large, oval, dark spots in irregular lines ; head and fins with small dark spots. One specimen, 125 mm. in length, from Kafue Eiver, tributary of the Zambezi (J. Drury). This fish, for the determination of which we are indebted to Mr. Boulenger, closely resembles his S. macrostigma, but the eye is much larger proportionately, the spots are fewer and larger, as shown in Fig. 110, and there are other minor differences. The Freshwater Fishes of South Africa. 465 SUB-ORDER APODES. FAMILY ANGUILLIDvE. ANGUILLA. Shaw, Gen. Zool., iv, p. 15 (1804) ; Giinth., Cat. Fish., viii, p. 23 (1870) ; Bouleng., Fish. Nile, p. 401 (1907), and Cat. Preshw. Fish. Afr., iii, p. 3 (1915). " Body much elongate, serpentiforra, with minute scales imbedded in the skin, arranged in small groups placed obliquely at right angles to one another. Pectoral fins well developed ; dorsal and anal fins very long, united at the end of the tail, the former originating at a great distance from the occiput. Mouth large, with more or less developed lips; jaws and palate with bands of small pointed teeth; a. FIG. 111. Dentition of upper jaw and palate in adult specimens of: (a) A. mossambica ; (b) A. bengalensis ; (c) A. auslralis. The bands of teeth are narrower in young 1 specimens. nostrils widely separated from each other, the anterior tubular and at the tip of the snout, the posterior slit-like and close to the eye. Gill- openings small, cresceutic, close to the base of the pectoral fius. Breed in the deep sea, where they undergo very marked meta- morphoses (larval forms known as Leptocephalus} . In Africa, confined to the rivers flowing into the Mediterranean and the North Atlantic and Indian Oceans." Blgr. Occasional specimens, of a large size, have been reported from the mouth of the Orange Eiver. Synopsis of the Species. \. Dorsal originating well in advance of vent. M uuth extending beyond eye ; teeth on sides of jaw in ;i (young) to 6 series, not separated by a longi- tudinal groove or interspace . . . A. mossambica, Peters. 33 460 Annals of the tioulli African Mn*<:tnn. Mou Lli extending to below posterior border <>i eye or beyond ; teeth on sides of jaw in 2 series, separated by a longitudinal groove or interspace (young), or in a single or double series with an inner detached series of minute, sometimes very indistinct teeth . A. bengalim*!*. i. Type, after Peters (Reise Mossainb.). --. 2. ANGUILLA BENGALENSIS, Gray. Muraena benyalensis, Gray in Hardw. 111. Indian Zool., pi. , fig. 5 (1830). Aiiyiulla mauritiana, Benu., Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc., 1831, p. 128 ; Giinth., Cat. Fish., viii, p. 25 (1870) ; Shore Fishes, Cltalleiujer, p. 58 (1880) ; and Fische Siid-see, p. 389 (1910) ; Jord and Everm., Fish. Formosa, in Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xxv, 1903, p. 325 ; M. Web., Zool. Jahrb., Supp. xv, i, 1912, p. 582, fig. Anguilla elphinstonei, Sykes, Trans. Zool. Soc., ii, 1841, p. 337 ; M. Web., t.c., p. 578. Muraena (Anguilla) labiata, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac., 1852, p. 684. Muraena (Anguilla) macrophthalma, Peters, I.e. Anguilla johannae, Play f. and Giinth., Fish. Zanzibar, p. 124, fio-. (1866). Anguilla labiata (part.), Playf. and Giinth., I.e. Anguilla labiata, Peters, Wiegm. Arch., 1855, p. 270, and Reise Mossamb., iv, p. 94, pi. xvii (1868) ; Giinth., Cat. Fish., viii, p. 26 (1870) ; Vincig. Ann. Mus. Geuova (2), xv, 1895, p. 27; Pfeffer, Ost- Afrik. Fische, p. 41 (1893,, and Thierw. O.-Afr., Fische, p. 71 (1896) ; Gilchr.. Cat, Fish. Mar. Inv. S. Afr., i, 1902, p. 155. Anguilla macrophthalnia, Peters, I.e., p. 99, pi. xix ; Giinth., t.c., p. 28 (1870). 468 of the South Afri'-mi .I/// ,-v ///,,. 'illa &egraZe/wsi8,Griiiitli.,t,c,, p. 27(1'870), and Proc. Zool. Soc., 1904, p. 91 ; Bouleug., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1902, ii, p. '224, and Freshw. Fish. Afr., iii, p. 7, fig. 5 (1915). ? An a a ill hiHi-lr'i'it>i , ;it'u>r Peters (Reise Mossamb.). |. from an inner series of small teeth ; vomeriue patch of teeth tapering to a narrow band. Mouth extending to beyond posterior border of eye; lower jaw projecting. Distance from end of snout to gill-opening 2f to 83 times in distance from end of snout to vent. Tail much longer than body. Origin of dorsal midway between pectoral and vent, or a little nearer to the former. Pectoral 2^ to '3~ times in its distance from end of snout. Colour (of preserved specimens), reddish brown. One specimen, 463 mm. in length, from Orange Kiver (Dr. D. E. Kannemeyer). The Freshwater Fishes of South Africa. 469 One specimen, 392 mm. in length, from M'fongosi, Zululand (W. E. Jones). It is also reported from the Indian and South Pacific Oceans, entering rivers of East and South Africa. 3. * ANGUILLA AUSTRALIS, Richards. Anguilla australis, Richards., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1841, p. 22, and Trans. Zool. Soc,, iii, 1843, p. 157 ; M.Weber, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl. xv, i, 1912, p. 593 ; Bouleng., Freshw. Fish. Africa, iii, p. 9, fig. 6 (1915). An7/r>- /;/' XnittJt Africa 471 1. GALAXIAS ZEBRATUS, Cast. Cobitis zebratus, Cast., Mem. Poiss. Afr. Austr., p. 56 (1861). Galaxias capensis, Steindr., Sitz. Ak. Wien, ciii, i, 1894, p. 460, pi. iii, fig. 2 ; M. Web., Zool. Jahrb., Syst. x, 1897, p. 154. Galaxias zebratus, Bouleng., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), xvi, 1905, p. 51, and Freshw. Fish. Afr., iii, p. 12, fig. 8 (1915) ; Regan, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1905, ii, p. 367. Teeth small, subequal. Depth of body 5J to 6| times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 3-J to 4 times. Snout rounded, as long as or a little shorter than eye, which is 3| to 4 times in length of head : jaws about equal in front, chin feebly projecting ; mouth extending to below anterior border or anterior fourth of eye. Gill-rakers short, 8 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal iii-iv 7-8 ; originating at nearly equal distance from occiput and from base of caudal. Pectoral } to f length of head or distance FIG. 115. Galaxias zebratus. from its base to ventral. Ventral 6-rayed, equally distant from end of snout and from base of caudal. Anal iii-iv 7-8, originating below middle or anterior half of dorsal. Caudal rounded- subtruucate, continued anteriorly on caudal peduncle, which is twice or nearly twice as long as deep. Colour (of preserved specimens) greyish or brownish, minutely speckled with dark specks, uniform or with numerous faint cross- bars on back and sides. Several specimens, ranging from 19-31 mm. in length, from Somerset West, Cape Province. Three specimens, ranging from 20-31 mm. in length, from Willeui's River, CalviDia, Cape Province (Revd. C. L. Leipoldt). Three specimens, ranging from 22-24 mm. in length, from George River (V), Cape Province. 2. GALAXIAS PUNCTIPER, Cast. Cobitis punctifer, Casteln., Mem. Poiss. Afr. Austr. p. 56, (1861). Galaxias punctifer, Bouleng., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), xvi, 1905, p. 51, and Freshw. Fish. Afr., iii, p. 13 (1915) ; Regan, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1905, ii, p. 367, pi. x, fig. 3. I' 7- Annals of the South African Museum. Teeth small, subequal. Depth of body 5 to times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 3f to 4J times. Snout rounded, as long as or a little shorter than eye, which is 3| to 4 times in length of head ; interorbital width about 3 to 3^- times in length of head ; jaws equal in front, mouth extending to below anterior fourth or anterior third of eye. Grill-rakers short, 8 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal iii-iv 7-8, originating at equal or nearly equal distance, from occiput and from base of caudal. Pectoral ^ to -f length of head or of the distance from its base to ventral. Ventral 6-rayed, equally distant from snout and from base of caudal. Anal iii-iv 8, commencing below middle or posterior half of dorsal. Caudal trun- cate, slightly emarginate ; continued anteriorly on caudal peduncle, which is 2 to 2 times as long as deep. Fiu. 116. Galaxlas punctifer. Colour (of preserved specimens) pale brown or yellowish, darker above than below, uniform, or with faint bars on back ; body freely speckled with minute dark specks. Four specimens, ranging from 28-57 mm. in length, from the Flats, Cape Peninsula. Four specimens, ranging from 23-33 mm. in length, from Diep River, Cape Peninsula. Many specimens, ranging from 17-24 mm. in length, from Lake- side, Cape Peninsula (B. Power). Galaxias punctifer is barely distinguishable from the preceding (G. zebratus} by "the rather more slender habit, the caudal peuduncle being 2} times as long as deep, and the shape of the caudal fin, which is truncate and slightly emargiuate. The dark bars on the body are absent or confined to the back." (Bouleng., Freshw. Fish. Afr., iii, p. 13). 3. GrALAXIAS DUBIUS, 11. Sp. Teeth rounded, subequal. Depth of body 6| to 7 times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 4 to 5 times. Snout rounded, The Freshwater Fishes of South Africa. 473 a little shorter than eye, which is 31 to a little more than 4 times in length of head ; interorbital width 2 J to 2| times in length of head ; jaws equal in front ; mouth extending to below anterior margin or anterior fourth of eye. Gill-rakers short, 8 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal iii-iv 8-9 ; originating well behind middle of body, about 1^ to 1| times as distant from occiput as from base of caudal. Pectoral I to f length of head or of the distance from its base to ventral. Ventral 6-rayed, about equally distant from end of snout and base of caudal. Anal iv 8-9, originating below anterior third of dorsal. Caudal rounded sub-truncate, continued anteriorly on caudal peduncle, which is nearly twice as long as deep. Colour (of preserved spcjimens) brownish, minutely speckled with dark specks and with faint dark bars on back and sides. Many specimens, ranging from 23-42 mm. in length, from George River, Cape Province. This little fish closely resembles G. zebratiis, but the dorsal fin is placed decidedly further back, and the anal rays are more in number. It is not improbable that the three species described may on examina- tion of more extensive collections prove to be merely varieties of one species. SUB-ORDER SCOMBRESOCES. FAMILY CYPRINODONTIDAE. HAPLOCHILUS. Haplochilus, McClell., Asiat. Res., xix, 1839, pp. 301 and 426 ; Giinth., Cat. Fish., v, p. 310 (1866) ; Bouleng., Poiss. Bass. Congoi p. 344 (1901), Fish. Nile, p. 415 (1907), and Freshw. Fish. Africa, iii, p. 40 (1915). Epiplatys, Gill, Proc. Acad. Philad., 1862, p. 136. Atopocheilichthys, Bleeker, Nat. Verh. Vet. Haarlem, xviii, 1863, no. 2, p. 116. Lycocyprinus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac., 1868, p. 146. Mouth small ; teeth conical, in a narrow band, those of the outer series largest. Head usually flat above. Scales moderate. Dorsal fin commencing well behind origin of anal. Ventral fins present, far behind base of the pectorals. " Fresh and brackish waters of Africa, Southern and Eastern Asia, Central and South America, and the West Indies." 474 A mini x <>f tin' Hntilli African 1. : HAPLOCHILUS MYAPOSAE, Blgr. Bouleug., Ann. Nat. Mus., i, 1908, pt. 3, p. 232, and Preshw. Fish. Africa, iii, p. 44, fig. 31 (1915). " Depth of body 4 to 4.| times in total length, length of head 3| to 4 times. Head flat above ; snout short and broad, shorter than eye ; mouth directed upwards, lower jaw projecting ; eye nearly 3 times iu length of head, H times in interorbital width, as long as or a little shorter than postorbital part of head ; praeorbital hardly | diameter of eye. Dorsal 10, originating twice as far from anterior border of eye as from root of caudal, above anterior third of anal, median rays longest, about I length of head. Anal 14-15, rounded like the dorsal. Pectoral f length of head, reaching a little beyond base of ventral ; latter nearer end of snout than root of caudal. Caudal rounded, as long FIG. 117. Haplochilus myaposae. Type (Ann. Natal Mus. 1908). as head. Caudal peduncle 1| times as long as deep. 27-28 scales in longitudinal series, 16 round body in front veutrals ; no lateral-line pits. Pale olive, with darker edges to the scales ; tins greyish. Total length 28 millim. Zululand. Types in Natal Museum, Pietermaritzburg." From Myaposa River (Dr. E. Warren). 2. HAPLOCHILUS JOHNSTONII, G-iiuth. Haplochilus jolmxtonii, Giiuth., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1893, p. 627 ; Bouleng., Ann. Natal Mus., i, 1908, p. 220, and Freshw. Fish. Africa, iii, p. 69, fig. 56 (1915). Hapocliilus atrijiiiitnt, Pfeff., Thierw. O.-Afr., Fische, p. 46 (1896) ; Hilgend. and Pappenh., Sitzb. Ores, naturf. Fr., 1903, p. 271. Teeth, outer row enlarged and recurved. Depth of body 4 to 4 T 7 (j in total length, excluding caudal, length of head 3 T 9 o to 4i times. Head flat above ; snout short and broad, shorter than eye ; mouth directed upwards, lower jaw projecting ; eye 2 to 2f times in length of head, a little shorter than postorbital part of head, l T \y to li times in interorbital width ; preorbital nearly f diameter of eye. The Fn'xJnrtili^r F/.-7/rx of Soutli A I'rirn. 475 Dorsal 8, originating twice as far from eye as from root of caudal, above posterior third of anal; last rays longest, \- length of head. Pectoral T 7 opercular border to the base of caudal ; tins greyish. FIG. 118. Haploch (7)i,s joluixhniii. Type. Two specimens, 29 mm., 33 mm. in length respectively, from Sakauia, South Congo (Rev. T. A. Rogers). Bulawayo Museum The species is also reported from Nyassaland, Lake Rukwa, and Zululand . SUB-ORDER ACANTHOPTERYGII. DIVISION PERCIFORMES. FAMILY CICHLIDAE. " The African Cichlidae are computed by Dr. Boulenger (' Catalogue of the Freshwater Fishes of Africa,' vol. iii, 1915) to number 285 well-established species, grouped under 41 genera ; he remarks, how- ever (p. 134), that " the classification of the very numerous African members of this family presents the greatest difficulties . . . the dentition in certain species being subject to variation, according to age, or even of a purely individual nature." Lake Tanganyika has furnished about one-third of these species, and is remarkable for the very numerous generic types with very aberrant dentition which appear to have been evolved out of the more generalised forms occurring in the rivers of Africa. Some members of this large family, e. g. Tilapia, Tropheus, and 476 Annals of the South African Museum. Ectodus, are of considerable interest owing to their mode of spawning and the nursing habits of the parent fish. In the Tilapia, for instance, it lias been observed that in some species the ova are deposited in a small hollow or nest made in the bed of a pond or stream, and after fertilisation by the nude who is very determined in attacking and driving off any strange fish are taken into the mouth of the female and carried in the buccal cavity until hatched. Mr. Schoeller, in some observations made at Alexandria (Egypt), noticed that the young fry after hatching took refuge in the mother's mouth imme- diately any alarm or danger appeared. Formerly these nursing duties were believed to devolve upon the male, but careful examinations by Dr. Boulenger and others show that it is always the female that undertakes them, and that she apparently goes without food during the ten days or so that elapse whilst the eggs are hatching in her mouth. Synopsis of the South African Genera described. Dorsal and anal fins without scaly sheath at the base. A. Outer teeth bi- or tricuspid, rarely conical, with- out canines in front, not swollen at the base. Teeth forming narrow or moderately broad bands, the outer bicuspid, rarely conical ; dorsal with 11-19 spines, anal with 3 or 4 . Teeth forming very broad bands, all tricuspid ; dorsal with 16-20 spines, anal with 3 . B. Outer teeth biciispid in some individuals, conical in others (forms connecting Tilazria and Paralilapia) ; dorsal with 13-19 spines, anal with 3-6 ...... C. Outer teeth conical in the adult, sometimes bi- cuspid in the young, with or without curved canines. Anal with 3 spines (exceptionally 4). Outer teeth, if closely set, not strongly in- curved. Two lateral lines ; ventrals with the outer rays longest. Outer mandibular teeth not pointing out- wards. Two or more series of teeth in each jaw ; no strong papillose pad in front of the gill- arches ; dorsal with 10-18 spines, anal with 6-14 soft rays Paratilapia, Blkr. Tilapia, A. Smith. Petrochromis, Blgr. Haplnchromis, PfeiY. The Freshwater Fishes of South Africa. 477 A very strong papillose pad in front of the gill arches ; otherwise as in Pa ratilapia . Pelmatochromis,Stndr. Teeth in one or two, very rarely three series, the two median teeth of the outer series enlarged ; dorsal with 13-15 spines . . Hemichromis, Peters. TILAPIA. Chromis, part., Cuvier, Regne Anim., ii, p. 266 (1817); Griinth., Cat. Fish, iv, p. 267 (1862). Tilapia, A. Smith, 111. Zool. S. Afr. Fish. (1849) ; Bouleug., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1899, p. 105, part, ; Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 452 (1901), Fish. Nile, p. 513 (1907), and Freshw. Fish. Africa, iii, p. 138 (1915) ; Pellegr., Mcni. Soc. Zool. France, xvi, 1904, p. 307. Sarotherodon, Riipp., Verz. Mus. Senck., iv, p. 21 (1852) ; Griinth., t.c., p. 273. Goptodon, G-ervais, Bull. Soc. Agric. Ht-rault, 1853, p. 81. Halifjenes, Gunth., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 471. Ptychochromis, Steiudr., Sitzb. Ak. Wien, Ixxxii, i, 1880, p. 248 ; Pellegr., t.c., p. 346. Oreochromis, Giiuth., Proc. Zool. Soc, 1889, p. 70; Pellegr., t.c., p. 354. Ctenochromis, part., Pfeff., Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst., x, 1893, p. 149. Oplithalmotilapia, Pellegr., t.c., p. 345. " Body short or more or less elongate ; scales cycloid or ctenoid ; two incomplete lateral lines. Teeth in t\vo or more series, the outer bicuspid,* the others tricuspid ; maxillary usually more or less com- pletely hidden under the praeorbital when the mouth is closed. Dorsal fin with 1 1-19 spines, anal with 3 or 4. Parietal and occipital crests strong, extending to between the orbits. Vertebrae 26-34." Synopsis of the South African Species described. I. Scales cycloid (rarely indistinctly ctenoid). A. Gill-rakers 15-27 on lower part of anterior arch. Anal spines 3 (very rarely 4) ; pectoral usually as long as or longer than head, often reaching vertical of origin of anal or beyond. Caudal not densely scaled. 1. Outer teeth small and slender or unicuspid. * " Occasionally conical or indistinctly biscuspid in a few species which are related to T. nilotica (T. nigra. mossambica, natalensis, linnelli, squamipinnis) See also Haplochromis." 478 Annals of the South African Museum. (a) Caudal peduncle as long as deep ; 4 series of scales on the cheek ; -") gill-rakers. D. xvi-xvii 13 ; A. iii 11 ; So. 31- 33 r|; caudal rounded . . 1. T. kafuensis, Blgr. (b) Caudal peduncle as long as deep, rarely a little deeper than long ; 2 or 3 series of scales on the cheek ; 15-23 gill-rakers ; pectoral xisually not much longer than head. D. xvi 12-13; A. iii 11; Sc. 31 T % ; mouth moderate, about width of head, extending to behind nostril ; caudal truncate . 2. T. intermedia, n. sp. I>. xv-xvi 10-12: A. iii (iv) 9-10; Sc. 28-33 j|^| ; mouth large, at least about ~ width of head, extending to below eye, or not quite so far ; caudal rounded in the adult D. xv-xvi 11-13; A. iii 10; Sc. > 1 28-31 j| ; mouth large, extend- ing to anterior border of eye (or nearly so) or a little beyond ; caudal truncate D. xv-xviii 10-12; A. iii 9-11; Sc. 27-34 j* 'j! ; mouth fj to f width of head, extending to between nostril and eye ; caudal truncate or slightly emarginate (angles sometimes rounded) 3. T. mossambica, Peters. 4. T. vorax, Pfeff. 5. T. natalensis, M. Web. (c) Caudal peduncle deeper than long; 2 or 3 series of scales on the cheek ; 15-25 gill rakers ; pectoral often much longer than head in adult. D. xv-xvi 11-13; A. iii 9-10; Sc. 29-31 13 r[^ ; caudal truncate or slightly emarginate . D. xvii 12; A. iii 9; Sc. 28 -; caudal truncate or slightly 6. T. macrochir, Blgr. emarginate 7. T. shesliekensis, n. sp. (2) Outer teeth with extremely slender shafts, sometimes almost seti- form ; 2 or 3 series of scales on the cheek ; caudal truncate or slightly emarginate. The Fn'x/tn.'itli'r I<'i/tes of Soi/t// Afrir,i. 479 (a) Caudal peduncle deeper than long ; 18-27 gill-rakers. D. xv-xvii 12-14 ; A. iii 10-12 ; Sc. 30-34 **~*l ; mouth extend- l*-lo ing to below nostril or slightly beyond 8. T. yalilaea, Art. D. xv-xvii 11-13 ; A. iii 9-11 ; Sc. 29-33 J.^TK ; mouth extending to between nostril and eye . 9. T. andersonii, Cast, (6) Caudal densely scaled ; 15-22 gill-rakers. D. xvi 10-11 ; A. iii 8-9 ; Sc. 32- ql 36 - - ; 2 series of scales on 1* ID the cheek ; caudal peduncle longer than deep ; caudal rounded, with a feeble median notch, or upper angle pointed . 10. T. squamipinnis, Giinth. B. Gill-rakers 7-15 on lower part of anterior arch. Outer teeth moderately slender or rather large. 1. 2-5 series of scales 011 the cheek. (a) 15 or 16 dorsal spines (rarely 14 or 17) ; 8-11 (rarely 7) anal rays. Depth of body not more than twice (or, rarely, slightly more) in total length ; pectoral as long as head, or a little shorter or longer. I), xiv-xvi 10-14; A. iii 9-11; Sc, 28-32 ^|* ; 8 to 12 gill-rakers on lower part of anterior arch. 11. T. melanopleura, A. Dum. D. xv 11 ; A. 9 ; Sc. 27 ^ ; 15 gill- rakers oil lower part of anterior arch 12. T. nrnoldi, u. sp. ** Depth of body more than twice in total length. Pectoral longer than head. D. xvi 12 ; A. iii 14 ; Sc. 30 % ; 1 8 gill-rakers ; scales on cheek in 4 rows . . . . 13. T. swierstrae, n. sp. I), xvi 12; A. iii 10 ; Sc. 29 |; 1 _ 9 gill-rakers ; scales on cheek in 4-5 rows .... 14. T. mackeani, n. sp. D. xvi 11; A. iii 9; Sc. 30 |* ; 9 gill-rakers ; scales on cheek in 3 rows . . . . 15. T. sykesii, n. sp. 480 Annals of the South African Museum. D. xvi 11; A. iii 8 ; Sc. 28jp 9 gill-rakers ; scales on cheek in 3 rows . 16. T. druryi, n. sp. (li) 14 dorsal spines ; 6 soft anal rays. Depth of body more than 3 times in total length. Caudal truncate. Pectoral shorter than head. D. xivlO; A. iii 6; Sc. 29 ; 10 gill- rakers ; scales on cheek in 4 rows 17. T. rumsayi, n. sp. (c) 11-15 dorsal spines; 8-11 soft anal rays. Depth of body 2 to 3 times in total length. Caudal rounded or rounded-sub- truncate. 1. 2 to 4 series of scales on the cheek. Breast and belly scaly. D. xiii-xv 9-11 (very rarely 12) ; A. iii 8-10; Sc. 27-29 2 f ^ ; 9-12 gill-rakers ; 2 or 3 series of scales on cheek ; depth of body 2-25 times in total length 18. T. sparrmani, A. Smith. D. xiii 11; A. 7; Sc. 26^ ; 9 gill- rakers ; 3-4 series of scales on the cheek ; depth of body a little more than 2 times in total length 19. T. ellenbergeri, n. sp. D. xiii-xv 12-13; A. iii 8-9; Sc. 27-30 ^ 3 ; 7 to 9 gill-rakers ; 3 or 4 series of scales on the cheek ; depth of body 2| to 3 times in total length 5 to 7 series of scales on the cheek. Breast and belly naked. D. xv 13; A. iii 9; Sc. 34 p|; 12 gill-rakers ; depth of body 2| times in total length ; caudal rounded D. xv 10 ; A. iii 8 ; Sc. 33| ; 9 gill- rakers ; depth of body 2| times in total length ; caudal trun- cate 20. T. ovalis, Steindr. 21. T. ivoosnami, Blgr. 22. T.jallae Blgr. The Freshwater Fishes of South Africa. 481 II. Scales with more or less denticulate edge. Caudal rounded or truncate, not at all emarginate. 1. Dorsal with 14 or 15 spines; eye 3 to 4 times in length of head; depth of body 2^ to 3 times in total length ; caudal rounded or rounded-subtruucate ; 6 series of scales on cheek. D. xv 14; A. iii 9; Sc. 34 *|; pectoral as long as head . . 23. T. giardi, Pellegr. 2. Dorsal with 15-17 spines (rarely 14) ; eye 4 to 4 times in length of head in adult ; depth of body 2^ to 3 times in total length ; caudal rounded. D. xiv-xvi 8-10 ; A. iii 7-8 ; Sc. 30-33 ^j ; teeth in |3 to 5 series ; snout shorter than post- ocular part of head . . . 24. T. calliptcra, Giinth. 3. Dorsal with 15-17 spines; eye 3^ to 4| times in length of head; depth of body 2 to 3 times in total length ; caudal rounded or rounded-sub truncate. D. xvii 9 ; A. iii 8 ; Sc. 33 =j| ; eye 3 times in length of head ; teeth in 6 series, 40 in upper jaw ; caudal rounded . . 25. T. living stonii, Blgr. D. xvi 11; A. iii 10; Sc. 30 ~; eye 4 T '^ times In length of head ; teeth in 4 series, about 50 in upper jaw ; caudal rounded-subtruncate . . 26. T. kirkhami, n. sp. 1. TlLAPIA KAFUENSIS, Blgr. Bouleug., Aun. aud Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), x, 1912, p. 138, and Freshw. Fish. Africa, iii, p. 153, fig. 100 (1915). Teeth in eight series, about 110 in the outer series of upper jaw. Depth of body 2 times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 3 times. Head If times as long as broad; snout rounded, with feebly concave upper profile, slightly broader than long, a little shorter than postocular part of head ; eye 5f times in length of head, | interorbital width, f preorbital depth ; moiitli width of head, extending to between nostril and eye ; 4 series of scales on the cheek, width of scaly part a little greater than diameter of eye. Gill-rakers moderate, 25 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal xvi 13 ; last spine longest, f length of head ; longest soft ray | length of head. Pectoral 1| times length of head, reaching 34 482 Annals of the South African Museum. n vertical of origin of anal. Ventral reaching to vent. Anal iii 11 ; 3rd spine not quite i length of head. Caudal rounded; caudal peduncle as long as deep. Scales cycloid, 31 1|, lateral lines ff . Colour (of preserved specimen), dark brownish black above, lightish beneath ; a dark opercular spot and 2 or 3 ill-defined black spots on the side below upper lateral line ; soft dorsal and anal fins with light and dark spots between their rays. FIG. 119. Tilapia kafuensis. Type. -|. One specimen, 298 mm. in length, from Bulawayo (Mr. F. D. McKea.n) . It is also reported from the Kafue River arid from the Zambesi. 2. TILAPIA INTERMEDIA, n. sp. Teeth slender, closely set, in 3 series on each jaw, 40-50 in outer series on upper jaw. Depth of body 2f to 2f times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 2f times. Head 1| to twice as long as broad ; snout with straight upper profile, as long as broad, shorter than postocular part of head ; eye 4 to 4 T V times in length of head, | to | interorbital width, slightly longer than preorbital depth ; width .of mouth about i width of head, extending to behind nostril ; scales on cheek in 2 to 3 series, width of scaly part about equal to or a little less than diameter of eye. Gill-rakers moderate, about 23 on lower part of anterior arch. The Freshwater Fishes of South Africa. 483 Dorsal xvi 12-13 ; last spine longest, about f length of head ; longest soft rays a little more than ^ length of head. Pectoral a little shorter than head, reaching to vertical of origin of anal. Ventral extending to vent. Anal iii 11 ; 3rd spine about ^ length of head. Caudal truncate ; caudal peduncle as long as deep or a little deeper than long. Scales cycloid, 31-^- ; lateral lines 21 y|?. Colour (of preserved specimens) dark brown above, lighter below ; 8 or 9 dark cross-bars on the body and a faint longitudinal streak from opercle to base of caudal ; a dark opercular spot ; vertical fins with faint dark and light spots forming oblique streaks ; a dark spot at base of anterior rays of soft dorsal ; snout dark. Two specimens, 58 mm., 74mm. in length respectively, from Sawmills, Bulawayo, Ehodesia (F. D. McKeau). This species closely resembles T. sparrmani, but the gill-rakers are far more numerous and the scale formula and markings differ slightly. 3. TILAPIA MOSSAMBICA, Peters. Chromis (Tilapla) mossambicus, Peters, Mou. Berlin. Ac., 1852, p. 681. Chromis niloticiis, part., Peters, Arch. f. Nat., 1855, p. 267 ; Giiuth., Cat. Fish., iv, p. 510 (1862) ; Peters, Eeise Mossanib., iv, p. 23, pi. iv, fig. 4 (1868). Chromis mossambicus, part., Grunth., t.c., p. 268. Chromis dumerilii, Steindr., Verh. zool.-bot. G-es. Wieii, xiv, 1864, p. 225, pi. vii, fig. 1. Chromis niloticus, var. mossambicus, M. Web., Zool. Jahrb., Syst. x, 1897, p. 148. Tilapia mossambica, Bouleug., Trans. Zool. Soc., sv, 1898, p. 4, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1899, p. Ill, and Freshw. Fish. Africa, iii, p. 154, fig. 101, (1915) ; Pellegr., Mem. Soc. Zool. France, xvi, 1904, p. 309. Tilapia dumerili, Bouleng., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1899, p. 116 ; Pellegr., t.c., p. 317. Teeth in 4 (young) to 7 series. Depth of body 2^- to 3 times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 2f to 3.} times. Head 1 T 7 ^ to a little more than twice as long as broad, with concave upper profile ; snout rounded, as broad as or a little broader than long, as long as or a little shorter than postocular part of head ; eye 4 T 3 (young) to 6 times in length of head, f to f iiiterorbital width, equal to or a little less than preorbital depth ; mouth large, T V to | width of head, extend- ing to below anterior border of eye or not quite so far ; 2 to 4 series 484 Annals of the South African Must' tun. of scales on cheek, width of scaly part -} to a little more than diameter of eye. Gill-rakers short, 16 to 20 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal xv-xvi 10-12 ; last spine longest, \ to \ length of head ; longest soft ray f to & length of head. Pectoral -& to a little longer than head, reaching vertical of origin of anal or beyond. Ventral reaching vent or origin of anal. Anal iii 9-10 ; 3rd spine a little shorter than last dorsal spine. Caudal rounded in the adult, truncate in the young ; caudal peduncle as long as deep or slightly deeper than long. Scales cycloid, 28-31 ^|, lateral lines ,~ 6 - n PIG. 120. Tilapia mossambica. f . Colour (of preserved specimens) brownish, reddish, or olive brown, usually darker above than below and the scales with dark centre or a band on outer rim ; a dark opercular spot ; dorsal, anal, and caudal generally dark or with dark spots; dorsal and caudal edged with yellowish white. Five specimens, ranging from 125-262 mm. in length, from Manzemntonto River, Transvaal (Major J. Stevenson Hamilton). Four specimens, ranging from 166-249 mm. in length, from Dwaars River, Transvaal. One specimen, 176 mm. in length, from Lake N'gami (H. F. Kirkham). The Freshwater Fishes of South Africa. 485 Two specimens, 218 rnm., 219 mm. in length respectively, from Pieuaars River, Transvaal. Pretoria Museum. The species appears also to i-auge from German East Africa to Natal. 4. TILAPIA VOKAX, Pfeff. Chromis vorax, Pfeff. Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst. x, 1893, p. 151, pi. ii, figs. 9-11, and Thiervv. O.-At'r., Fische, p. 12, fig. 8 (1896). Tilapia vorax, Bouleiig., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1899, p. 125, and Freshw. Fish. Afr., iii, p. 156, fig. 102 (1915) ; Pellegr., Mt'm. Soc. Zool. France, xvi, 1904, p. 322. ' ' '"> i .'.' ':',.-. ; w ^s^Sirfte FIG. 121. Tilapia vorax. Type, after Pfeffer (Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst., ' 1893). |. Teeth small, in 4 rows, about 60 in outer series of upper jaw. Depth of body about equals length of head, 2f times in total length excluding caudal. Head twice as long as broad ; snout with straight upper profile, equal to post ocular part of head, about as broad as long, twice diameter of eye, which is 5 times in length of head and nearly twice iuterorbital width ; mouth large, width of head, extending to anterior border of eye ; 3 series of scales on the cheek, width of scaly part slightly less than diameter of eye. Grill-rakers short, 18 on lower part of anterior a- di. 486 Annals of the South African Museum. Dorsal xvi 1 1 ; last, spine longest, -f length of head, middle soft rays produced, nearly f length of head. Pectoral nearly as long as head, extending a little beyond vertical of origin of anal. Ventral reaching slightly beyond origin of anal. Anal iii 10 ; 3rd spine a little shorter than last dorsal spine. Caudal ti*uncate, the angles slightly rounded ; caudal peduncle as long as deep Scales cycloid, 30 T % ; lateral lines f . Colour (of preserved specimen) uniform dark olive-brown (almost black), belly greyish, cheeks and lower jaw white ; a rather indistinct dark opercular spot ; vertical fins and ventrals blackish ; tip of dorsal and extremity of caudal lobes yellowish white. One specimen, 161 mm. in length, from Umzemutonto River, Transvaal (Major J. Stevenson Hamilton). This species is also reported from German East Africa and Mozambique. The specimen above dealt with differs slightly in some respects from Dr. Bouleuger's description of T. vorax, but there seems little reason to doubt that it is the same species. 5. TlLAPIA NATALENSIS, M. Web. Chromis niloticus, part., Peters, Arch. f. Nat., 1855, p. 267, and Reise Mossamb., iv, p. 23 (1868) ; Pfeff., Jahrb. H;imb. Wiss. Anst,, x, 1893, p. 149, pi. iii, figs. 1-4, and Thierw. O.-Afr., Fische, p. 10, fig. (1896). Chrom.is mossambicus, part., Griinth., Cat. Fish., iv, p. 268 (1862). Chromis natalensis, M. Web., Zool. Jahrb., Syst. x, 1897, p. 147. Tilapia natalensis, Bouleng., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1899, p. 113, Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 457 (1901), and Freshw. Fish. Afr., iii, p. 157, fig. 103 (1915) ; Pellegr., Mem. Soc. Zool. France, xvi, 1904, p. 311. Teeth in 3 (young) to 6 series, 50 (young) to 140 in outer series of upper jaw. Depth of body 2^ to 2f times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 2| to 34p times. Head If to about twice as long as broad ; snout rounded, with straight or slightly convex upper profile, as broad as or a little broader than long, T 7 ^ to T % postocular part of head ; eye 3 (young) to 5^ times in length of head, f to ~ inter- orbital width, equal to or a little less or a little greater than preorbital depth ; mouth moderate, f to f width of head, extending to between nostril and eye ; 2 or 3 series of scales on the cheek, width of scaly part not greater than diameter of eye. Gill-rakers short, 16 to 20 on lower part of anterior arch. Tlie Freshwater Fishes of South Africa. 487 Dorsal xv-xvii 10-12 ; last spine longest, 4 to a little more than i length of head ; longest soft rays i to f length of head. Pectoral equal to or a little longer than head, reaching to vertical of origin of anal or beyond. Ventral reaching vent or scarcely to origin of anal. Anal iii 9-10 ; 3rd spine a little shorter or equal to last dorsal spine. Caudal truncate or very slightly emargiiiate, the angles sometimes rounded ; caudal peduncle as long as deep or slightly deeper than long. Scales cycloid, 27-32 ^g ; lateral lines J^J. FIG. 122. Tilapia natalensis. f . Colour (of preserved specimens), brown or reddish brown above, t lighter or whitish beneath ; a blackish opercular spot, sometimes followed by a more or less distinct series of similar spots along the side of the body above and below the upper lateral line ; young usually with 7 or 8 more or less distinct vertical bars often in addition to the 2 series of blackish spots ; vertical fins uniform or with small round blackish spots or light spots separated by a dark network. Eight specimens, ranging from 55-98 mm. in length, from Lakeside, Cape Peninsula (C. Sullivan). Two specimens, 73 mm., 131 mm. in length respectively, from Buffalo River, East London (Mr. Wood). One specimen, 154 mm. in length, from Blind Eiver, Nahoon, East London (brak water) (Mr. Brooking). 488 Annals of the South African Museum. Four specimens, ranging from 134-144 mm. in length, from Kanoogha River, East London. Four specimens, ranging from 77-122 mm. in length, from Umkomas River, Natal (Dr. G-ilchrist). Three specimens, ranging from 60-89 mm. in length, from Umbeluzi, Swaziland (Mr. Howard). Two specimens, 26 mm. ,32 mm. in length respectively, fix>m Komati Poort, Transvaal. Thirty-five specimens, ranging from 30-83 mm. in length, from Nquametzi River, Transvaal (Major J. Stevenson Hamilton). Twenty-two specimens, ranging from 34-99 mm. in length, from Sabi River, Transvaal (Major J. Stevenson Hamilton). One specimen, 142 mm. in length, from Mauzemutonto River, Transvaal (Major J. Stevenson Hamilton). Ten specimens, ranging from 81-128 mm. in length, from Dwaai'S River, Transvaal. Six specimens, ranging from 105-1 67 mm. in length, from Pienaar's River, Transvaal. Pretoria Museum. Two specimens, 114 mm., 115 mm. in length respectively, from Umniati River, Rhodesia. Bulawayo Museum, collected by Meimell. One specimen, 147 mm. in length, from Salisbury, Rhodesia (J. ffolliott Darling). 6. TlLAPIA MACEOCHIR, Blgr. Bouleng., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), x, 1912, p. 139, and Freshw. Fish. Africa, iii, p. 160, fig. 105 (1915). Teeth in five series, about 80 in outer series of upper jaw. Depth of body twice in total length excluding caudal, length of head 3| times. Head If times as long as broad, upper profile descending in a strong curve ; snout rounded, with concave upper profile, a little broader than long, shorter than postocular part of head ; eye 5| times in length of head, | interorbital width, less than preorbital depth ; mouth rather small, extending to between nostril and eye ; scales on cheek in 2 or 3 series, width of scaly part a little less than diameter of eye. Gill- rakers moderate, 25 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal xvi 11 ; last spine longest, about -| length of head ; longest soft ray nearly equals length of head. Pectoral li length of head, reaching beyond vertical of origin of anal. Ventral reaching to vent. Anal iii 10 ; 3rd spine ^ length of head. Caudal slightly emarginate ; caudal peduncle deeper than long. Scales cycloid, 30 j| ; lateral lines 'f !, . The Freshwater Fishes of South Africa. 489 Colour (of preserved specimen), blackish, base of scales dark ; a dark opercular spot ; tip of dorsal fiu and distal extremity of anal whitish, indistinct dark and light longitudinal streaks on dorsal. FIG. 123. Tilapia, macrochir. Type. ^. One specimen, 292 mm. in length, from Victoria Falls, Zambesi River (F. Kumsay). Bulawayo Museum. It is also reported from Lakes Bangwelu and Mweru. 7. TILAPIA SHESHEKENSIS, n. sp. Teeth small, in 3 series, 60 (circa) in outer row on upper iaw. Depth of body 2^ times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 2~ times. Head nearly twice as long as broad, upper profile elevated ; snout 1| times as broad as long, ^ length of postocular part of head ; eye 3| times in length of head, interorbital width, If as long as least depth of preorbital ; mouth nearly f width of head, extending to between nostril and eye ; 2 series of scales on the cheek, width of scaly part nearly ~ diameter of eye. Gill-rakers short and thick, 24 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal xvii 12 ; spines subequal from the 6th ; longest spines f- length of head ; longest soft rays | length of head* Pectoral l 490 Annals of the South African Museum. times length of head, reaching to about middle of anal. Ventral ~ length of head, reaching scarcely to anal. Anal iii 9, 3rd spine slightly longer than longest dorsal spines. Caudal truncate, slightly emarginate ; caudal peduncle 1* times as deep as long. Scales cycloid, 28^; lateral Hues -f-f. Colour (of pi'eserved specimen) greyish-brown above, whitish below ; scales dark in centre, forming indistinct longitudinal streaks between the series ; about 10 more or less distinct dark cross-bars on body the first extending across the nape, the next starting about the level of the opercular spot crosses in front of the origin of dorsal fin, the 7th below anterior rays of soft dorsal, or extends downwards to just below the median line; a dark opercular spot; dorsal with oblique dark bars enclosing whitish spots, especially on soft portion ; anal with dark and light spots. One specimen, 62 mm. in length, from Shesheke, Southern Rhodesia (Rev. L. Jalla). This species resembles T. natalensis in many respects, but has a greater number of gill-rakers, the diameter of eye is much greater than least depth of preorbital, lateral line has fewer scales transversely, and the colour markings are different. 8. TILAPIA f I In- South African Museum. One specimen, 95 nun. in length, from Victoria Falls, Zambesi River (Mr. J. W. So per). Bulawayo Museum. This species is also reported from Lake Galilee and Jordan ; Nile system up to Blue Nile and Bahr-el-GTebel ; Senegal; Gambia; Portuguese Guinea ; Lagos ; Niger ; ? Banzyville, Ubanghi. 9. TlLAPIA ANDERSONII, Cast. Chromys andersonii, Cast eln., Mem. Poiss. Afr. Austr.,p. 14 (1861). Chromys cha/pmanii, Casteln, op. cit., p. 15. / Chromys sparmanni (non A. Smith), Casteln., t.c., p. 12. Melanogenes microcephalus (non Bleek.), Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1884, p. 196, fig. Tilapia flavomarginata, Bouleng., Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool., i, p. 123, pi. xlvi (1899), Poiss. Bass. Congo., p. 458 (1901), and Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), vi, 1910, p. 560 ; Pellegr., Mt'm. Soc. Zool. France, xvi, 1904, p. 313, and Bull. Soc, Pliilom. (9), ix, 1907, p. 37, fig. Tilapia andersonii, Bouleug., Trans. Zool. Soc., xviii, 1911, p. 415, and Freshw. Fish. Afr., iii, p. 171, fig. 110 (1915). Teeth in a band of four (young) to eight series. Depth of body 2^ to 2^ times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 3 to 31 times. Head 1^ to twice as long as broad ; snout rounded, with straight or slightly convex upper profile, as broad as or a little broader than long, a little shorter than postocular part of head ; eye 4f to 5J- times in length of head, 2 to 2^ in interorbital width, equal to or a little less than preorbital depth ; mouth moderate, -| to f width of head, extend- ing to between nostril and eye ; 3 series of scales on the cheek, width of scaly part not greater than diameter of eye. Gill-rakers moderately long, 20 to 24 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal xvi 11-12 ; last spine longest, ~ to - length of head ; longest soft rays to 1 length of head. Pectoral 1 to li times length of head, reaching vertical of origin of anal or beyond. Ventral reaching to vent or beyond. Anal iii 10-11 ; 3rd spine -| to -| length of head. Caudal truncate or slightly emarginate ; caudal peduncle deeper than long. Scales cycloid, 30-32 ^ ; lateral lines *g- Colour (of preserved specimens) blackish brown, or dark uniform brown, lighter beneath ; scales edged with whitish ; a dark opercular spot ; vertical fins dark, with indistinct dark streaks on dorsal ; dorsal faintly edged with yellowish white. One specimen, 268 mm. in length, from Zambesi River, about 3 miles above the Victoria Falls (Mr. F. W. Sykes). The Freshwater Fishes of South Africa. 493 One specimen, '258 mm. in length, from Kafue River, Rhodesia (C. F. MolyiuMix). One specimen, UW mm. in length, from Lake Nganii (H. F. Kirkham). It is also reported from Angola, Congo, and Gaboon. FIG. 125. Tilapia andersonii. |. According to Mr. Sykes the Batoka name <>f the specimen s c .nt by him is Tsheri, the Barotse name Appapali. He states that the fish is " much esteemed by Europeans and natives, not having a superfluity of bones and hardly any of the muddy flavour usual with freshwater fish. A favourite dish of Lewauika. Can be caught on hooks baited with locusts and would probably rise to a fly." 10. TILAPIA SQUAMIPINNIS, Grunth. Chromis squamipinnis, G-unth., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1864, p. 311, and 1893, p. 621, pi. liii. Tilapia squamipinnis, Bouleng., Trans. Zool. Soc., xv, 1898, p. 4, and Proc. Zool. Soc., 1899, p. 177 ; Pellegr., Mc'm. Soc. Zool. France, xvi, 1904, p. 318; Bouleng., Freshw. Fish. Africa, iii, p. 183, fig. 118, (1915). "Depth of body 2} to 2| times in total length, length of head 2 to 3 times. Head If to 2 times as long as broad, snout rounded, 494 Annals of the South African Museum. with straight or convex upper profile, about f as long as broad, -| to ^ postocular part of head ; eye 3 (young) to 6~ times in length of head, 1^ (young) to 2| times in interorbital width, equal to prae- orbital depth in adult ; mouth moderate, \ to -| width of head, extending to between nostril and eye ; teeth in 4 (young) to 7 series,* 50 (young) to 110 in outer series of upper jaw; 2 series of scales on the cheek, width of scaly part less than diameter of eye. Gill-rakers moderate, 17 to 21 on lower part of anterior arch. FIG. 126. Tilapia squamipinnis. Type, after Giinther (P.Z.S., 1893). |. Dorsal xvi 10-11 ; spines subequal from middle ones, or last longest, -f- to i length of head ; longest soft rays i to f length of head. Anal iii 8-9 ; third spine -\ to ~- length of head. Pectoral as long as or slightly longer than head, reaching origin of anal or a little beyond. Ventral reaching vent or not so far Caudal densely scaled, rounded with a, feeble median notch, or upper angle pointed. Caudal peduncle a little longer than deep. Scales cycloid, 32-36 lateral lines . Pale greyish olive, with or without 8 more or less regular blackish cross-bars, or dark brown to bluish-black ; soft dorsal with oblique dark streaks, or fins bluish-black with a yellow or orange edge ; the blackish cross-bars constant in the young, which bear a large black spot on the anterior part of the soft dorsal. * " In one of the specimens received from Capt. Rhoades, all the outer teeth are conical, without secondary cusps." The Freshwater Fishes of South Africa. 495 Total length 300 millim. Lake Nyassa and Upper Shire River." Three specimens, ranging from 74-77 mm. in length, received from Kafue River, Rhodesia (Mr. J. Hotchkiss), appear to belong to this species, but owing to their mutilated condition it is difficult to identify them satisfactorily. 11. TlLAPIA MELANOPLEURA, A. Dum. Tilapia melanopleura, A. Dumeril, Arch. Mus., x, 1859, p. 252, pi. xxii, fig. 1 ; Bouleng., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1889, p. 123, Trans. Zool. Soc., xviii, 1911, p. 417, and Freshw. Fish. Afr., iii, p. 190, fig. 123 (1915) ; Pellegr., Mem. Soc. Zool. France, xvi, 1904, p. 329, and Bull. Soc. Philom. (9), x, 1908, p. 134. Tilapia affinis, A. Dum., t.c., p. 255; Bouleng., t.c., p. 127; Pellegr., Bull. Mus. Paris, 1900, p. 277. Tilapia polycentra, A. Dum.. t.c., p. 254; Bouleng., t.c., p. 128. Chromis polycentra, Griinth., Cat,. Fish., iv, p. 270 (1862). Chromis latus, Griinth., t.c., p. 271 ; Steiudr., Verh. zool.-bot. Gres. Wien, xiv, 1864, p. 227, pi. viii, figs. 1 and 2. Chromis melanopleura, Griiuth., t.c., p. 272. Chromis aureus, Steindr., t.c., p. 229, pi. viii, fig. 5. Chromis niloticus, part., Steindr., Sitzb. Ak. Wieii, Ix, 1870, p. 96. Chromis coeruleomaculatus, Rochebr., Bull. Soc. Philom. (7), iv, 1880, p. 166, and Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. (4), vi, 1883, p. 132, pi. iv, fig. 3. Chromis faidherbi,} Rochebr., tt.c.c., p. 167, and p. ]34, pi. v., fig. 5. Chromis affinis, Rochebr., Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. (4), vi, 1883, p. 131. Chromis ogowensis, GJ-iinth., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), xvii, 1896, p. 271, and Proc. Zool. Soc., 1899, p. 717, and 1902, ii, p. 231. Chromis rendalli, Bouleng., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1896, p. 915, fig. Tilapia rendalli, ~Bou\eng., Trans. Zool. Soc., xv, 1898, p. 4, and Proc. Zool. Soc., 1899, p. 126. Tilapia lata, Bouleng., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1899, p. 125, and Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 466 (1901); Steindr, Deukschr. Ak. Wien, Ixxxix, 1913, p. 60. Tilapia sexfasciata, Pellegr., Bull. Mus. Paris, 1900, p. 276. Chromis discolor, Gunth., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1902, ii, p. 332. Tilapia latifrons, Bouleng., Trans. Zool. Soc., xvii, 1906, p. 571, pi. xl. Teeth in 3 (young) to 5 more or less regular series, the outer largest and separated from the others by a rather wide interspace. 496 Annals of the South African Museum. Depth of body 2 to 2f times in total length excluding caudal ; length of head 3 to 3 times. Head If to 2 times as long as broad ; snout with straight or convex, or slightly concave upper profile, as long as broad or a little broader than long, as long as or slightly longer than postocular part of head ; eye 3i (young) to 5i times in length of head, 1 (young) to 2^ times in interorbital width, less than preorbital depth in adult ; mouth modei'ate, -J- to ~ width of head, extending to between nostril and eye ; 3 or 4 series of scales on the cheek, width >' . ..*. ; ' ' : V i. ; t ;,.<' ' .','. i :.*-(: ;r \;' .-5^3 : $ys Fia. 127. TiZtQna melanopleura. Type of T. latifrons (Tr. Z.S., 1906). J. of scaly part greater than diameter of eye in adult. Gill-rakers short, 8 to 12 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal xiv-xvi 10-12, last spine longest, f to over -} length of head ; middle soft rays slightly produced in adult, usually as long as or a little longer than head. Pectoral 1 to 1^ times as long as head, extending to vent or nearly to vertical of origin of anal. Ventral reaching to vent or beyond. Anal iii 9-10 ; third spine usually shorter than the longest dorsal spine. Caudal truncate or feebly emarginate ; caudal peduncle deeper than long. -Scales cycloid or very feebly denticulate, 28-30 1 3 J ; lateral lines * ^ The Fresh iru f, r /''/.<-ril>ed from the Senegal (types in the Paris Museum), but now known from \Yf.-t Africa as far south as Angola, from the Congo and Zaml,e-i s \sfenis, the Transvaal, Zululand, and Bechuanaland. The specimens from the Gold Coast have IK en named T. discolor, and those from the Gaboon T. lata and T. oij<'n.*i*, whilst the names T. latifrons and T. rendalli apply to those from Lake Tanganyika and the Zambesi respectively. Perhaps some of these names may have to be revised when the state of our knowledge permits a division into subspecies, an attempt at which the author of the ' Catalogue of African Freshwater Fishes ' has regarded as premature. 12. *TlLAPIA ARNOLDI, 11. Sp. Teeth in 3 rows ; those of outer row larger, slender, close-set, about 50 in upper jaw. Depth of body 2| times in total length excluding caudal, length of head o times. Head 1^ times as long as broad; snout short, with convex upper profile, 1.',- times as broad as long, 35 498 Annals of the South African Museum. | length of postocular part of head ; eye large. 2f s times in length of head, equals interorbital width ; least depth of preorbital equals -i diameter of eye ; mouth nearly - width of head, reaching to below anterior border of eye ; 2 series of scales on the cheek, depth of scaly part | diameter of eye. Gill-rakers short, thick, 15 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal xv 11 ; spines subequal from the 6th, last spine !|- length of head ; soft rays a little longer than longest spines. Pectoral nearly as long as head, reaching to vent. Ventral length of head, outer rays slightly produced, reaching to vent. Anal iii 9, 3rd spine a little shorter than longest dorsal spine. Caudal subtrimcate ; caudal peduncle If as deep as long. Scales cycloid, 27^ ; lateral lines ], s ,. Colour (of preserved specimen) olive brown, light on belly, scales with dark outer edge, indistinct dark cross-bars on body ; an indistinct dark opercular spot ; a black spot at base of anterior rays of soft dorsal and one or two whitish spots enclosed by dark streaks ; anal dark at base with a light outer half ; caudal dark at base, light in centre, a black outer ridge. One specimen, 48 mm. in length, from Mazoe River, Rhodesia (Mr. G. Arnold). 13. TlLAPIA SWIEERTUAE, 11. Sp. Teeth in 5 series, those of the outer row much stronger and separated from the 4 irregular inner rows by a short interspace ; 60 teeth in outer series on upper jaw. Depth of body 2^ times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 3| times. Head elevated, the profile making a bold curve, 1~ times as long as broad; snout obtuse, with convex upper profile, as long as broad and equal to postocular part of head; eye 5 T V times in length of head, -i interorbital width, ~ least depth of preorbital ; mouth - Avidth of head, reaching scarcely to vertical of anterior margin of eye, lips moderate ; 4 series of scales on cheek, width of scaly part 1^ times diameter of eye. Gill-rakers short, some of them bifid, 8 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal xvi 12 ; last spine longest, a little more than length of head ; longest soft rays produced, a little longer than head. Pectoral li times length of head, reaching to vent. Ventral reaching to vent. Anal iii 10 ; 3rd spine a little shorter than longest dorsal spine. Caudal truncate ; caudal peduncle 1 J times as deep as long. Scales cycloid, 30 ~f, lateral lines ff. Colour (of preserved specimen) reddish brown, lighter beneath, The Freshwater Fishes of So'idh Africa. 499 scales dark at the base ; a dark opercular spot ; soft dorsal with dark streaks enclosing white spots ; caudal with dark spots, more plainly visible on upper lobe. wy$&S2Z~-3. i T liffiTcrfficttrrSiz^,- 1 ^ FIG. 128. Tilapia, swiersirae. Type. One specimen, 222 mm. in length, from Thabina River, Transvaal (Mr. C. J. Swierstra). 14. TlLAPIA MACKEANI, n. Sp. Teeth in 4 series, those of the outer row larger ; 60 in outer series on upper jaw. Depth of body 2^ times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 3-| times. Head with elevated and rounded profile, li times as long as broad; snout with slightly concave upper profile, as long as broad and equal to postocular portion of head ; eye 4f times in length of head, interorbital width, f least depth of preorbital ; mouth f width of head, extending to between nostril and eye; four to five series of scales on the cheek, width of scaly part 1A times diameter of eye. Gill-rakers, 9 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal xvi 12 ; spines increasing in length to the last, which is nearly | length of head ; longest soft rays -^ length of head. Pectoral 1|- times length of head, reaching to vent. Ventral not reaching vent. Anal iii 10 ; 3rd spine a little more than |. length of head. Caudal 500 Annals of the South African Museum. rounded ; caudal peduncle nearly \\ times as deep as long. Scales cycloid, 29 g; lateral lines -=-.]. Colour (of preserved specimen) dark greyish above, whitish below, scales dark at the base ; a dark opercular spot ; 4 or 5 indistinct dark cross-bars on body ; indistinct dark liar across nape from opercle to opercle and a faint one from eye to angle of mouth ; dorsal with dark streaks and light spots ; caudal witli dark spots on upper lobe. One specimen, '270 mm. in length, from Sawmills, Bulawayo, Rhodesia (Mr. F. D. McKean). 15. TlLAPIA SYKESII, 11. Sp. Teeth in six scries, those oP the outer row enlarged and separated from the inner rows by a narrow interspace ; about 50 teeth in outer series on upper jaw. Depth of body 2 times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 3^ times. Head If times as long as broad, upper profile convex ; snout with straight upper profile, If times as long as broad, a little longer than postocular part of head ; eye 5^- times in length of head, a little more than i interorbital width, ;: least depth of preorbital ; mouth J width of head, reaching to between nostril and eye ; three series of scales on cheek, depth of scaly part 1 -{- times diameter of eye. Gill-rakers short, 9 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal xvi 11 ; last spine longest, nearly | length of head ; middle soft rays longest, as long as head. Pectoral a little longer than head, reaching to vent. Ventral reaching to vent or slightly beyond. Anal iii 9; 3rd spine f\y length of head. Caudal truncate; caudal peduncle 1^ times as deep as long. Scales cycloid, 30 pf, lateral lines -~ . Colour (of preserved specimen) brown above, light yellow below, scales dark at base ; a large dark opercular spot ; dorsal and caudal fins with dark spots or streaks. One specimen, 254 mm. in length, from Zambesi River, 3 miles above Victoria Falls. From Mr. F. W. Sykes, who gives the native name as Apapati, which appears also to be the native name of a some- what similar species, T. andersoni. 16. TlLAPIA DRURYI, U. Sp. Teeth, an outer row of small bicuspid teeth, separated by a slight interspace from 6 inner rows of smaller tricuspid teeth ; about 70 teeth n outer series on upper jaw. Depth of body 2^ times in total length The Freshwater Fishes of South Africa. 501 excluding caudal, length of head 3-^ times. Head l Y 7 a times as long as broad, upper profile descending in a hold curve ; snout with concave upper profile, l times as long as broad, 1^ times as long as postocular part of head ; eye 4f times in length of head, a little more than | interorbital width, nearly f least depth of preorbital ; mouth ^ width of head, reaching to below nostril ; scales on cheek in 3 rows, width of scaly part 1^ times diameter of eye. Grill-rakers short, anvil-shaped, 9 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal xvi 11; last spine longest, -| length of head; soft rays f length of head. Pectoral a little longer than head, scarcely reaching vertical of origin of anal. Ventral not reaching vent. Anal iii 8 ; 3rd spine i length of head. Caudal truncate, slightly emarginate ; caudal peduncle 1| times as deep as long. Scales cycloid, 28^ ; lateral lines ff. Colour (of preserved specimen) dark brown above, whitish beneath, scales dark at base ; a dark opercular spot ; dorsal with dark spots or streaks forming longitudinal lines ; caudal with dark spots on upper lobe. One specimen, 245 mm. Jin length, from Kafue River, Rhodesia (Mr. J. Drury). 17. TlLAPIA RUMSAYI, n. sp. Teeth in 3 rows, an outer series of large teeth followed by 2 inner rows of minute ones. Depth of body 3f times in total length exclud- ing caudal, length of head 2t- times. Head 2^ times as long as broad ; FIG. 129. Tilapia rumsayi. snout with straight upper profile, IT times as long as broad, a little less than postocular part of head ; eye 3^ times in length of head: 1| times interorbital width, If times least depth of preorbital; mouth a little more than ^ width of head, extending to between nostril and eye, lower jaw slightly projecting beyond upper ; scales on cheek in 4 rows, width 502 Annals of the South African Museum. of scaly part f- diameter of eye. Grill-rakers short, 10 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal xiv 10 ; spines subequal from 6th ; longest spine f length of head ; longest soft rays \ length of head. Pectoral f length of head, reaching to vent. Ventral reaching to vent. Anal iii 6 ; 3rd spine \~ times as long as longest dorsal spine. Caudal truncate; caudal peduncle If times as long as deep. Scales cycloid, 29,}, lateral lines \~ . Colour (of preserved specimen) light brown, darker above than below, faint cross-bars on body ; an interrupted dark lateral band from eye to root of caudal ; a shorter dark streak along upper lateral line to below posterior end of soft dorsal ; a dark opercular spot ; a faint dark bar from eye to angle of mouth and to chin ; dorsal and caudal fins with dark and light spots. One specimen, 61 mm. in length, from Victoria Falls, Zambesi River (F. Rumsay). Bulawayo Museum. 18. TILAPIA SPARRMANI, A. Smith. Tilapia sparrmani, A. Smith, 111. Zool. S. Air., Pisces, pi. v (1849) ; Bouleng., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1899, p. 119, Pois. Bass. Congo., p. 462 (1901), Trans. Zool. Soc., xviii, 1911, p. 417, and Freshw. Fish. Africa, iii, p. 206, fig. 132 (1915) ; Pellegr. M.'m. Soc. Zool. France, xvi, 1904, p. 319. Chromis sparmanni, G-iinth., Cat. Fish., iv, p. 269 (1862). Chromis niloticus, part., Peters, Reise Mossamb., iv, p. 23 (1868). Tilapia fouloni, Bouleng., Ann. and Mag. Nat Hist. (7), xvi, 1905, p. 647. Teeth small, in 3 to 6 series, 40 (young) to 80 in outer series of upper jaw. Depth of body 2J to 2f times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 3 to 3| times. Head 1^ to nearly twice as long as broad ; snout with straight or slightly concave upper profile, a little broader than long, as long as or a little longer than eye, f to * postocular part of head ; eye 3f to 4 times in length of head, T 7 y to ^ interorbital width, equal to or a little more than depth of preorbital ; mouth moderate, -*- to f length of head, extending to between nostril and eye ; 2 or 3 series of scales on the cheek, depth of scaly part -| to diameter of eye. Gill-rakers short, 9 to 12 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal xiii-xv 9-11 ; last spine longest, v, to -f length of head ; longest soft rays f to |- length of head. Pectoral f to nearly equal to length of head, not i-eachiug anal. Ventral reaching to vent or to The Freshwater Fishes of South Africa. 50:; origin of anal. Anal iii 8-10 ; 3rd spine a little shorter but stronger than last dorsal spine. Caudal rounded or subtruncate ; caudal peduncle as long as deep or a little deeper than long. Scales cycloid, 27-29 2 ^ ; lateral lines l -^. y 11 ' ifj,fl Colour (of preserved specimens) light or reddish brown to dark olive brown, the scales sometimes with greenish-yellow margins ; young with 7 to 9 dark cross-bars, which may persist, though feebly mai'ked, in the adult; a blue-black opercular spot; dorsal, anal and caudal fins with dark spots or oblique dark and light stripes ; a large blackish FIG. 130. Tilapia sparrmani. spot at base of soft dorsal between anterior rays ; caudal sometimes with dark spots between the rays; outer ventral rays often darkish. Two specimens, 98 mm., 108 mm. respectively, from Griqualand West (T. H. Open). One specimen, 103 mm. in length, from a pool in Bulawayo, Rhodesia. Bulawayo Museum. One specimen, 103 mm. in length, from Kafue River, Rhodesia. One specimen, 38 mm. in length, from Dry Hartz River, Vryburg, Bee huan aland. One specimen, 103 mm. in length, from Kuruman, Bechuaualaiid (R. Moffat). Six specimens, ranging from 74-92 mm. in length, from Wondergat, near Mafeking. 504 Atnicils of Hie RoutJt African Museum. Two specimens;, 68 mm., 70 mm. in length respectively, from Nquametse River, Transvaal (Major J. Stevenson Hamilton). One specimen, 48 mm. in length, from farm De Kroon, Limpopo or Crocodile River, Transvaal (H. Fry). Five specimens, ranging from 57-81 mm. in length, from Klip River, Transvaal. Two specimens, 67 mm., 78 mm. in length respectively, from Vereeniging, Transvaal (Mr. Leslie). Two specimens, 85 mm., 98 mm. in length respectively, from Potchefstrom, Transvaal. One specimen, 125 mm. in length, from Potchefstrom, Transvaal (Mr. Stenning). Three specimens, ranging from 55-68 mm. in length, from Lydenberg District, Transvaal. Pretoria Museum. Two specimens, 76 mm., 121 mm. in length respectively, from Six- miles Spruit, Pretoria District. Pretoria Museum. One specimen, 86 mm. in length, from Aapjes River, Pretoria. Pretoria Museum. Eleven specimens, ranging from 67-103 mm. in length, from Thabina and Letsikela Rivers, Transvaal. Pretoria Museum. Thirteen specimens, ranging from 69-99 mm. in length, from Magalies River, Transvaal. Pretoria Museum. One specimen, 112 mm. in length, from Pienaar's River, Transvaal. Pretoria Museum. This species is also reported from Angola, Katanga, Lakes Mweru and Baugwelu, and Zambesi to Orange River and Natal. 19. TlLAPIA ELLENBEKGERI, 11. Sp. Teeth in 2 series on upper jaw, about 60 in outer row, in 3 series on lower jaw. Depth of body a little more than 2| times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 2-^ times. Head nearly twice as long as broad ; snout with convex upper profile, a little longer than broad, ~ as long as postocular part of head ; eye 4^ times in length of head, a little less than interorbital width, equal to least depth of preorbital ; mouth width of head, reaching to below nostril ; scales on cheek in 3 or 4 rows, depth of scaly part 1| times diameter of eye. Grill-rakers short, broad, 9 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal xiii 11 ; spines increasing in length to the last, which is -^ length of head ; longest soft rays length of head ; posterior margin of both dorsal nnd anal fins rounded. Pectoral 4 length of The Freshwat&r Fished of South Africa. 505 head, scarcely reaching to vent. Ventral nearly ?- length of head, reaching to vent. Anal iii 7 ; 3rd spine a little longer than longest dorsal spine. Caudal rounded ; caudal peduncle as long as deep. Scales cycloid, 26^; lateral lines y. Colour (of preserved specimen) dark brown above, yellowish beneath, with indistinct dark cross-bars on the body and an inter- rupted dark lateral band from eye to base of caudal, where it ends in a dark spot ; soft dorsal covered with light spots in rows and with a narrow yellowish band or streak just within its outer edge running from its rounded posterior margin forward on to the posterior dorsal spines ; anal with a row of 4 large, ocellar, whitish spots ; caudal with small light and dark spots in transverse rows ; a dark opercular spot, with a dark blotch below it ; an indistinct dark bar from eye to angle of mouth. One specimen, 74 mm. in length, from Lialui, Upper Zambesi (Rev. Ellenberger). 20. *TILAPIA OVALIS, Steindr. Chromis ovalis, Sfeindr., Verh. . Zool.-bot. G-es. Wien., xvi, 1866, p. 761. Tilapia ovalis, Bouleng., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1899, p. 119, Poiss. Bass. Congo., p. 461 (1901), and Freshw. Fish. Africa, iii, p. 208, fig. 133 (1915) ; Pellegr. Mem. Soc. Zool. France, xvi, 1904, p. 319. FIG. 131. Tilapia ovalis. " Depth of body equal to length of head, 2f to 3 times in total length. Head twice as long as broad, upper profile straight or curved ; snout as long as broad, a little longer than eye, which is 3 (young) to 4 times in length of head, and slightly exceeds interorbital width or praeorbital depth ; mouth .about ^ width of head, extending to below anterior border of eye ; teeth small, in 3 series, 40 to 50 in outer series, 506 Annals of the South African Museum. of upper jaw ; 3 or 4 series of scales on the cheek, width of scaly part nearly equal to diameter of eye. Grill-rakers short, 7 to 9 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal xiii-xv 9-1 1 ; last spine longest, -f- to ^ length of head ; longest soft rays | to f. Anal iii 8-9 ; 3rd spine as long as last dorsal. Pectoral shorter than head, not extending to vertical of origin of anal. Ventral reaching vent or anal. Caudal rounded. Caudal peduncle as long as deep. Scales cycloid or very finely denticulate, 27-30 -~ ; lateral lines 1 '^ ^5. Olive-brown, with or without faint darker vertical bars ; a black opercular spot; dorsal and anal edged with black, and with dark and light spots, or with black streaks ; outer ventral rays black or blackish. Total length 100 millim. Angola, Bechuanaland, Rhodesia, Katanga, Lake Bangwelu." 21. *TlLAPIA WOOSNAMI, Blgr. Bouleng., Trans. Zool. Soc., xviii, 1911, p. 417, pi. xliii, fig. 2 ; and Freshw. Fish. Africa, iii, p. 212, fig. 137 (1915). ."'' --. '; .'V.. "-__^i''' -- ,^/W-i-' 1 w FIG. 132. Tilapia woosnami. Type. |. "Depth of body 2f times in total length, length of head 3 times. Head twice as long as broad ; snout obtusely pointed, as long as post, orbital part of head, as long as broad, with slightly convex upper profile ; eye 4^ times in length of head, equal to width of interorbital region or depth of preorbital ; mouth moderate, f width of head- extending to between nostril and eye ; teeth in outer row rather large, The Freshwater Fishes of South Africa. 507 36 in upper jaw, with aii inner row of very minute teeth ; 6 series of scales on the cheek, width of scaly part equal to diameter of eye. Gill-rakers very short, 12 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal xv 13 ; spines equal in length from the seventh, which is I length of head ; longest soft rays -J- length of head. Anal iii 9 ; 3rd spine nearly as long as longest dorsal, Pectoral length of head, not reaching vertical of origin of anal. Ventral barely reaching vent. Caudal rounded. Caudal peduncle as long as deep. Scales with feebly denticulated border, 34 j|; lateral lines ff. Brownish above, yellowish beneath ; dorsal with round black spots between the soft rays. Total length 110 millim." From Lake Ngami Basin (Okovango River). (R. B. Woosnam). 22. *TlLAPIA JALLAE, Blgl'. Chromis jallae, Bouleng., Boll. Mus. Torin., xi, 1896, p. 260. Tilapia jallae, Bouleng., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1899, p. 123, and Freshw. Fish. Africa, iii, p. 213 (1915) ; Pellegr., Mem. Soc. Zool. France, xvi, 1904, p. 329. " Depth of body 3 times in total length, length of head 3 times. Snout a little longer than eye, which is 3^ times in length of head and ll times interorbital width ; mouth not extending to below anterior border of eye ; teeth small; 6 or 7 series of scales on the cheek. Gill- rakers shoi't, 9 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal xv 10 ; spines subequal from the fifth, which measures ~ length of head ; last soft rays prolonged into filaments. Anal iii 8 ; third spine as long as longest dorsal. Pectoral | length of head. Caudal truncate. Caudal peduncle 1| times as long as deep. Scales cycloid, 33 1, lateral lines -f-^ Olive-brown, with traces of five darker bars. Total length 75 millim. Upper Zambesi (district of the Victoria Falls)." 23. *TILAPIA. GIARDI, Pellegr. Pellegr., Mem. Soc. Zool. France, xvi, 1904, p. 341, pi. v, fig. 2 Bouleng., Freshw. Fish. Africa, iii, p. 221, fig. 144 (1915). " Depth of body equal to length of head, 2| times in total length. Upper profile of head curved ; snout shorter than postocular part of head ; eye 3^ times in length of head ; mouth ^ width of head, extend- 508 Annals of the South African Museum. ing nearly to below anterior border of eve ; teeth in 3 series ; 6 series of scales on the cheek. Grill -rakers short, 12 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal xv 14; spines subequal from the fifth, a little less than length of head. Anal iii 9. Pectoral shorter (?) than head, not reaching anal. Caudal rounded (?). Caudal peduncle as long as deep. Scales feebly denticulate, 34 |j, lateral lines f-|. ' ,-- ' FIG. 133. Tilapia giardi. Type. Olive above, golden beneath ; about 10 dark transverse bands ; a dark opercular spot ; soft dorsal with brownish dots. Total length 78 millim. Zambesi." 24. TILAPIA CALLIPTERA, Griiuth. Chromis calliptcrus, GTmth . Proc. Zool. Soc., 1893, p. 623, pi. Iv, fig. B ; Bouleug., op. tit., 1896, p. 916. Chromis subocularis, part., Giiuth., I.e. p. 621. Ctenochromis callipterus, Pfeff., Thierw. O.-Afr., Fische, p. 19 (1896). Tilapia calliptera, Bouleng., Trans. Zool. Soc., xv, 1898, p. 4, Proc, Zool. Soc., 1899, p. 132, and Freshw. Fish. Africa, iii, p. 222, fig. 145 (1915) ; Pellegr., Mem. Soc. Zool. France, xv, 1904, p. 336. Teeth in 3 or 4 series, outer larger, 40-60 in upper jaw ; lateral teeth conical but passing generally into the bicuspid teeth. Depth of body 2| to 2f times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 2-^ to 2-f- times. Head twice as long as broad ; snout rounded, with straight upper profile, as long as broad, shorter than postocular part of head ; eye shorter than snout, 4 times in length of head, equal to or a little less than interorbital width, a little greater than least preorbital depth ; width of mouth -?, to 1 width of head, extending to below anterior margin of eye, lower jaw projecting; 3 or 4 series The Freshwater Fishes of South Africa. 509 of scales on the cheek, width of scaly part equals diameter of eye. Gill-rakers short, 8 to 10 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal xiv 9-10 ; last spine longest, f length of head ; longest soft rays ^ to | length of head. Pectoral !j to f length of head, not reaching vertical of origin of anal. Ventral reaching to vent or nearly to origin of anal. Anal iii 7-S ; 3rd spine as long as or a little shorter than last dorsal spine. Caudal rounded ; caudal peduncle as long as deep. Scales finely denticulate, 27-33 J 2 ; lateral lines J-j-JJ. Colour (of preserved specimens), brown or reddish-brown, with more or less distinct dark and light spots on dorsal and caudal fins ; anal with a few large round white spots ; a more or less distinct dark baud from below the eye to the angle of the mouth ; a dark opercular spot. :.; v A. j." 1 ' ' / *':)*' -i^" ; *tv ' \ 1 .- -A*; .' . . -^4 FIG. 134. Tilapia callipterci. Typo. One specimen, 57 mm. in length, from Umgeni River, Natal. One specimen, 63 mm. in length, from Kuruman, Bechuanaland (E. Moffatj. * 25. TILAPIA LIVINGSTONII, Blgr. Bouleng., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1899, p. 134, pi. xi, fig. 2, and Freshw. Fish. Africa, iii, p. 243, fig. 162 (1915) ; Pellegr. Mcin. Soc. Zool. France, xvi, 1904, p. 341. "Depth of body scarcely greater than length of head, 3 times in total length. Head twice as long as broad, upper profile forming a strong curve ; snout broader than long, shorter than postocular part of head, as long as eye, which is 3J times in length of head and slightly exceeds interorbital width or least depth of praeorbital; 510 Annals of the South African Museum. mouth moderately large, | width of head, extending to below anterior border of eye ; teeth in 6 series, outer moderately large, 40 in upper jaw ; 3 or 4 series of scales on the cheek, width of scaly part less than diameter of eye. Gill-rakers short, 8 ou lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal xvii 9 ; last spine longest, not quite | length of head, -| lougest soft rays. Anal iii 8; 3rd spine a little shorter than last dorsal. Pectoral f length of head, not extending to origin of anal. Ventral reaching origin of anal. Caiidal rounded. Caudal peduncle as long as deep. Scales strongly denticulate, 33 '^ ; lateral lines 22-23 11-12' FIG. 135. Tilapia livinystoni. Type (P.Z.S., 189 ( J). Brownish above, with 7 dark bars, the first on the nape, the pen- ultimate on the caudal peduncle, the last at the root of the caudal fin ; two round white spots on the anal fin. Total length 73 millim. Zambesi (?)." 26. TILAPIA KIRKHAMI, n. sp. Teeth in 4 series, an outer of larger bicuspid teeth, about 50 in number on upper jaw, separated by a narrow interspace from 3 rows of tricuspid teeth. Depth of body *2i times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 3y S times. Head with an obtusely rounded profile, If times as long as broad ; snout with straight upper profile, 1-| times as long as broad, a little longer than postocular part of head ; eye 4 T 7 - - times in length of head, | iuterorbital width, ^ least depth of preorbital ; mouth -| width of head, reaching scarcely to vertical of anterior border of eye ; 3 to 4 series of scales on cheek, width of scaly part 1| times diameter of eye. Gill-rakers short, 8 on lower part of anterior arch. The FreshirnfiT <>f tiotitli Africa. 511 Dorsal xvi 11 ; spines weak, increasing in length to the last, which is nearly \ long! h of head ; soft ra,ys slightly pi'oduced, -^~ length of head. Pectoral T " length of head, not reaching anal. Ventral reach- ing scarcely to vent. Anal iii 10 ; 3rd spine T 3 ^ length of head ; soft rays produced as long as head. Caudal rounded-subtruncate ; caudal peduncle IJ times as deep as long. Scales rugose, feebly pectinate, 30 |J ; lateral lines f|. FIG. 136. Tiiapia kirkhami. T . Colour (of preserved specimen), dark brown above, a little lighter on the belly, scales with a dark curved bar on outer half and a white outer margin ; opercular spot very indistinct ; indistinct dark cross- bars on body ; faint dark spots or bars on soft dorsal, with a very indistinct dark spot at base of anterior rays and a faint light tip to the rays ; gill-membranes blackish. One specimen, 181 mm. in length, from Lake Nganii (Mr. H. F. Kirkham). PETEOCHEOMIS. Bouleng., Trans. Zool. Soc., xv, 1898, p. 20, Poiss., Bass. Congo, p. 479 (1901), Fish. Nile, p. 535 (1907), and Freshw. Fish. Africa, iii, p. 267 (1915) ; Pellegr., Mem. Soc. Zool. France, xvi, 1904, p. 350. 512 Annals of the South African Museum. " Barely separable from Tilapia, differing only in the broader bands of teeth in the jaws, showing when the mouth is closed, the teeth being all very slender with expanded tricuspid crowns bent inwards and disposed very regularly." (In a footnote Dr. Boulenger points out that " as in Tilapia, the teeth are much more numerous and form broader bands in the adults than in the young. Thus, in P. tanganicae the transverse series vary with age from 5 to 12, the outer series containing 58-100 teeth.") Vertebrae 31-82. Great Lakes of Africa. PBTBOCHBOMIS ANUEKSONII, Blgr. Bouleng., Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist, (7), viii, 1901, p. 13, Fish, Nile, p. 535, pi. xcvi (1907), and Freshw. Fish. Africa, iii, p. 269, fig. 183 (1915) ; Pellegr. Mem. Soc, Zool. France, xvi, 1904, p. 351. FIG. 137. Pctrochromis andersonii. Type, f . Teeth in a broad band anteriorly, diminishing in width as it passes backwards 011 the jaws. Depth of body 2-} times in total length excluding caudal, length of head nearly 3 times. Head not quite twice as long as broad ; snout as long as broad, 2-ij- times as long as eye, which is six times in length of head and '2$ times in interorbital The Frt:t/in;il,T / <>f South Africa. 513 width; mouth with thick lips, extending to between nostril and eye ; scales on cheek in 2 series, width of scaly part equals diameter of eye. Gill-rakers short, 25 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal xvi "13 ; spines strong, increasing in length to the last, which is -J length of head ; longest soft rays a little shorter than head. Pectoral longer than head, reaching slightly beyond origin of anal. Ventral reaching anal. Anal iii 11 ; 3rd spine a little shorter than last dorsal spine. Caudal truncate ? (broken in specimen) , caudal peduncle 1?- as deep as long. Scales not denticulate, 33 T ^ ; lateral lines \\. Colour (of preserved specimen), dark olive brown above, yellowish below, scales with dark centre; a black opercular spot; dorsal and anal with dark spots or streaks, outer f of soft dorsal light-coloui'ed ; outer rays of ventral blackish ; gular and pectoral regions blackish. One specimen, 279 mm. in length, from Bulawayo Museum. The above specimen does not o L uite agree with Dr. Boulenger's des- cription of P. andersonii, as there are only 2 series of scales on the cheek, the suout appears to be proportionately shorter and the eye smaller. HAPLOCHEOMIS. is, Pfeff., Sitzb. Ges. iiaturf. Fr. Berlin, 1888, p. 76; Bouleug., Fishes Nile, p. 495 (1907), and Freshw. Fish. Afr., iii, p. 284 (1915). Ctenockromis, part., Pfeff., Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst., x, 1893, p. 149, and Thierw. O.-Afr., Fische, p. 14 (1896). Pnria, part., Bouleug., Proc. Zool. Soe., 1898, p. 137, and Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 412 (1901). Tilapia, part., Bouleug. Proc. 2ool. Soc., 1899, p. 105, and Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 452. Astatotilapia, Pellegr., Mem. Soc. Zool. France, xvi, 1904, p. 299. Astatoreochromis, Pellegr., t.c., p. 384. " Body short or moderately elongate; scales ctenoid ; two incomplete lateral lines. Teeth in two or more series, the outer conical or bicuspid, the inner usually tricuspid ; maxillary bone exposed at the end when the mouth is closed. Dorsal fin with 13 to 19 spines, anal with 3 to 6. Vertebrae 28-32. Africa and Syria. Under this genus are grouped a number of allied species which vary to such an extent in their deiuiiioii that some specimens might be referred to Tilf l/ir tin/i/li African HAPLOCHKOMIS MOFFATI, Cast. Clin>i>ri/x Htuflati, Cast., Mem. Poiss. Ai'r. Ausl.r., p. 1G (18(11 ). Chroinis (Ctenochromis) phi/amler, M. Weber, Zool. . Jahrb. Syst., x, 1897, p 148. Paratilapia mojfati, Bouleng., Proc. Zuol. Soc., 1898, p. 1 to ; Pellegr., Mem. Soc. Zool. France, xvi, 191)4, p. 259. Tilapia philander, Bouleug., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1899, p. 136 ; Pellegr., t.c., p. 340. Haplochromis moffati, Bouleng., Fish. Nile, 504 (1907), Trans. Zool. Soc., xviii, 1911, p. 415, and Freslnv. Fish. Africa, iii, p. 300, fig. '204 (1915) ; Schreitmiiller, Bl. Aq. Terr. K., xxiii, 1912, p. 724, fig. AAAA^YAA M^MM .., - FIG. 138. Haplochromis moffati. Teeth iu three or four scries, outer larger and conical or more or less distinctly bicuspid, inner usually tncuspid, sometimes conical. Depth of body equal to or a little less than length of head, which is 2 to 3 times in total length excluding caudal. Snout with straight or slightly convex upper profile, longer than eye, which is 3^- to 4| times in length of head and equals or is slightly greater than interorbital width ; maxillary extending to below nostril or between nostril and eye ; 3 or 4 series of scales on the cheek, depth of scaly part equal to or a little less or a little more than diameter of eye. Gill-rakers short, 8 to 10 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal xiii-xiv (rarely xv) 9-11 ; spines subequal or increasing in length posteriorly, the last $ t !v length of head ; longest soft rays 2 to length of head. Pectoral ? to ^ length of head, not reaching The Fri'*hn'r Fishes <>j' South Africa. 515 vertical of origin of aual. Ventral reaching vent or origin of anal. Anal iii 8-9 ; 3rd spine as long as or a little shorter than longest dorsal spine. Caudal rounded ; caudal peduncle as long as or slightly longer than deep. Scales denticulate, 26-30 3 ~ 4 _ ; lateral lines } r i~^ lo-ii e-ir Colour (of preserved specimens), olive or brownish, darker above than below, with or without ill-defined darker cross-bars, and with or without an interrupted indistinct dark lateral band ; a dark opercular spot ; sometimes a dark bar below the eye ; spinous dorsal black- edged at least anteriorly; soft dorsal, anal and caudal with small light and dark spots. One specimen, 85 mm. in length, from TJinkomaas River, Natal (Dr. Gilchrist). Three specimens, ranging from 25-42 mm. in length, from Dry Hartz River, Vryburg (Mr. J. W. Jones). Four specimens, ranging from 58-66 mm. in length, from Kuruman, Bechuaualand. Five specimens, ranging from 55-71 mm. in length, from Won- dergat, near Mafeking. Two specimens, 46 mm., 53 mm. in length respectively, from Pretoria. Twenty-nine specimens, ranging from 32-75 mm. in length, from Zoological Gardens, Pretoria. Three specimens, ranging from 49-62 mm. in length, from hhbi River, Transvaal (Major J. Stevenson Hamilton). Three specimens, ranging from 47-57 mm. in length, from Pot- chefstrom, Transvaal. One specimen, 40 mm. in length, from Molopo River, Transvaal. This species is also reported from the upper tributaries of the Congo (Katanga), Zululand, Lake Ngami, Rhodesia, and Mozam- bique. HA.PLOCHROMIS DESFONTAINESII, Lacep. Labrti* desfontainesii, Lacep., Hist. Nat. Poiss., iv, pp. 54, Itii) (1802). Sparus ? desfontainesii, G-erv., Zool. Pal. Gvn., p. 208, pi. xlv, fig. 4 (1869). Chromic desfontainesii, S-iuv., Bull. Soc. Philom. (7), i, 1877, p. 160; Vincig., Ann. Mus. G-enova, xx, 1884, p. 429 ; Holland, Rev. Scientif. (4), ii, 1894, p. 418, fig. Hciiiichruiiiix bloyeti, Sauv., Bull. Soc. Philom. (7), viii, 1883, p. 159. 516 Annul* . 264. Astatotilapia desfontatnesii, Pellegr. Mem. Soc. Zool. France, xvi, 1904, p. 300, and xxii, 1910, p. 291. ^SS^j^S l''iu. 131). H*t]il< r.ln-iiitiis desfuntainesii Tilapia (CtenocTiromis) sparsidens, Hilgend., Zool. Jalirb., Syst., xxii, 1905, p. 408. Haplocliromis dex/nntnim'*!!, Bouleng., Fisli. Nile, p. 501, pi. xc, fig. 3 (1907), and Ann. Mus. G-euova (3), v, 1911, p. 71, and Freshw. Fish. Africa, iii, p. 302, fig. 205 (1915). Teeth, outer large, conical or more or less distinctly bicuspid in the adult, usually bicuspid in the young, 30-60 in upper jaw, followed by two or three series of small tricuspid teeth. Depth of body 2. ! 7 to 3J times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 2~ to 3 times. Head l- to twice as long as broad; snout with straight or slightly concave upper profile, 1 to 1 i times diameter of eye, which is 3 to 4| times in length of head and equals or slightly exceeds interorbital width ; least depth of preorbital | to once diameter of eye ; jaws Tin 1 Frcxh irnti'r Fix/ir* f South Africa. 517 equal iu front or lower slightly projecting ; maxillary extending to below anterior border of eve ; 3 to 5 series of scales on the cheek, width of scaly part nearly equal to or slightly greater than diameter of eye. Gill-rakers very short, 8 to 10 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal xiv-xvi (rarely xiii) 9-10 (rarely 8, 11, or 12) ; spines sub- equal from 10th or increasing in length to the last, which is -f- to -?- length of head; longest soft rays i to over f length of head. Pectoral ~ to f length of head, not reaching vertical of origin of anal. Ventral reaching vent, sometimes to origin of anal or beyond. Anal iii-iv 7-10; 3rd spine as long as or a little shorter than last dorsal spine. Caudal rounded ; caudal peduncle as long as or a little longer than deep. Scales strongly denticulate, 27-33 ^ z ; lateral lines 7 l.T Colour (of preserved specimens), brownish or olive, with or without indistinct dark cross-bars, with an interrupted dark lateral band from eve to root of caudal fin and in some a narrower band on upper lateral line; a more or less distinct dark liar from eye to angle of mouth; vertical fins with or without more or less distinct dark and light spots, anal often with light ocelli and dorsal often black-edged. Some specimens entirely dark brown. Three specimens, ranging 47-70 mm. in length, from Livingstone, Rhodesia (A. Stevenson). One specimen, 56 mm. in length, from Little Olifants River, Middleburg, Transvaal. Seven specimens, ranging from 36-51 mm. in length, from Pot- chef strom, Transvaal. This species is also reported from the Northern border of the Sahara and Syria to Lakes Victoria and Tanganyika, and German East Africa. PARATILAPIA, Bleek. Paratilapia, Bleeker, Verh. Ak. Amsterd., ii, 1868, p. 307 ; Bouleng., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1898, p. 137 (part.), Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 412 (1901), Fish. Nile, p. 466 (1907), and Freshw. Fish. Africa, iii, p. 308 (1915) ; Pellegr., Mt'm. Soc. Zool. France, xvi, 1904, p. 256. Paracara, Bleek., Versl. Ak. Amsterd., xii, 1878, p. 193. Ha{>l<>t;f,ii>ia. Hilgen-l., Sit/,1). Ges. nat, Fr. Berl., 188S, p. 77. Hemh'Iiruni;*, purl., PlolT., Thierw. O.-Afr., Fische, p. 19 (1896). Boulengerochromis, IVllegr.. MViu. Soc. Zool. France, xvi, 1904, p. 304. 518 An nut* i if ///< Hnulh Afrlcfin "Body short or more or less elongate; scales cycloid or ctenoid ; two lateral lines both incomplete, or the upper nearly complete. Two or more series of teeth, the outer conical and sometimes canine-like in the adult, sometimes bicuspid in the young, the others unicuspid or tricuspid ; maxillary usually exposed when the mouth is closed. Dorsal with 10 to 18 spines, anal with 3. Parietal and occipital crests strong, extending to between the orbits. Vertebrae 27-37. Africa and Syria." Synopsis of the South African Species described. 7 to 14 gill-rakers on lower part of .anterior arch ; less than 50 scales in longitudinal series on the body. A I ']< -maxillary process very long, extending to between the orbits ; caudal rounded or truncate. 1. Width of head not more than 2.\ times in its length, (a) Pectoral at least nearly as long as head. D. xv 13 ; A. iii, 9-10 ; Sc, 34-37 ^ ; 5 or 6 series of scales on the cheek . 1. /'. l<>-ii i deep as long. Scales cycloid, 36^* ; lateral lines f-f. Colour (of preserved specimen) dark olive-brown, scales dark at the base ; a dark blotch on body before origin of anal ; an indistinct dark opercular spot ; soft dorsal with light spots ; anal with dark ocollated spots ; dorsal fin and lobes of caudal tipped with orange. One specimen, 325 mm. in length, from Zambesi River. Bulawayo Museum. r>24 of I Jif Sunlit African Museum,. 5. PARATILAPIA ANGTJSTICEPS, Blgr. ? Chromys levaillantii, Casteln., Mrin. Poiss. Afr. Austr., p. 16, (1861). Paratilapia angusticeps, Bouleng., Ann. and Map, 1 . Nat . Hist. (7), xx, 1907, p. 108, Trans. Zool. Soc., xviii, 1911, p. 414, pi. xlii, and Freshw. Fisli. Africa, iii, p. 320, figs. 213 and 214 (1915). Paratilapia Jcafuensis, Bouleng., Ann. and Mag. Nat-. Hist. (8), ii, 1908, p. 494. S^ ! -^* : ^ ^^S&*2 T^J fc ra |-M*(f'* / ' m SMj-V*, 1 "..> .' -. '., ,, .'>- vTS p^-fr- rv V " - -' f ' ' -' ' -.!- ',''. Vv -; , ; ' t; *,' i- AA*. f ^1MM SiiSI id ..;., ?J?' Elr-jR ^-i. pi 8. S 4. If/j. : - --^ S M\V- '-" .';:-.i^6^^fc^P ! ,^' ?" r :. ': - ':;.../-' ..-v.i^'Sk"""': ' ' '*^/%feV/fi>S ; . *^!^^ .:', ' i* _ .''/7i' 5-^:*. ': ~~J ~ ' <-ts?rS^ ISMi FIG. 14?. Paratilapia angusticeps, male. i. Teeth small, in 3 or 4 series, 60 to 80 in outer series of upper jaw. Depth of body 2|- to 3^ times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 2^ to 3 times. Head strongly compressed, 2^ (young) to 2^ times as long as broad, with concave upper profile ; lower jaw projecting ; snout pointed, 1-^ to \\ as long as broad, shorter than postocular part of head ; eye 4^ to 7 times in length of head, equal to or a little less than interorbital width or least depth of preorbital ; mouth very protractile, extending to below anterior border of eye ; preniaxillary processes long, extending to between the eyes ; 7 to 10 series of scales on the cheek, width of scaly part once to nearly twice diameter of eye. Gill-rakers rather short, occasionally some of the posterior ones bifid, 11 to 12 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal xiv-xvi 14-16 ; spines increasing in length to the last, which measures | to \ length of head ; longest soft rays a little more or a Th i /-'/Wr with 7 or 8 indistinct dark bars on the body, sometimes with a more or less distinct dark lateral stripe ; a blackish opercular spot ; dorsal, anal and caudal fins with round or oval brown or blackish spots. Males yellowish olive above, yellow beneath, each scale with a dark brown bar or spot ; dorsal and anal sometimes edged with yellow ; anal with light ocellar spots. Two specimens, 293 nini., 173 mm. in length respectively, from Kafue River, Rhodesia. Two specimens, 74 nun., 69 mm. in length respectively, from Saw- mills, Bulawayo, Rhodesia (F. D. McKean). One specimen, 229 mm. in length, from Victoria Falls, Zambesi River (G. Arnold). Bulawayo .Museum, 526 Annals of the Ajrican Museum. 6. PAKATILAPIA THUMBERGII, Cast. Chromis t/ntinlii'i-iji, Castrln., Mem. Puiss. At'r. Austr., p. 13 (1861). Chromis ngamensis, Casteln., I.e. ? Chromis livingstonii, Casteln., I.e. Hemichromis robustus, Gruntli., Proc. Zool. Sue., 1864, p. 312. H emichromis jallae, Bouleng., Boll. Mus. Turin , xi, 1896, no. 260. Paratilapia robiista, Bouleng., Proc. Zool. Soe, , 1898, p. 141, and Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 414 (1901) ; Pellegr., Mi'm. Soc. Zool. France, xvi, 1904, p. 266. Paratilapia thumberyii, Bouleug., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1898, p. 146, Trans. Zool. Soc., xviii, 1911, p. 412, pi. xli, and Freshw. Fish. Africa, iii, p. 328, fig. 220 (1915) ; Pellegr., i.e., p. 268. ? Pelmatocliromls genisquamulatus, Pellegr., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, xxxix, 1914, p. 27; Bouleng., Freshw. Fish. Africa, iv, p. 330 (191 r,). ^i^v-.:r ; iJSZ?*',r '! V.' . >/ V .,,'.', : i ' . ' - ii-t- ' ' ' '-^^ - ' ' . -.' . E > FIG. 1-io. Paratilapia thumbergii. Teeth moderate, in two to four series. Depth of body 2f to 3i times iii total length excluding caudal, length of head 2f to 3 times. Head 2 to 2^ times as long as broad, upper profile straight, or slightly convex or slightly concave ; lower jaw projecting ; snout obtusely pointed, as long as or slightly longer than broad, shorter than post- ocular part of head ; eye 41 (young) to 6 in length of head, nearly equal to or less than iuterorbital width or preorbital depth ; mouth extending to below anterior border of eye or a little beyond ; 7 to 9 series of scales on the cheek, width of scaly part 1?- to 2g- diameters of eye. Gill-rakers moderately long, some of the posterior usually bifid or trifid, 10 to 12 on lower part of anterior arch. TJlf Frt'dttrittt'l- /'V.sV/rx <;/' Knlitll Affirn. 527 Dorsal xv-xvi 13-14 ; spiues increasing in length to the last, which is about 3 length of head ; longest soft rays ^ to % length of head. Pectoral ~ to f length of head, not reaching origin of anal. Ventral usually not reaching vent. Anal iii 10-12 ; 3rd spine to 1 length of head. Caudal rounded or rounded-subtruncate ; caudal peduncle as long as or a little longer than deep. Scales feebly denti- culate, sometimes cycloid, 35-38 j|^|; lateral lines 16 "_ 17 . Colour (of preserved specimens), dark olive or reddish-brown above, yellowish beneath, often with 2 blackish longitudinal bands, the upper above the upper lateral line, the lower from the gill-cover to the base of the caudal tin ; dorsal and caudal fins greyish or dark olive, with round blackish or reddish-brown spots ; ventrals dark ; an indistinct dark opercular spot. One specimen, 267 mm. in length, from Zambesi River, above Victoria Falls (Mr. F. W. Sykes). The eye is very small in this specimen in comparison with length of snout or interorbital width. Mr. Sykes gives the local designation of the fish as : Batoka name, Mbofn ; Barotse name, Simaromo. One specimen, 127 mm. in length, from Kafue River (Mr. J. Hotchkiss). Three specimens, 64 mm., 69 mm., 74 mm. in length respectively, from Sawmills, Bulawayo (Mr. F. D. McKean). 7. PARATILAPIA CODRINGTONI, Blgr. Bouleng., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), ii, 1908, p. 495, and Freshw. Fish. Africa, iii, p. 352, fig. 238 (1915). Teeth small, in three series, 50 to 60 in outer series of upper jaw. Depth of body twice in total length excluding caudal, length of head 3 times. Head about twice as long as broad, with steep, slightly concave upper profile ; snout rounded, slightly longer than broad, shorter than postocular part of head ; eye 5 times iii length of head, I interorbital width and a little less than preorbital depth ; mouth not reaching vertical of anterior margin of eye, maxillary slipping nearly entirely under preorbital ; scales on cheek in 5 series, width of scaly part much greater than diameter of eve. Gill-rakers short, II on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal xiv 14 ; spines increasing in length to the last, which measures a little more than | length of head ; longest soft rays f length of head. Pectoral i- length of head, not reaching origin of anal. Ventral reaching to veut.J Anal iii 10 ; 3rd spine shorter than 528 Annals of the Huii.fli African Museum. last dorsal spine. Caudal sub-truncate, slightly emargiuate ; caudal peduncle deeper than long. Scales cycloid, 35 T ^ ; lateral lines -ff. Colour (of preserved specimen), brownish, darker on the back, the scales lighter in the centre ; a black opercular spot ; dorsal almost black, feebly edged with whitish ; veiitrals dark ; anal gray, edged with faint yellow ; caudal grayish. FIG. 146. Paratilapia codringtoni. Type. \. One specimen, 202 mm. in length, from Victoria Falls, Zambesi River (GT. Arnold). Bulawayo Museum. One specimen, 283 mm. in length, from Zambesi River. Bulawayo Museum. 8. PARATILAPIA CABLOTTAE, Blgr. o Bouleng., Ann. S. Afr. Mus., iii, 1905, p. 301, pi. xiv, and Freshw. Fish. Africa, iii, p. 353, fig. 239 (1915). Teeth small, in four series on each jaw, those of the outer row largest. Depth of body 24 times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 3 T \, times. Head twice as long as broad ; snout rounded, with slightly concave upper profile, as long as broad, shorter The Freshwater /'Yx//<>- nf South Africa. 529 than postocular part of head, and l times as long as eye, which is 4- times in length of la-ad and l\ times in interorbital width ; nioulli oblique, width of head, lips well developed, maxillary reaching vertical of anterior margin of eye ; 4 series of scales on cheek, width of scaly part greater than diameter of eye. Grill-rakers short, the largest T-shaped, 12 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal xv 12 ; spines increasing in length to the last, which measures about f length of head and a little more than : longest soft rays. .: i ? X V M H ^^a^^^ii^^V 1 - * .) i- ? ' ,' . . 147. Paratilapia carlottae. Type. Pectoral a little shorter than head, not extending to vertical of origin of anal. Ventral reaching to branched rays of anal. Anal iii 10; 3rd spine a little shorter than last dorsal spine. Caudal rounded ; caudal peduncle slightly deeper than long. Scales finely denticulate, 33^; lateral lines f^ Colour (of preserved specimen), light brown, darker above than below ; an indistinct dark opercular spot ; dorsal, anal and caudal with dark spots in irregular rows. One specimen, 105 mm. in length, from Zambesi Eiver. Type 111 South Afric.in Museum. 37 530 AntiaU of the South African .17 //, ! f it 1C, (T ,W^ '> * i1^'K.-TtV^ ^^WfVt^r^i : - : : ili'Hi ^u^?ipn(r;W^Vfc!t- a;a ^i.; ; 'apili :! * " 148. Paratilapia giblnceps. Type. |. a little bi'oader than long, shorter than postocular part of head ; eye 4^ times in length of head, 1J times in interorbital width, equal to preorbital depth ; mouth extending to below anterior border of eye ; 4 series of scales on the cheek, width of scaly part a little greater than diameter of eye. Gill-rakers short, posterior T-shaped, 11 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal xiv 13 ; spines increasing in length to the last, which is length of head ; longest soft rays |- length of head. Pectoral about as long as head, reaching vertical of origin of anal. Ventral reaching beyond origin of anal. Anal iii 10 ; 3rd spine | length of head. The Freshwater Fishes of South Africa. 531 Caudal rounded-subtruncate ; caudal peduncle as long as deep. Scales cycloid, 30 T % ; lateral lines f | . Colour (of preserved specimen), dark olive brown above, lighter beneath, with a dark bar at the base of the scales ; dorsal edged with whitish, the soft portion of fin with regular series of immd or oval dark spots ; anal with similar spots lighter in shade ; ventrals blackish. One specimen, 119 mm. in length, from Lake Ngami (H. F. Kirkham). 10. PAETATILAPIA MARGINATA, n. sp. Teeth, an outer row of short conical teeeth, about 40 to 60 on upper jaw, followed by 2 or 3 series of minute teeth on anterior part of jaws. Depth of body 2 to 2-| times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 24 to neai'ly 3 times. Head li times to nearly twice as long as broad, upper profile curved, with a depression before the eye ; snout with straight or slightly convex upper profile, a little longer than broad, about length of postocular part of head ; eye 4^ times in length of head, interorbital width, a little greater than preorbital depth ; mouth f width of head, reaching to between nostril and eye ; 4 to 5 series of scales on cheek, depth of scaly part 1^ to 1^ times diameter of eye. Gill-rakers short, thick, 11 to 12 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal xvi 13 ; spines increasing in length to the last, which is nearly ~ length of head ; longest soft rays f to f length of head. Pectoral a little more than T 7 ^ length of head, reaching to vent. Ventral as long as pectoral, reaching to or slightly beyond vent. Anal iii 9-10, 3rd spine a little shorter than longest dorsal spine. Caudal truncate, feebly emargiuate and with slightly rounded corners ; caudal peduncle ly\y as deep as long. Scales cycloid, 83-36 ^; lateral lines ^|^. Colour (of preserved specimen) olive green, dark above, light beneath, scales with a light marginal band ; a dark opercular spot ; spinous dorsal edged with yellowish, soft dorsal with dark and a few light spots and with the outer half of the fin yellowish ; anal with a few indistinct light spots and with a broad yellowish margin ; outer half of caudal yellowish ; veiitrals dark, tipped with yellowish ; pectoral pale yellowish. One specimen, 95 mm. in length, from Lialui, Upper Zambesi (Rev. Ellenberger). One specimen, 232 mm. in length, from Bulawayo Museum. 532 Annul* <>J Ilic i African M uxr/nii. * 11. PARATILAPIA FREDERICI, Cast. Chromys frederici, Castdn., Mc'm. Poiss. Afr. Austr., \>. 15 (1861). Chromidotila/pia (': ) J'n''. 533 Olive above, puler beneath, with or without a vertical brown bar at the base of each scale; sometimes with a blackish lateral band, which may be traversed by blackish vertical bars ; dorsal green or olive, sometimes edged with red, with round yellowish-brown spots on the soft part ; anal green or pink, with numerous round pinkish- white spots ; pectorals lake-red ; ventrals olive-green. Total length 210 millim. Lake Ngami Basin.'' * 12. PARATILAPIA SMITHII, Cast. ? Clirnmys smifMi, Casteln., Mem. Poiss. Afr. Atistr., p. 16 (1861). P<-iri(t!li(jiln xmitJiii, Bouleng., Trans Zool. Soc., xviii, 1911, p. 410, pi. xxxix. fig. -2, and Fivshw. Fish. Africa, iii, p. 357, tig. 242 (1915). -!"-. - >-,"__ ; ^~'^'",^ :'^' ''''' -^ ^'^"^',' ' __as33z<- Fid. 150. Paratilauii smithii. -J'. "Depth of body 2| to 2| times in total length, length of head 3 times. Head twice as broad, upper profile slightly concave in front of eyes ; snout rounded, as long as broad, as long as postocular part of head ; eye 4 to 4i times in length of head, !-- to 1^- times in inter- orbital width, equal to preorbital depth ; mouth not extending to below anterior border of eye ; teeth in outer series rather small, 52 to 64 in upper jaw, followed by one or two series of minute teeth ; 5 series of scales on the cheek, width of scaly part greater than diameter of eye. Lower pharyngeal teeth with spherical crowns. Gill-rakers short, knob-like, 9 to 12 on lower part of anterior arch. Annals of the Smifli African Dorsal xiv-xv 12-13 ; spines increasing in length to the last, which is about -!?- length of head ; longest soft rays | to f length of head. Anal iii 8-9 ; 3rd spine about | length of head. Pectoral f to ^ length of head, not extending to vertical of origin of anal. Ventral reaching vent or anal, or not so far. Caudal rounded-subtruncate. Caudal peduncle as long as deep or a little deeper than long. Scales cycloid or indistinctly denticulate, 33-34 JL . lateral lines 2 -- 23 . Brown to blackish above, yellowish or dark grey beneath ; vertical fins olive-gi'ey or dark brown, with round dark or ocellar spots forming single series between the rays ; pectorals greyish olive or blackish. Total length 220 millim. Lake Ngami Basin. Type lost." 13. PARATILAPTA MELLANDI, Blgr. Bouleng., Ann. and Mag, Nat. Hist. (7), xvi, 1905, p. G4fi, and Freshw. Fish. Africa, iii, p. 358, fig. 243 (1915). FIG. 151. Paratitapia mellandi. Type. . Teeth in three or four series, outer largest, 36-50 in upper jaw- Depth of body 2 to 3 times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 2-f- to 3 times. Head a little more than twice as long as broad ; snout obtusely pointed, with straight upper profile, as long as broad, as long as or slightly less than postocular part of head, 1^ to 1-| times Tin- Fi'fxJi ii'nl IT F/.s7/rx nf SnnfJi Africa. 535 as long as eye, which is 3f to 4 in length of head, and equals or slightly exceeds interorbital width, equals preorbital depth ; mouth moderate, ^ to f width of head, extending to between nostril and eye ; 4 series of scales 011 the cheek, width of scaly part equal to or slightly greater than diameter of eye. Gill-rakers short, 10 to 12 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal xv-xvi 12-13 ; spines increasing in length to the last, which measures to -} length of head ; longest soft rays f to ^ length of head. Pectoral a little shorter than head, reaching to vent or a little beyond. Ventral reaching to vent or to origin of anal. Anal iii 8-9 ; 3rd spine ^to -} length of head. Caudal rounded-subtruncate ; caudal peduncle as long as deep. Scales cycloid, 32-34 t^ ; lateral lines j 3 iJ- 5 - Colour (of preserved specimens) light brown, darker above than below, with rather indistinct dark cross-bars ; dorsal, anal and caudal with numerous round or ocellar dark spots ; pectorals greyish ; ventrals blackish ; a dark opercular spot. Four specimens, ranging from 86-147 mm. in length, from Kafue River, Rhodesia (J. Drury.) One specimen, 118 mm. in length, from Kafue River, collected by Rogers and Chubb. Bulawavo Museum. PELMATOCHROMIS. Pelmatochromis, Steindr., Notes Leyd. Mus., xvi, 1894, p. 40 ; Bouleng., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1898, p. 147, Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 433 (1901) ; Fish. Nile, p. 484 (1907), and Freshw. Fish. Africa, iii, p. 377 (1915) ; Pellegr., Mem. Soc. Zool. France, xvi, 1904, p. 275. Chromidotilapia, Bouleug., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1898, p. 151. " Barely distinguishable from Paralilapia by the greater develop- ment of a papillose pad on each side of the pharynx, close to the upper part of the branchial arches, and appearing as a strong prominence in front of the latter when the gill-cover is lifted up." 1. *PELMATOCHROMIS DARLINGI, Blgr. Bouleug., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), vii, 1911, p. 377; and Freshw. Fish. Africa, iii, p. 410, fig. 280 (1915). " Depth of body equal to length of head, 2f times in total length. Head 2 J- times as long as broad ; snout as long as broad, with slightly convex upper profile, a little longer than eye, which is 3f times in length of head and slightly exceeds interorbital width or preorbital 536 Anmnh of flic Honih African Museum. depth; mouth moderate, extending to below anterior border of eye; 3 series of teeth, outer rather large, 50 in upper jaw ; 4 series of scales on the cheek, width of scaly part slightly less than diameter of eye. Grill-raters very short, 9 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal xv 11 ; spines increasing in length to the last, which measures -} length of head ; longest soft ray f length of head. Anal iii 8 ; 3rd spine stronger but a little shorter than last dorsal. Pectoral a little shorter than head, reaching vertical of origin of anal. Ventral extending a little beyond origin of anal. Caudal rounded (obliquely FIG. 152. Pelmatochromis i- FixJir* a/ BnufJi Africa. 537 60 in upper jaw. Depth of body 3! to 3 T \,- times in total length excluding caudal, length of hmd -J-, 7 ,, 1o iV, limes. Head large, 2^ to 2i times as long as broad, with straight or slightly concave upper profile ; snout a little longer than broad, li to 1 J times as long as eye (in young), which is 3 T 2 f South Africa. 543 Ctenopoma, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac., 1844, p. 34; G-iiuth., t.c.,p. 373; Peters, Eeise Mossamb., iv, p. 14 (1868). Sandelia, Casteln., Mcin. Poiss. Afr. Austr., p. 36 (1861). " Body short or moderately elongate, more or less compressed, covered with large, hard, ctenoid scales; lateral line interrupted. Head convex, covered with scales ; mouth moderately large, with small conical teeth ; teeth on the vomer and on the parasphenoid ; palatine teeth present or absent. Anterior nostril in a short tube. Spinous part of the dorsal and anal fins longer than the soft ; 12 to 20 dorsal and 6 to 11 anal spines. Vertebrae 25 to 31. South-eastern Asia and Tropical and South Africa." Synopsis of the Species. Caudal peduncle very distinct, measuring at least the diameter of the eye; depth of body more than 2 times in total length. Ventral fin not reaching anal ; maxillary extending to below anterior third of eye, or beyond ; teeth on palatine bones. (a) 12 to 17 dorsal spines ; suboperculum not denticulate ; scales partly cycloid partly ctenoid. D. xii-xiv 7-10 ; A. vi-viii 8-11 ; Sc. 26-30 ^y . . I. A. capensis, Cuv. & Val. D. xiii-xv 8-9; A. viii-ix 8-9; Sc. 27-29 j^ . . . 2. A. vicinus, Blgr. D. xv-xvii 9-10; A. vii-viii 9-10; Sc. 31-35 - . . . 3. A bainsii, Casteln. 1O~J.O (b) 17-20 dorsal spines ; suboperculum denticulate ; scales all ctenoid. D. xvi-xix 8-9; A. vii-x 8-10; Sc. 2-3 30-35 - . . . 4. A. multispinis, Peters. y ~y D. xviii 10 ; A. ix 9 ; Sc. 31| . . .5. A. rhodesianus, n. sp. 1. ANABAS CAPENSIS, Cuv. and Val. Spirobranckus capensis, Cuv. and Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., vii, p. 392, pi. cc (1831) ; Val. in Cuv., liegne Anim. 111., Poiss., pi. Ixxr, fig. 1 (1836) ; Castelu., Mem. Poiss. Afr. Austr., p. 36 (1861) ; G-unth., Cat. Fish., iii, p. 373 (1861). Anabas capensis, Bouleng., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), xvi, 1905, p. 53, and Freshw. Fish. Africa, iv, p. 50, fig. 27 (1916). Teeth in a villiform band on each jaw, those of the outer row larger ; in a narrow band on vomer and palatines. Depth of body 2f to 3^0 times in total length excluding caudal, length of head Annals of the South African 2 to 3 times. Snout 3| to 5 times in length of head, eye 3 (young) to 7.j times, iiiterorbital width ok to 4i times (in the smaller speci- mens, up to about GO mm. in length, the snout, eye and interorbital width appear to be equal to each other) ; maxillary extends to below anterior margin or middle of eye; preoperculum entire; opercle terminates in a semicircular notch, which has a moderately strong flat spine at each corner and is filled with a membrane usually of a blackish colour ; chin prominent. Scales on head and cheeks, snout naked ; 6 series of scales between orbit and angle of preoperculum, 4 transverse series on operculum, 1 series along sub- and interoper- culum. Dorsal xii-xiv 7-10 ; last spine longest, '- to !,- length of head ; soft portion of fin higher than spinous, about | length of head. Pectoral Fin. I."i7. Analas capensis. Typo, after Cuvior and Valenciennes. i to -3- length of head. Ventral -; to - 2 length of head. Anal vi-viii 8-10 ; longest spine equal to or a little less than longest dorsal spine. Caudal rounded- subtruncate ; caudal peduncle much deeper than long. Scales ctenoid, 26-28 ^ ; lateral lines j^. Colour (of preserved specimens), reddish or olive-brown, darker above than beneath ; scales with a dark centre ; 3 oblique dark streaks radiating fi-orn orbit to preopercle. Five specimens, ranging from 58-177 mm., from Princess Vlei, Cape Peninsula. Fifteen specimens, ranging from 38-152 mm., from the Cape Flats, Cape Peninsula. Five specimens, ranging from 81-96 mm., from the vlei at Lakeside, Cape Peninsula. One specimen, 101 mm. in length, from Woodville, George, Cape Province. Four specimens, ranging from 63-91 mm. in length, from G-eorge River, near George, Cape Province. The Freshwater Fishes of South Africa. 545 Oue specimen, 97 mm. in length, from Le Roux River, Oucltslioom, Cape Province. Five specimens, ranging from 25-37 mm. in length, from Grobelaars River, near Oudtshooru, Cape Province. Two specimens, 60 mm., 70mm. in length respectively, from Baakens River, Port Elizabeth, Cape Province. : 2. AN ABAS VICINUS, Blgr. Bouleng., Freshw. Fish. Africa, iv, p. 51, tig. 28 (1916). " Depth of body 2| to 3 times in total length, length of head 2f to 3 times. Snout rounded, as long as or a little shorter than eye, which is 4 to 5 times in length of head and 1 to 1-J- times in inter- i x>4 W /Y\AX;v;X^%\-\ vv-- WK? ffl^^ffi^^K : m ft f I ?f m W' Y^vw^^ "JyA^^ W^VM^i^' FIG. 158. J.?io,6as incinws. Type. orbital width ; maxillary to below anterior third or centre of eye ; palatine teeth present ; none of the bones of the head serrated ; operculum with a notch, between two more or less obtuse spines, 9 to 11 short gill-rakers on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal xiii-xv 8-9 ; spines increasing in length to the eighth or ninth, which measures about i length of head ; longest soft rays ? to .V length of head. Anal viii-ix 8-9, similar to dorsal. Pectoral -I to f length of head. Ventral not reaching anal. Caudal rounded. Caudal peduncle If to 2 times as deep as long, the distance between dorsal and caudal about i length of head. Scales rugose, partly cycloid, partly ctenoid, 27-29 j^ij ; lateral lines ^-j. Brown above, lighter beneath, often spotted all over with black ; blackish lines radiating from the eye ; spinous dorsal with black markings ; lobe between opercular spines black. Total length 120 inilli Port Elizabeth, Cape Colony." 38 546 Annals of tin Sim Hi African 3. ANABAS BAINSII, Cast. Sandelia bainsii, Casteln., Mi'iu. Poiss. Ai'r. Austr., p. 37 (1861) ; Bouleug., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, (7), iii, 1899, p. 243. Ctenopoma microlepidotum, G-unth., Cat. Fish., iii, p. 565 (1861). Spirobranchus bainsii, Grunth., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), xviii, 1876, p. 67. Anabas bainsii, Bouleng., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), xvi, 1905, p. 53, and Freshw. Fish. Africa, iv, p. 52, fig. 29 (1916). Teeth in a villiforin band on jaws, those of the outer row enlarged ; in a narrow band on vomer and palatines. Depth of body 2 times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 2} times. Snout obtusely conical, 4 times in length of head and equals interorbital space, which is flat ; eye 4J times in length of head ; preopercular margin entire, angle rounded ; operculum terminates in 2 processes, FIG. 159. Anabas bainsii. . each of which is provided with 2 or more teeth, and which have a semicircular notch between them filled with a blackish membrane ; serrature of suboperculum very indistinct, interopercle smooth ; portion of gill-membranes covering isthmus scaly. Head covered with scales except on snout ; scales on upper surface irregular, those on cheeks small, 8 series between orbit and margin of preoperculum ; large open pores on head. Dorsal xv 10 ; spines low, increasing in length to the last, which is nearly J length of head ; middle rays of soft dorsal and anal slightly produced and reaching beyond base of caudal. Pectoral rounded, a little more than f length of head. Ventral ^ length of head. Anal viii 9 ; spines increasing in length to the last, which The Freshwater Fishes of South Africa. 547 equals the longest spine of tlie dorsal. Caudal subtruncate, the angles rounded, rays slightly produced beyond the connecting mem- brane. Scales ciliated, those ou the back smaller than those on the sides, 31 T 7 y ; lateral lines ^-f-. Colour (of preserved specimens), uniform dark brown, slightly darker above than below ; one, or more, dark streaks from the eye towards the preopercular border. One specimen, 94 mm. in length, from King Williams Town, Cape Province. 4. ANABAS MULTISPINIS, Peters. Ctenopoma nmltispinis, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac., 1844, p. 34, Miiller's Arch. f. Anat, u. Phys., 1846, p. 481, pi. x, figs. 10-15, and Eeise Mossamb., iv, p. 16, pi. ii, fig. 3 (1868). ? Anabas scandens, (lion Daldorf), Bianconi, Spec. Zool. Mossamb., p. 270 (1858). Spirobranclms smithii, Biaucoui, op. cit., p. 279, pi. x (1859). Ctenopoma multispine, Griinth., Cat. Fish., iii, p. 373 (1861). Anabas multispinis, Bouleng., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), xvi, 1905, pp. 53, 646, Trans. Zool. Soc., xviii, 1911, p. 408, and Freshw. Fish. Africa, p. 53, fig. 30 (1916). FIG. 160. Anabas multispinis. Type, after Peters (Eeise Mossamb.). Teeth in a villiform band on jaws, those of the outer row slightly enlarged and curved ; in a narrow band on vomer and pa'atines. Depth of body 3 to 3f times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 3 to a little more than 3 times. Snout obtusely conical, equals diameter of eye, which is 41 to 4!; times in length of head; iuterorbital width 4 times in length of head ; maxillary reaches to 548 Aintalx rner stronger and longer than the others, which become smaller as they approach the upper and lower borders of the opercle ; sub- and inter-operculum strongly denticulated ; 6 series of scales between the orbit and the preopercular angle. Head and cheeks scaly. Gill- membranes covering isthmus scaly. Dorsal xviii 10; spines subequal from the (>th, which is ] length of head ; middle soft rays a little produced, nearly -| length of head, pectoral T 7 length of head. Anal ix 9 ; longest spine slightly longer The Fishes of South Africa. thau longest dorsal spine, soft portion of fin similar to soft dorsal. Caudal rounded ; caudal peduncle 1^ times as deep as long. Scales ctenoid, 31f ; lateral lines -f|. Colour (of preserved specimen), dark uniform brown, scales on upper two-thirds of body and head blackish in the centre. One specimen, 126 mm. in length, from Livingstone, Rhodesia (Mr. A. Stephenson). OPISTHOMT. FAMILY MASTACEMBELIDAE. MASTACEMBELUS. G-ronov., Zoophyl., p. 133 (1781), part, ; Giinth., Cat. Fish., iii, p. 540 (1861) ; Bouleug., Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 490 (1901), Fish. Nile, p. 540 (1907), Journ. Ac. Pliilad. (2), xv, 1912, p. 197, and Freshw. Fish. Africa, iv, p. 112 (1916). " Eostral appendage not striated inferiorly. Dorsal with 7 to 39 spines, anal with 1 to 3. South-eastern Asia, China, Euphrates, Oxus, and Tropical Africa. In all the African species the caudal fin is confluent with the dorsal and anal/ MASTACEMBELUS MELLANDI, Blgr. Bouleng., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), iv, 1914, p. 386, and Freshw, Fish. Africa, iv, p. 135, fig. 89 (1916). Flo. 161. Mastacembelus mellandi. Type. ^. Depth of body 12 times in total length, length of head 8 times. Vent nearly equally distant from head and from caudal, its distance 550 Annals nf the South African Museum. from former 3 7 } times its length. Snout 4 times as long as eye, ending in an appendage which is 1.]- times as long as eye ; mouth extending to below anterior border of eye ; no preorbital or preopercular spines. Dorsal xxxii 70 ; last spine twice as long as eye ; distance between first spine and head } length of latter. Anal ii 75 ; first spine short, second as long as last dorsal. Caudal rounded. Pectoral -} length of head. Scales very small, 15 between origin of soft dorsal and lateral line. Yellowish-brown with blackish-brown marblings and a broad festooned, blackish-brown lateral band in front ; a vertebral series of large blackish-brown spots narrowly separated from each other ; a pair of yellowish streaks, confluent in front, on each side of the back between the dark bands ; caudal region blackish brown with a network of yellow lines ; lower edg3 of anal yellow. One specimen, 240 mm. in length, from Sipapoma, South Rhodesia (Rev. Ellenberger). Bulawayo Museum. It is also reported from Northern Rhodesia. ADDENDA. Page 331. After Gnathonemus macrolepidotus insert : *GNATHONEMUS ANGOLENSIS, Blgr. Bouleng., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7). xv, 1905, p. 458, and Freshw. Fish. Africa, i, p. 109, fig. 89 (1909), and iv, p. 165 (1915); Pellegr., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, xxxix, 1914, p. 24. FIG. 162. Gnathonemus angolensis. Type. "Depth of body 3j to 3^ times in total length, length of head 4J- to 5 times. Head as long as deep, with curved upper profile ; snout Tin 1 Fre#1iirt<'r FlsJies of South Africa. 551 i length of head ; teeth conical, 5 in upper jaw, 6 in lower ; a feeble mental swelling ; eye moderate, a little shorter than snout, -| inter- orbital width. Dorsal 24-26, originating above 6th to 8th ray of anal, its length 2.\- to 2-| times in its distance from head. Anal 29-33, nearer base of caudal than base of ventral. Pectoral pointed, a little shorter than head, twice as long as ventral, extending a little beyond base of latter. Caudal scaled in its basal two-thirds, with pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle 2^ times as long as deep, length of head. 56-60 scales in lateral line, i"d| j n transverse series 011 body, ~|jj in transverse series between dorsal and anal, 12 round caudal peduncle. Brown above, silvery white beneath ; a few irregular dark brown blotches may be present on the body ; firis dark brown. Total length 135 mm. Angola. Recorded from Upper Zambesi by Pellegriu." Page 332. After Mormyrus anchietae, Griiim., insert: *MORMYRUS ELLENBERGERI, Pellegr. Pellegr., Bull. Zool. Soc. France, xxxix, 1914, p. 24 ; Bouleng., Freshw. Fish. Africa, iv, p. 167 (1916). " Depth of body 4^ to 4^ times in total length, length of head 4 times. Head H times as long as deep, with curved upper profile; snout scarcely bent downwards, its length little more than ^ postocular part of head ; chin slightly swollen. Teeth notched, 7 or 8 in upper jaw, 11 in lower; eye moderate, its diameter 2^ times in length of snout, twice in interorbital width. Dorsal 62-68, originating well in advance of ventral, 4} to 4| times as long as deep. Anal 18-19. originating nearer base of caudal than base of pectoral. Pectoral rounded, a little more than ^ length of head, 3 times length of ventral. Caudal scaled at the base, with obtusely pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle 1^ times as long as deep. 90-92 scales in lateral line, ^ in transverse series on body, -}f in transverse series between dorsal and anal, 18 round caudal peduncle. Brownish with silvery sheen ; fins dark. Total length 153 inillim. Upper Zambesi types in Paris Museum. Distinguished from M. anchietae by the less bent snout, more scales in the lateral line, and fewer round the caudal peduncle." 552 Annals of ilifi South African Museum. MORMYRTJS LONGIROSTRIS, Peters. Mormyrus longirostris, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac., 1852, p. 275, and Keise Mossamb., iv, p. 83, pi, xvi, fig. 2 (1868) ; G-iinth., Cat. Fish., vi, p. 210 (I860) ; Bouleug., Trans. Zool. Soc., xvii, 1906, p. 546, and Freshw. Fish. Africa, i, p. 139, fig. 115 (1909) ; Pappenh. Mitth. Zool. Mus. Berl. iii, 1907, p. 362. Mormyrus mucupe, Peters, tt. cc., pp. 275, 87, pi. xvi, fig. 1 ; G-'unth. t. c., p. 215. Mormyrus longirostris, ~p&rt., Bouleng., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1908, p. 817, and Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 112 (1901). Teeth notched (mouth damaged in specimen ; about 5 to 7 teeth on upper jaw, 8 to 12 on lower). Depth of body 3| times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 3f times. Head If, times as long as deep, with slightly curved upper profile ; snout produced, as long as postocular part of head, its length 2f times its least depth ; mouth very small, lower jaw feebly projecting ; eye moderate, its diameter 2^ times in interorbital width, 12 times in length of head. Pio. 163. Mormyrus longirostris. Dorsal 65, originating in advance of ventral, 4f times as long as anal, 1-J- times as long as its distance from end of snout. Pectoral obtusely pointed, nearly | length of head. Ventral length of head. Anal 17, originating a little nearer to base of caudal than to base of pectoral. Caudal densely scaled, with rounded lobes ; caudal peduncle H times as long as deep. About 95 scales in lateral line, ff in trans- verse series on body, 40 in transverse series between dorsal and anal, 22 round caudal peduncle. The Freshwater Fishes of South Africa. 553 Colour (of preserved specimen) pale reddish yellow, lighter below throat. One specimen, 268 mm. in length, from IJmgusa River, Southern Ehodesia (Mr. C. Baker). Bulawayo Museum. This species is also reported from the Zambesi and Lakes Nyassa, Mweru and Tanganyika. Page 348. After L. seeberi, Grilchr. and Thomp., insert : LABEO HAMILTONI, n. sp. Body compressed, its depth ;}f to 3^ times in total length excluding c.iudal, length of head 4 to 4-| times. Head If to If times as long as broad, depressed ; snout prominent, with a deep transverse groove, about equal to or slightly longer than postocular portion of head and 2^ to 2f times in length of head ; eye lateral, in middle of head, 3| to 4,} times in length of head, H to 2 times in iuterorbital width ; width of mouth, with lips, about -i width of head ; lips moderately developed, fringed with long conical papillae, with a baud of small plicae on inner surface and with a smooth, cutting inner edge ; rostral flap entire ; &nout covered with strong tubercles or their pits or scars. A small barbel on each side, 1 to nearly -|- diameter of eye in length. Dorsal iii 11 ; about equidistant between middle of eye and base of caudal, upper edge concave, longest rays I T \J to 1| times length of head. Pectoral f length of head, not reaching ventral, which is inserted below anterior half of dorsal. Anal ii 5, not reaching caudal, which is deeply forked, crescentic, and l^to If times in length of head. Caudal peduncle 1^ to 1^- times as long as deep. Scales 38-40 -I, 4* between lateral line and base of ventral, 20 round caudal peduncle. Colour (of preserved specimens) golden brown, darker above, silvery below ; scales dark on outer edges, forming longitudinal lines between the s